Internet control through ownership: the case of Russia

References

• Alexa (analytics for the web). 2015. “Top Sites in Russia.” Accessed November 11. http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/RU
   Google Scholar
• Alyukov, Maksim. 2015. “Ot publik k dvizheniiu: kontropublichnye sfery v rossiiskom internet-prostranstve pered protestom.” [From Public to Movement: The Anti-Public Sphere in Russian Internet Space before Protest.] In Politika apolitichnykh: grazhdanskie dvizheniya v rossii 2011–2013 godov [Politics of the Apolitical: Citizen Movements in Russia, 2011–2013], edited by A. V. Magun and S. V. Erpyleva, 181–218. Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie.
   Google Scholar
• Barash, Vladimir, and John Kelly. 2012. Salience vs. Commitment: Dynamics of Political Hashtags in Russian Twitter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Research Publication No. 2012-9, April.
   Google Scholar
• Chernykh, Lucy. 2008. “Ultimate Ownership and Control in Russia.” Journal of Financial Economics 88 (1): 169–192.10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deibert, Ronald, and Rafal Rohozinski. 2010. “Control and Subversion in Russian Cyberspace.” In Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace, edited by Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, 15–34. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Durov, Pavel. 2014. “Statement on V kontakte.” April 21. http://vk.com/durov#/durov?w=wall1_45624.
   Google Scholar
• Ebert, Hannes, and Tim Maurer. 2013. “Contested Cyberspace and Rising Powers.” Third World Quarterly 34 (6): 1054–1074.10.1080/01436597.2013.802502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekho Moskvy. 2014. “Ishchem vykhod … situatsiya s telekanalom Dozhd’.” [In Search for a Way out . . . the Situation with the Dozhd’ Television Channel.] January 29. http://echo.msk.ru/programs/exit/1247228-echo/.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, Mikael, Ulrik Franke, Magdalena Granåsen, and David Lindahl. 2013. Social Media and ICT during the Arab Spring. Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI-R–3702–SE, March. http://www.foi.se/ReportFiles/foir_3702.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• FAPMC (Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications). 2014. Internet v Rossii: Sostoianie, tendentsii i perspektivy razvitiya, otraslevoi doklad [The Internet in Russia: Status, Trends, and Prospects for Development. a Report on the Sector]. Moscow: FAPMC. http://fapmc.ru/rospechat/activities/reports/2014/internet-in-russia/main/custom/0/01/file.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Law No. 57-FZ. 2008. “O poryadke osushchestvleniya inostrannykh investitsii v khozyaistvennnye obshchestva, imeyushchie strategicheskoe znachenie dlya obespechenii oborony strany i bezopasnosti gosudarstva.” [On the Procedure for Realization of Foreign Investment in Companies Having Strategic Importance for National Defense and State Security]. April 29.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Law No. 242-FZ. 2014. "O vnesenii izmenenii v otdel'nye zakonodatelnye akty Rossiiskoi Federatsii v chasti utechneniya poryadka obrabotki personal'nykh dannykh v informatsionno-telekommunikatsionnykh setyakh." [On the Introduction of Changes in Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation concerning the Procedure for Handling Personal Data in Information-Telecommunication Networks.] July 21.
   Google Scholar
• Franke, Ulrik, and Carolina Vendil Pallin. 2012. Russian Politics and the Internet in 2012. Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency. FOI-R–3590–SE. http://www.foi.se/ReportFiles/foir_3590.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. 2014. “Freedom on the Net 2014: Russia.” https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/resources/Russia.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gel’man, Vladimir. 2015. “Political Opposition in Russia: A Troubled Transformation.” Europe-Asia Studies 67 (2): 177–191.10.1080/09668136.2014.1001577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, Keir. 2012. “Russia’s Public Stance on Cyberspace Issues.” In 4th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, edited by C. Czosseck, R. Ottis and K. Ziolkowski, 63–75. Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, Sam. 2014. Moscow in Movement: Power and Opposition in Putin’s Russia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, Philip. 2011. “Networks, Cronies, and Business Plans: Business-State Relations in Russia.” In Russia as a Network State: What Works in Russia When State Institutions Do Not?, edited by V. Kononenko and A. Moshes, 113–138. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, Robert. 2013. Putin’s Preventive Counter-Revolution: Post-Soviet Authoritarianism and the Spectre of Velvet Revolution. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kryshtanovskaya, Olga, and Stephen White. 2011. “The Formation of Russia’s Network Directorate.” In Russia as a Network State: What Works in Russia When State Institutions Do Not?, edited by V. Kononenko and A. Moshes, 19–38. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Ledeneva, Alena V. 2011. “Can Medvedev Change Sistema? Informal Networks and Public Administration in Russia.” In Russia as a Network State: What Works in Russia When State Institutions Do Not?, edited by V. Kononenko and A. Moshes, 39–61. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Ledeneva, Alena V. 2013. Can Russia Modernise?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511978494
   Google Scholar
• Lenta.ru. 2014. “Dorogoi chitatelyam ot dorogoi redaktsii.” [Dear Readers from Dear Editor.] March 12. http://lenta.ru/info/posts/statement/.
   Google Scholar
• Levada-Tsentr. 2013. “Tseli i konfidentsialnost’ rossiyan v Internete.” [Goals and Confidentiality of Russians on the Internet.] November 11. http://www.levada.ru.
   Google Scholar
• Levada-Tsentr. 2014a. “Internet-tsenzura.” [Internet Censorship.] October 14. http://www.levada.ru.
   Google Scholar
• Levada-Tsentr. 2014b. “Ogranicheniya v Internete.” [Restrictions on the Internet.] May 12. http://www.levada.ru.
   Google Scholar
• LiveInternet. 2015. “Vse kategorii (Rossiya): Reiting saitov.” [All Categories (Russia): Rating of Sites.] Liveinternet, April 1. http://www.liveinternet.ru/stat.ru/searches.html.
   Google Scholar
• Mikhailov, Kirill, and Iuliya Ruzmanov. 2014. “Sezonnoe obostrenie.” [Seasonal Aggravation.] New times (32): 9–11.
   Google Scholar
• Minchenko Consulting. 2014. “Politbiuro 2.0 i postkrymskaya Rossiya—sokrashchennaya versiya.” [Politburo 2.0 and Post-Crimean Russia—Abridged Version.] October 22. http://minchenko.ru/netcat_files/File/Big%20Government%20and%20the%20Politburo%202_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nossik, Anton. 2014. “Facebook, Twitter i Google: mekhanika otklyucheniya.” [Facebook, Twitter, and Google: Cut-off Mechanisms.] LiveJournal, September 26. http://dolboeb.livejournal.com/2702919.html.
   Google Scholar
• Oates, Sarah. 2013. Revolution Stalled. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199735952.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Oxenstierna, Susanne. 2014. The Russian Economy: Can Growth Be Restored within the Economic System? Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency. FOI-R–3876–SE. http://www.foi.se/ReportFiles/foir_3876.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Persson, Gudrun. 2014. “Russian Influence and Soft Power in the Baltic States: The View from Moscow.” In Tools of Destabilization: Russian Soft Power and Non-military Influence in the Baltic States, edited by Mike Winnerstig, 17–29. Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency. FOI-R–3990–SE. http://www.foi.se/report?rNo=FOI-R–3990–SE.
   Google Scholar
• Persson, Gudrun, and Carolina Vendil Pallin. 2014. “Setting the Scene: The View from Russia.” In A Rude Awakening: Ramifications of Russian Aggression towards Ukraine, edited by Niklas Granholm, Johannes Malminen, and Gudrun Persson, 25–34. Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency. FOI-R–3892–SE. http://www.foi.se/report?rNo=FOI-R–3892–SE.
   Google Scholar
• President of Russia. 2014a. “Mediaforum nezavisimykh regional’nykh i mestnykh SMI.” [Forum of Independent Regional and Local Mass Media.] Prezident Rossii, April 24. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20858.
   Google Scholar
• President of Russia. 2014b. “Obrashchenie Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii.” [Address of the President of the Russian Federation.] Prezident Rossii, March 18. http://kremlin.ru/events/transcripts/speeches/20603.
   Google Scholar
• President of Russia. 2014c. “Security Council Meeting.” President of Russia, July 22. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/46305.
   Google Scholar
• President of Russia. 2015. “Zasedanie kollegii FSB.” [Meeting of the FSB Collegium.] Prezident Rossii, March 26. http://news.kremlin.ru/transcripts/47963.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, Graeme B. 2009. “Managing Society: Protest, Civil Society, and Regime in Putin’s Russia.” Slavic Review 68 (3): 528–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, Graeme B. 2011. The Politics of Protest in Hybrid Regimes: Managing Dissent in Post-Communist Russia. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rublacklist. 2014. “Nemetskii khoster khotel zablokirovat’ ukrainskii sait po trebovaniyu roskomnadzora, no izvinil’sya.” [German Host Wanted to Block Ukrainian Site according to Roskomnadzor’s Requirement, but Excused.] August 11. http://rublacklist.net/8195.
   Google Scholar
• Sakwa, Richard. 2013. “Systemic Stalemate: Reiderstvo and the Dual State.” In The Political Economy of Russia, edited by Neil Robinson, 69–96. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Sakwa, Richard. 2015. “From the Dual to the Triple State?” In The Challenges for Russia’s Politicized Economic System, edited by Susanne Oxenstierna, 128–144. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smyth, Regina, and Sarah Oates. 2015. “Mind the Gaps: Media Use and Mass Action in Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 67 (2): 285–305.10.1080/09668136.2014.1002682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth, Regina, Anton Sobolev, and Irina Soboleva. 2013. “A Well-Organized Play.” Problems of Post-Communism 60 (2): 24–39.10.2753/PPC1075-8216600203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soldatov, Andrei. 2015. “Ukroshchenie internet.” [Subduing the Internet.] Kontrapunkt, September 1. http://www.counter-point.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/soldatov_counterpoint12.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Soldatov, Andrei, and Irina Borogan. 2015. The Red Web: The Struggle between Russia’s Digital Dictators and the New Online Revolutionaries. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Spravochnik kompanii. n.d. “Spravochnik kompanii.” [Directory of Companies.] Vedomosti. Accessed November 4, 2015. http://www.vedomosti.ru/companies
   Google Scholar
• TNS. 2015. “TSN Web Index: Auditoriya internet-proektov.” [TSN Web Index: Auditorium of Internet Projects, Research Results.] February. http://www.tns.ru.
   Google Scholar
• Volkov, Denis, and Stepan Goncharov. 2014. “Rossiiskii media-landshaft: Televidenie, pressa, internet.” [The Russian Media Landscape: Television, Press, Internet.] Analiticheskii tsentr yuriya Levady, June 17. http://www.levada.ru/2014/06/17/rossijskij-media-landshaft-televidenie-pressa-internet/
   Google Scholar
• Wikimedia. 2015. “Press-relizy [Press Release]: Wikipedia Blocking.” Accessed November 6. https://ru.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B:Wikipedia_Blocking
   Google Scholar
• Worldwide Community (The Worldwide Community of Ukrainian and Russian FB Users). 2015. “Stop Political Blocking on Facebook.” June 10. https://www.change.org/p/facebook-stop-political-blocking-on-facebook.
   Google Scholar
• Yandex dengi. 2015. “Servisy elektronnykh platezhei v Rossii—Aprel’–mai 2015.” [Electronic Payments Service in Russia—April–May 2015.] Survey conducted by TSN for Yandex Money. https://money.yandex.ru/i/forms/tns2015.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• YouTube. 2011. “Medvedev tantsuet.” [Medvedev Dancing.] April 19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6Ksc7R6jhc.
   Google Scholar