War and identity: the case of the Donbas in Ukraine

References

• Ahmadov, Anar K. , and Gwendolyn Sasse . 2016. “A Voice despite Exit: The Role of Assimilation, Emigrant Networks, and Destination in Emigrants’ Transnational Political Engagement.” Comparative Political Studies 49 (1): 78–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015600468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexseev, Mikhail . 2015. “War and Sociopolitical Identities in Ukraine.” Ponars Eurasia. Policy Memo 392. http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/war-and-sociopolitical-identities-ukraine
   Google Scholar
• Arel, Dominique . 1995. “Language Politics in Independent Ukraine: Towards One or Two State Languages?” Nationalities Papers 23 (3): 597–622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00905999508408404.
   Google Scholar
• Arel, Dominique . 2002. “Interpreting ‘Nationality’ and ‘Language’ in the 2001 Ukrainian Census.” Post-Soviet Affairs 18 (3): 213–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.2747/1060-586X.18.3.213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arel, Dominique . 2014. “Double-Talk: Why Ukrainians Fight over Language.” Foreign Affairs . Accessed March 18. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141042/dominique-arel/double-talk
   Google Scholar
• Barrington, Lowell W. 2002. “Examining Rival Theories of Demographic Influences on Political Support: The Power of Regional, Ethnic, and Linguistic Divisions in Ukraine.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (4): 455–491. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrington, Lowell , and Regina Feranda . 2009. “Re-Examining Region, Ethnicity, and Language in Ukraine.” Post-Soviet Affairs 25 (3): 232–256. doi:https://doi.org/10.2747/1060-586X.24.3.232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch, Sarah . 2000. “Interpreting the Regional Effect in Ukrainian Politics.” Europe-Asia Studies 52 (6): 1017–1041. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130050143815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremmer, Ian . 1994. “The Politics of Ethnicity: Russians in the New Ukraine.” Europe-Asia Studies 46 (2): 261–283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09668139408412161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubaker, Rogers . 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558764
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, Rogers . 2002. “Ethnicity without Groups.” European Journal of Sociology 43 (2): 163–189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975602001066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubaker, Rogers . 2009. “Ethnicity, Race, and Nationalism.” Annual Review of Sociology 35: 21–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Cordier, Bruno . 2017. “Ukraine’s Vendée War? A Look at the ‘Resistance Identity’ of the Donbass Insurgency.” Russian Analytical Digest 198: 2–6. Accessed February 14. www.laender-analysen.de/russland/rad/pdf/Russian_Analytical_Digest_198.pdf
   Google Scholar
• D'anieri, Paul . 2007. “Ethnic Tensions and State Strategies: Understanding the Survival of the Ukrainian State.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 23 (1): 4–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270701194896.
   Google Scholar
• Dyrstad, Karin . 2012. “After Ethnic Civil War: Ethno-Nationalism in the Western Balkans.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (6): 817–831. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343312439202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteban, Joan , and Gerald Schneider . 2008. “Polarization and Conflict: Theoretical and Empirical Issues.” Journal of Peace Research 45 (2): 131–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343307087168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, James D. , and David D. Laitin . 2000. “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity.” International Organization 54 (4): 845–877. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/002081800551398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye, Timothy . 2015. “What Do Voters in Ukraine Want? A Survey Experiment on Candidate Ethnicity, Language, and Policy Orientation.” Problems of Post-Communism 62 (5): 247–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2015.1026200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurr, Ted . 2000. Peoples versus States. Minorities at Risk in the New Century . Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry E. 2004. “Explaining Ethnicity.” Comparative Political Studies 37 (4): 458–485. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414003262906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry E. 2010. “Ukraine: The Uses of Divided Power.” Journal of Democracy 21 (3): 84–98.https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdar, Sven . 1995. “Torn between East and West: The Regional Factor in Ukrainian Politics.” Post-Soviet Geography 36 (2): 112–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, James . 2007. Chechnya. From Nationalism to Jihad . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812202311
   Google Scholar
• Ivanov, Oleh . 2015. “Social Background of the Military Conflict in Ukraine: Regional Cleavages and Geopolitical Orientations.” Social, Health, and Communication Studies Journal 2 (1): 52–73.
   Google Scholar
• Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2008. “Ethnic Defection in Civil War.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (8): 1043–1068. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008317949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubicek, Paul . 2000. “Regional Polarisation in Ukraine: Public Opinion, Voting, and Legislative Behaviour.” Europe-Asia Studies 52 (2): 273–294.https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130050006790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulyk, Volodymyr . 2011. “Language Identity, Linguistic Diversity and Political Cleavages: Evidence from Ukraine.” Nations and Nationalism 17 (3): 627–648. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2011.00493.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulyk, Volodymyr . 2014. “Soviet Nationalities Policies and the Discrepancy between Ethnocultural Identification and Language Practice in Ukraine.” In The Historical Legacies of Communism in Russia and Eastern Europe , edited by Mark R. Beissinger and Stephen Kotkin , 202–221. New York : Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107286191
   Google Scholar
• Kulyk, Volodymyr . 2016. “National Identity in Ukraine: Impact of Euromaidan and the War.” Europe-Asia Studies 68 (4): 588–608. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1174980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulyk, Volodymyr . 2018. “Identity in Transformation: Russian-Speakers in Post-Soviet Ukraine.” Europe-Asia Studies 70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2017.1379054.
   Google Scholar
• Lafleur, J.-M. , and M. Sánchez-Domínguez . 2015. “The Political Choices of Emigrants Voting in Home Country Elections: A Socio-Political Analysis of the Electoral Behaviour of Bolivian External Voters.” Migration Studies 3 (2): 155–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnu030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozhkariov, Ivan D. , and Andrey A. Suzhentsov . 2016. “Radicalization of Russians in Ukraine: From ‘Accidental’ Diaspora to Rebel Movement.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16 (1): 71–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1149349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lushnycky, Andrej N. , and Mykola Riabchuk , eds. 2009. Ukraine on Its Meandering Path between West and East . Bern: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, Garth , Randy Hodson , and Duško Sekulic . 2003. “Nationalism, Liberalism, and Liberal Nationalism in Post-War Croatia.” Nations and Nationalism 9 (1): 55–82.https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.2003.9.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Matveeva, Anna . 2016. “No Moscow Stooges: Identity Polarization and Guerrilla Movements in Donbass.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16 (1): 25–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1148415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Loughlin, J. 2001. “The Regional Factor in Contemporary Ukrainian Politics: Scale, Place, Space, or Bogus Effect?” Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 42 (1): 1–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onuch, Olga , and Gwendolyn Sasse . 2016. “The Maidan in Movement: Diversity and the Cycles of Protest.” Europe-Asia-Studies 68 (3): 556–587. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1159665.
   Google Scholar
• Osipian, Ararat L. , and Aleksandr L. Osipian . 2012. “Regional Diversity and Divided Memories in Ukraine: Contested Past as Electoral Resource, 2004–2010.” East European Politics & Societies 26 (3): 616–642. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325412447642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirie, Paul S. 1996. “National Identity and Politics in Southern and Eastern Ukraine.” Europe-Asia Studies 48 (7): 1079–1104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09668139608412401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryabchouk, Mykola . 1999. “A Future Ukraine: One Nation, Two Languages, Three Cultures?” Ukrainian Weekly 67 (23): 8–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sambanis, Nicholas . 2002. “A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Quantitative Literature on Civil War.” Defence and Peace Economics 13 (3): 215–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690210976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasse, Gwendolyn . 2001. “The ‘New’ Ukraine: A State of Regions.” Regional and Federal Studies 11 (3): 69–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/714004704.
   Google Scholar
• Sasse, Gwendolyn . 2007. The Crimea Question. Identity, Transition, and Conflict . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sasse, Gwendolyn . 2010. “Ukraine: The Role of Regionalism.” Journal of Democracy 21 (3): 99–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekulic, Duško . 2004. “Civic and Ethnic Identity: The Case of Croatia.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (3): 455–483. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01491987042000189240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevel, Oxana . 2002. “Nationality in Ukraine: Some Rules of Engagement.” East European Politics and Societies 16 (2): 386–413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/088832540201600203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevel, Oxana . 2009. “The Politics of Citizenship Policy in New States.” Comparative Politics 41 (3): 273–291. doi:https://doi.org/10.5129/001041509X12911362972197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, Stephen . 2004. “The Contours of Civic and Ethnic National Identification in Ukraine.” Europe-Asia Studies 56 (1): 35–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0966813032000161437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Graham , and Andrew Wilson . 1997. “Rethinking Russia's Post‐Soviet Diaspora: The Potential for Political Mobilisation in Eastern Ukraine and North‐East Estonia.” Europe-Asia Studies 49 (5): 845–864. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09668139708412476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strabac, Zan , and Kristen Ringdal . 2008. “Individual and Contextual Influences of War on Ethnic Prejudice in Croatia.” The Sociological Quarterly 49 (4): 769–796. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00135.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szporluk, Roman . 1997. “Ukraine: From an Imperial Periphery to a Sovereign State.” Daedalus 126 (3): 85–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelmsen, Julie . 2016. Russia’s Securitization of Chechnya: How War Became Acceptable . London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer, Andreas . 2016. “Is Diversity Detrimental? Ethnic Fractionalization, Public Goods Provision, and the Historical Legacies of Stateness.” Comparative Political Studies 49 (11): 1407–1445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015592645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, Elizabeth Jean . 2015. “Social Mobilization and Violence in Civil War and Their Social Legacies.” In The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements , edited by Donatella della Porta and Mario Diani , 452–466. Oxford: Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199678402.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, William . 1998. “Is Ukraine a Political Community?” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 31 (1): 43–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-067X(97)00022-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar