What explains regional variation in election fraud? Evidence from Russia: a research note

References

• Alvarez, R. Michael, Thad E. Hall, and Susan D. Hyde, eds. 2008. Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beber, Bernd, and Alexandra Scacco. 2012. “What the Numbers Say: A Digit-Based Test for Election Fraud.” Political Analysis 20 (2): 211–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch, Sarah. 2011. Electoral Malpractice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bratton, Michael. 2008. “Vote Buying and Violence in Nigerian Election Campaigns.” Electoral Studies 27 (4): 621–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusco, Valeria, Marcelo Nazareno, and Susan Carol Stokes. 2004. “Vote Buying in Argentina.” Latin American Research Review 39 (2): 66–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enikolopov, Ruben, Vasily Korovkin, Maria Petrova, Konstantin Sonin, and Alexei Zakharovl. 2013. “Field Experiment Estimate of Electoral Fraud in Russian Parliamentary Elections.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (2): 448–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye, Timothy, Ora John Reuter, and David Szakonyi. 2012. “Political Machines at Work: Voter Mobilization and Electoral Subversion in the Workplace.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, New Orleans, LA, August 30–September 2.
   Google Scholar
• Gehlbach, Scott. 2012. “Electoral Fraud in Russia. Report from the Russian Blogosphere.” January 27. http://themonkeycage.org/blog/2012/01/27/electoral-fraud-in-russia-report-from-the-russian-blogosphere/.
   Google Scholar
• Gel'man, Vladimir. 2010. “The Dynamics of Sub-National Authoritarianism: Russia in Comparative Perspective.” Accessed January 15, 2014. http://www.eui.eu/Personal/Researchers/cecchi/documents/Gelman_2010.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gel'man, Vladimir. 2013. “Cracks in the Wall.” Problems of Post-Communism 60 (2): 3–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gel'man, Vladimir, and Sergei Ryzhenkov. 2011. “Local Regimes, Sub-National Governance, and the ‘Power Vertical’ in Contemporary Russia.” Europe–Asia Studies 63 (3): 449–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervasoni, Carlos. 2010. “A Rentier Theory of Subnational Regimes.” World Politics 62 (2): 302–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golosov, Grigorii V. 2013. “Proportional Representation and Authoritarianism: Evidence from Russia's Regional Election Law Reform.” Representation 49 (1): 83–95.
   Google Scholar
• Goode, J. Paul. 2007. “The Puzzle of Putin's Gubernatorial Appointments.” Europe–Asia Studies 59 (3): 365–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnow, R., R. Moser, and T. Smith. 2012. “Ethnicity and Electoral Fraud in Russia.” Paper presented at the meeting of the American Political Science Association, New Orleans, LA, August 31–September 2.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry. 2007. “Correlates of Clientelism: Political Economy, Politicized Ethnicity, and Post-Communist Transition.” In Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson, 227–250. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hicken, Allen. 2007. “How do Rules and Institutions Encourage Vote Buying?” In Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying, edited by F. Schaffer, 47–60. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Kalinin, Kirill, and Walter R. Mebane. 2010. “Understanding Electoral Frauds through Evolution of Russian Federalism: From ‘Bargaining Loyalty’ to ‘Signaling Loyalty’.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Klimek, Peter, Yuri Yegorov, Rudolf Hanel, and Stefan Thurner. 2012. “It's Not the Voting That's Democracy, It's the Counting: Statistical Detection of Systematic Election Irregularities.” Accessed January 15, 2014. http://arxiv.org/pdf/1201.3087v3.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lehoucq, Fabrice E. 2003. “Electoral Fraud: Causes, Types, and Consequences.” Annual Review of Political Science 6: 233–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, Ines, and R. Michael Alvarez. 2012. “Introduction to the Virtual Issue: Election Fraud and Electoral Integrity.” Political Analysis 20 (2): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• López-Pintor, Rafael. 2010. Assessing Electoral Fraud in New Democracies. A Basic Conceptual Framework. Washington, DC: International Foundation for Electoral Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Mebane, Walter R. 2007. “Election Forensics: Statistical Interventions in Election Controversies.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, August 30–September 2.
   Google Scholar
• Mebane, Walter R. 2013. “Using Digits to Diagnose Strategies and Frauds.” Paper presented at the annual workshop on concepts and indices of electoral integrity, The Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, June 3–4.
   Google Scholar
• Moraski, Bryon J., and William M. Reisinger. 2010. “Spatial Contagion in Regional Machine Strength: Evidence from Voting in Russia's Federal Elections.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Moser, Robert G., and Allison C. White. 2013. “The Expansion of Electoral Fraud in Russia: Comparing Electoral Manipulation in the 1990s and 2000s.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, August 31.
   Google Scholar
• Myagkov, Mikhail, Peter C. Ordeshook, and Dimtri Shakin. 2009. The Forensics of Election Fraud. Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ordeshook, Peter, and Mikhail Myagkov. 2008. “Russian Elections: An Oxymoron of Democracy.” VTP Working Paper No. 63. Accessed December 15, 2013. http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2008_822-11_Ordeshook.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• OSCE/ODIHR. 2012. Russian Federation Elections to the State Duma 4 December 2011: OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR. January 12.
   Google Scholar
• Panov, Petr, and Cameron Ross. 2013. “Sub-National Elections in Russia: Variations in United Russia's Domination of Regional Assemblies.” Europe–Asia Studies 65 (4): 737–752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisinger, William M., and Bryon J. Moraski. 2010. “Regional Changes and Changing Regional Relations with the Center.” In The Politics of Sub-National Authoritarianism in Russia, edited by Cameron Ross, and Vladimir Gel'man, 67–84. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Reuter, Ora John. 2013. “Regional Patrons and Hegemonic Party Electoral Performance in Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 29 (2): 101–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter, Ora John, and David Szakonyi. 2013. “Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Authoritarian Regimes.” British Journal of Political Science 24: 1–23. doi:10.1017/S0007123413000203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIA Novosti. 2012. “Reyting sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo polozheniya sub”yektov RF. Itogi 2011 goda [Rating the Socioeconomic Situation of Subjects of the Russian Federation. Results for 2011].” http://vid1.rian.ru/ig/ratings/rating_regions_2012.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Shpil'kin, Sergei. 2010. “Matematika vyborov [Mathematics of Elections].” Troitskiy Variant 40 (21): 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Shpil'kin, Sergei. 2011. “Statistika issledovala vybory [Statistics Investigated Elections].” December 10. http://www.gazeta.ru/science/2011/12/10_a_3922390.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, Richard. 2001. “Scaling Down: The Subnational Comparative Method.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36 (1): 93–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ham, C. 2013. “Why Do Elections Fail? Explaining Election Integrity in Third and Fourth Wave Regimes.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, August 31.
   Google Scholar
• Van Ham, C. 2014. “Getting Elections Right? Measuring Electoral Integrity.” Democratization. doi:10.1080/13510347.2013.877447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickery, Chad, and Erica Shein. 2012. Assessing Electoral Fraud in New Democracies: Refining the Vocabulary. Washington, DC: International Foundation for Electoral Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Ziblatt, Daniel. 2009. “Shaping Democratic Practice and the Causes of Electoral Fraud: Theory and Evidence from Nineteenth Century Germany.” American Political Science Review 103 (1): 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar