REFERENCES
- Bader, Max. 2011. “Hegemonic Political Parties in Post-Soviet Eurasia: Towards Party-Based Authoritarianism?” Communist and Post-Communist Studies44 (3): 189–197.
- Barnea, Shlomit, and GideonRahat. 2011. “Out with the Old, in with the ‘New’: What Constitutes a New Party?” Party Politics17 (3): 303–320.
- Bartolini, Stefano, and PeterMair. 1990. Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates, 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Baum, Dale. 1991. “Pinpointing Apparent Fraud in the 1861 Texas Secession Referendum.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History22 (2): 201–221.
- Berezkin, Andrei, MikhailMyagkov, and Peter C.Ordeshook. 2003. “Location and Political Influence: A Further Elaboration of Their Effects on Voting in Recent Russian Elections.” Eurasian Geography and Economics44 (3): 169–183.
- Blaydes, Lisa. 2010. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak's Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Brie, Michael. 2004. “The Moscow Political Regime: The Emergence of a New Urban Political Machine.” In The Politics of Local Government in Russia, edited by Alfred B.Evans and VladimirGel'man, 203–234. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Chaisty, Paul. 2012. “Members and Leaders in Russian Party Organizations.” East European Politics28 (3): 283–297.
- Clem, Ralph S., and Peter R.Craumer. 1995. “The Politics of Russia's Regions: A Geographical Analysis of the Russian Election and Constitutional Plebiscite of December 1993.” Post-Soviet Geography36 (2): 67–86.
- Clem, Ralph S., and Peter R.Craumer. 2000. “Regional Patterns of Political Preference in Russia: The December 1999 Duma Elections.” Post-Soviet Geography and Economics41 (1): 1–29.
- Clem, Ralph S., and Peter R.Craumer. 2004. “Redrawing the Political Map of Russia: The Duma Election of December 2003.” Eurasian Geography and Economics45 (4): 241–261.
- Gandhi, Jennifer, and AdamPrzeworski. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies40 (11): 1279–1301.
- Gel'man, Vladimir. 2006. “From ‘Feckless Pluralism’ to ‘Dominant Power Politics’? The Transformation of Russia's Party System.” Democratization13 (4): 545–561.
- Gill, Graeme. 2012. “The Decline of a Dominant Party and the Destabilization of Electoral Authoritarianism?” Post-Soviet Affairs28 (4): 449–471.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.1998. “Who Survives? Party Origins, Organisational Development, and Electoral Performance in Post-Communist Russia.” Political Studies46 (3): 511–543.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.1999. “Political Parties in the 1993–1996 Elections.” In Elections in Russia, 1993–1996: Analyses, Documents and Data, edited by VladimirGel'man and Grigorii V.Golosov, 99–126. Berlin: Edition Sigma.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.2003. “The Vicious Circle of Party Underdevelopment in Russia: The Regional Connection.” International Political Science Review24 (4): 427–444.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.2004. Political Parties in the Regions of Russia: Democracy Unclaimed. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.2005. “Political Parties and Independent Candidates in the Duma Election.” In The 1999–2000 National Elections in Russia: Analyses, Documents and Data, edited by VladimirGel'man, Grigorii V.Golosov, and ElenaMeleshkina, 36–58. Berlin: Edition Sigma.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.2006. “The Structure of Party Alternatives and Voter Choice in Russia: Evidence from the 2003–2004 Regional Legislative Elections.” Party Politics12 (6): 707–725.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.2011a. “Russia's Regional Legislative Elections, 2003–2007: Authoritarianism Incorporated.” Europe-Asia Studies63 (3): 397–414.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.2011b. “The Regional Roots of Electoral Authoritarianism in Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies63 (4): 623–639.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.2012. “The 2012 Political Reform in Russia: The Interplay of Liberalizing Concessions and Authoritarian Corrections.” Problems of Post-Communism59 (6): 3–14.
- Golosov, Grigorii V.2013. “Authoritarian Party Systems: Patterns of Emergence, Sustainability, and Survival.” Comparative Sociology12 (5): 617–644.
- Hale, Henry E.2003. “Explaining Machine Politics in Russia's Regions: Economy, Ethnicity, and Legacy.” Post-Soviet Affairs19 (3): 228–263.
- Hale, Henry E.2006. Why Not Parties in Russia? Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Haspel, Moshe, Thomas F.Remington, and Steven S.Smith. 1998. “Electoral Institutions and Party Cohesion in the Russian Duma.” Journal of Politics60 (2): 417–439.
- Hughes, James. 2001. “Managing Secession Potential in the Russian Federation.” Regional and Federal Studies11 (3): 36–68.
- Hutcheson, Derek S.2003. Political Parties in the Russian Regions. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
- Hutcheson, Derek S.2013. “Party Cartels Beyond Western Europe: Evidence from Russia.” Party Politics19 (6): 907–924.
- Ishiyama, John T.2001. “Party Organization and the Political Success of the Communist Successor Parties.” Social Science Quarterly82 (4): 844–864.
- Ishiyama, John T., and RyanKennedy. 2001. “Superpresidentialism and Political Party Development in Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan.” Europe-Asia Studies53 (8): 1177–1191.
- King, Gary. 1997. A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Kitschelt, Herbert, and ReginaSmyth. 2002. “Programmatic Party Cohesion in Emerging Postcommunist Democracies: Russia in Comparative Context.” Comparative Political Studies35 (10): 1228–1256.
- Kolosov, V. A., and R. F.Turovskii. 1997. “The Electoral Map of Contemporary Russia: Genesis, Structure, and Evolution.” Russian Politics and Law35 (5): 6–27.
- Konitzer, Andrew, and Stephen K.Wegren. 2006. “Federalism and Political Recentralization in the Russian Federation: United Russia as the Party of Power.” Publius36 (4): 503–522.
- Kousser, J. Morgan. 2001. “Ecological Inference from Goodman to King.” Historical Methods34 (3): 101–126.
- Kurilla, Ivan. 2002. “Civil Activism Without NGOs: The Communist Party as a Civil Society Substitute.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratizations10 (3): 392–400.
- Lallemand, Jean-Charles. 1999. “Politics for the Few: Élites in Bryansk and Smolensk.” Post-Soviet Affairs15 (4): 312–335.
- Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Magaloni, Beatriz, and RuthKricheli. 2010. “Political Order and One-Party Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science13: 123–143.
- Mainwaring, Scott, and Timothy R.Scully, eds. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Marsh, Christopher, HelenAlbert, and James W.Warhola. 2004. “The Political Geography of Russia's 2004 Presidential Election.” Eurasian Geography and Economics45 (4): 262–279.
- Marsh, Christopher, and James W.Warhola. 2001. “Ethnicity, Ethnoregionalism, and the Political Geography of Putin's Electoral Support.” Post-Soviet Geography and Economics42 (3): 220–233.
- Matsuzato, Kimitaka, ed. 2000. “Progressive North, Conservative South? Reading the Regional Elite as a Key to Russian Electoral Puzzles.” In Regions: A Prism to View the Slavic-Eurasian World, 143–176. Sapporo: Slavic Research Center.
- Matsuzato, Kimitaka. 2001. “From Ethno-Bonapartism to Centralized Caciquismo: Characteristics and Origins of the Tatarstan Political Regime, 1900–2000.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics17 (4): 43–77.
- McFaul, Michael, and NikolaiPetrov. 1997. “Russian Electoral Politics After Transition: Regional and National Assessments.” Post-Soviet Geography and Economics38 (9): 507–549.
- Meleshevich, Andrey A.2007. Party Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: A Comparative Study of Political Institutionalization in the Baltic States, Russia, and Ukraine. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Mikhailov, V. V.2010. “Authoritarian Regimes of Russia and Tatarstan: Coexistence and Subjection.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics26 (4): 471–493.
- Myagkov, Mikhail, and Peter C.Ordeshook. 2001. “The Trail of Votes in Russia's 1999 Duma and 2000 Presidential Elections.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies34 (3): 353–370.
- O'Loughlin, John, MichaelShin, and PaulTalbot. 1996. “Political Geographies and Cleavages in the Russian Parliamentary Elections.” Post-Soviet Geography and Economics37 (6): 355–385.
- Panebianco, Angelo. 1988. Political Parties: Organization and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Panov, Petr, and CameronRoss. 2013. “Sub-national Elections in Russia: Variations in United Russia's Domination of Regional Assemblies.” Europe-Asia Studies65 (4): 737–752.
- Powell, Lawrence N.1989. “Correcting for Fraud: A Quantitative Reassessment of the Mississippi Ratification Election of 1868.” Journal of Southern History55 (4): 633–658.
- Reuter, Ora J.2010. “The Politics of Dominant Party Formation: United Russia and Russia's Governors.” Europe-Asia Studies62 (2): 293–327.
- Reuter, Ora J.2013. “Regional Patrons and Hegemonic Party Electoral Performance in Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs29 (2): 101–135.
- Reuter, Ora J., and Thomas F.Remington. 2009. “Dominant Party Regimes and the Commitment Problem: The Case of United Russia.” Comparative Political Studies42 (4): 501–526.
- Robinson, Neil. 2012. “Institutional Factors and Russian Political Parties: The Changing Needs of Regime Consolidation in a Neo-Patrimonial System.” East European Politics28 (3): 298–309.
- Rose, Richard, and WilliamMishler. 2010. “A Supply-Demand Model of Party-System Institutionalization: The Russian Case.” Party Politics16 (6): 801–821.
- Rose, Richard, NeilMunro, and StephenWhite. 2001. “Voting in a Floating Party System: The 1999 Duma Election.” Europe-Asia Studies53 (3): 419–443.
- Ross, Cameron. 2000. “Federalism and Democratization in Russia.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies33 (4): 403–420.
- Sakwa, Richard. 2010. “The Dual State in Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs26 (3): 185–206.
- Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Schedler, Andreas, ed. 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
- Scott, James C.1969. “Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change.” American Political Science Review63 (4): 1142–1158.
- Sel'tser, D. G.2006. Vzlety i padeniya nomenklatury [Rises and the Falls of the Nomenklatura]. Tambov: OGUP Tambovpoligrafizdat.
- Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz. 2010. “Subnational Governance in Russia: How Putin Changed the Contract with His Agents and the Problems It Created for Medvedev.” Publius40 (4): 672–696.
- Shefter, Martin. 1994. Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Sikk, Allan. 2012. “Newness as a Winning Formula for New Political Parties.” Party Politics18 (4): 465–486.
- Slider, Darrell. 2010. “How United Is United Russia? Regional Sources of Intra-Party Conflict.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics26 (2): 257–275.
- Smyth, Regina, AnnaLowry, and BrandonWilkening. 2007. “Engineering Victory: Institutional Reform, Informal Institutions, and the Formation of a Hegemonic Party Regime in the Russian Federation.” Post-Soviet Affairs23 (2): 118–137.
- Stokes, Susan C.2000. “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina.” American Political Science Review99 (3): 315–325.
- TsIK. 2003–2013. “Tsentral'naya izbiratel'naya komissiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Vybory i referendumy.” [Central Electoral Commission of the Russian Federation: Elections and Referendums.] Accessed August 7, 2013. http://www.izbirkom.ru.
- Turovsky, Rostislav. 2013. “Opposition Parties in Dominant-Party Regimes: Inclusion and Exclusion in Russia's Regions.” In Russia's Regions and Comparative Subnational Politics, edited by William M.Reisinger, 82–101. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Wegren, Stephen K., and AndrewKonitzer. 2006. “The 2003 Russian Duma Election and the Decline in Rural Support for the Communist Party.” Electoral Studies25 (4): 677–695.
- Wolinetz, Steven B.1979. “The Transformation of Western European Party Systems Revisited.” West European Politics2 (1): 4–28.
- Wyman, Matthew, StephenWhite, BillMiller, and PaulHeywood. 1995. “Public Opinion, Parties, and Voters in the December 1993 Russian Elections.” Europe-Asia Studies47 (4): 591–614.