Russia’s civil service: professional or patrimonial? Executive-level officials in five federal ministries

References

• Amerikanskii agent. 2016. “Amerikanskii Agent I Sechenskii Zhulik Il’ya Shcherbovich [American Agent and Sechin’s Crook I’lya Shcherbovich].” Ruspres.ru, January 11. rospres.com/crime/17387/
   Google Scholar
• Barsukov, Y., and I. Sinergiev. 2018. “Povyshenie Na Neftyanoy Pochve [Growth on Oily Soil].” Kommersant, March 1. kommersant.ru/doc/3561281
   Google Scholar
• Blagina, I. 2014. ‘“Balans Gryaznova’ Dovodit Do Benzobraziya [‘Gryaznov’s Balance’ Becomes Fuel Foolishness].” Vek.ru, August11. wek.ru/balans-gryaznova-dovodit-do-benzobraziya
   Google Scholar
• Burkhardt, F., and A. Libman. 2018. “The Tail Wagging the Dog? Top-Down and Bottom-Up Explanations for Bureaucratic Appointments in Authoritarian Regimes.” Russian Politics 3 (2): 239–259. doi:10.1163/2451-8921-00302005.
   Google Scholar
• Butrin, D. 2017. “Aleksei Kudrin Sovetuet Uvolit’ Tret’ Chinovnikov [Aleksei Kudrin Recommends Sacking a Third of Officials].” Kommersant, June 7. kommersant.ru/doc/3319169
   Google Scholar
• Drize, D. 2019. “Eto Pokhozhe Na Ser’eznoe Zabolevanie, Kotoroye Vylechit’ Odnim Okrikom Nevozmozhno [This Looks like a Serious Illness Which Can’t Be Cured by Shouting Alone].” Kommersant, May 15. kommersant.ru/doc/3968337
   Google Scholar
• Dyatel, T. 2019. “Energetike Podbirayut Kuratora [They’re Choosing a Curator for Energy].” Kommersant, March 19. kommersant.ru/doc/3916769
   Google Scholar
• Energiya, G. 2017. “Golubaya Energiya [Blue Energy].” Ruspres.ru, April 25. rospres.com/hearsay/21026/
   Google Scholar
• Erdmann, G., and U. Engel. 2006. “Neopatrimonialism Revisited: Beyond a Catch-All Concept.” Hamburg: German Institute for Global and Area Studies, GIGA Working Paper No. 16.
   Google Scholar
• Filippovskii, E. 2019. ‘“Lesnoye Delo’ Auknulos’ V Stolitse [‘the Forest Affair’ Turns up in the Capital].” Kommersant, June 24. kommersant.ru/doc/4011381
   Google Scholar
• Fortescue, S. 2010a. “Institutionalization and Personalism in the Policy-Making Process of the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia.” In Russian Politics from Lenin to Putin, edited by S. Fortescue, 21–50. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Fortescue, S. 2010b. “T.H. Rigby on Soviet and Post-Soviet Russian Politics.” In Russian Politics from Lenin to Putin, edited by S. Fortescue, 1–20. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Fortescue, S. 2016. “Russia’s ‘Turn to the East’: A Study in Policy Making.” Post-Soviet Affairs 32 (5): 423–454. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2015.1051750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortescue, S. 2019. “Zvezda: Shipyard of the Future or Soviet-Style Black Hole?” University of Oxford, Pembroke College, Changing Character of War Centre. http://www.ccw.ox.ac.uk/blog/2019/7/22/k3klcyy0aqaif36503w81kb47cyv5x
   Google Scholar
• Freinkman, L., and A. Yakovlev. 2015. “Institutional Frameworks to Support Regulatory Reform in Middle-Income Economies: Lessons from Russia’s Recent Experience.” Post-Communist Economies 27 (3): 354–369. doi:10.1080/14631377.2015.1055969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galimova, N. 2018. “Otsenki Dlya Kremlya: Zachem Upravleniya Kirienko Vvodyat KPI (Evaluations for the Kremlin: Why Kirienko’s Units are Introducing KPIs).” RBK, November 27. rbc.ru/politics/27/11/2018/5bfbfdb89a79470daf684fc0
   Google Scholar
• Gaman-Galuvtina, O. 2009. “The Changing Role of the State and State Bureaucracy in the Context of Public Administration Reforms: Russian and Foreign Experience.” In Reforming the State without Changing the Model of Power? On Administrative Reform in Post-socialist Countries, edited by A. Oleinik, 38–54. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gel’man, V. 2016. “The Vicious Circle of Post-Soviet Neopatrimonialism in Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 32 (5): 455–473. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2015.1071014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimpelson, V., V. Magun, and R. J. Brym. 2009. “Hiring and Promoting Young Civil Servants: Weberian Ideals versus Russian Reality.” In Russian Bureaucracy and the State. Officialdom from Alexander III to Vladimir Putin, edited by D. K. Rowney and E. Huskey, 231–252. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gorodetskaya, N. 2012. “Zamestitelyam Ministrov Ustroyat Konkurs [Competition for Deputy Ministers].” Kommersant, August 24. kommersant.ru/doc/2007117
   Google Scholar
• Hellman, J. S., G. Jones, D. Kaufmann, and M. Schankerman. 2000. “Measuring Governance, Corruption, and State Capture. How Firms and Bureaucrats Shape the Business Environment in Transition Economies”. Washington, DC: World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 2312.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Y. 2002. “Managing Chinese Bureaucrats: An Institutional Perspective.” Political Studies 50 (1): 61–79. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huskey, E. 2009a. “An Introduction to Post-communist Officialdom.” In Russian Bureaucracy and the State. Officialdom from Alexander III to Vladimir Putin, edited by D. K. Rowney and E. Huskey, 215–230. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Huskey, E. 2009b. “The Politics-Administration Nexus in Post-communist Russia.” In Russian Bureaucracy and the State. Officialdom from Alexander III to Vladimir Putin, edited by D. K. Rowney and E. Huskey, 253–272. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Huskey, E. 2010. “Pantouflage a La Russe: The Recruitment of Russian Political and Business Elites.” In Russian Politics from Lenin to Putin, edited by S. Fortescue, 185–204. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, J. 2018. “Making Bureaucracy Work: Patronage Networks, Performance Incentives, and Economic Development in China.” American Journal of Political Science 62 (4): 982–999. doi:10.1111/ajps.12394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitaev, V. 2017. “Gubernatora Igrayut Damy. ‘Koroleva-mat”, ‘Mal’vina’ I Drugie Zhenshchiny Dmitriya Kobylkina [Ladies Play the Governor. The ‘Queen Mother’, ‘Malvina’, and Other Women of Dmitriy Kobylkin].” YamalPro, March 8. yamalpro.ru/2017/03/08/gubernatora-igrayut-damyi-koroleva-mat-malvina-i-drugie-zhenshhinyi-dmitriya-kobyilkina/
   Google Scholar
• Konkurse, O. 2005. “O konkurse na zameshchenie vakantnoi dolzhnosti gosudartsvennoi grazhdanskoi sluzhby Rossiyskoi Federatsii [On Competition for Filling a Vacant Post in the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation].” Ukaz Prezidenta, No.112, February 1. pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=–102090878
   Google Scholar
• Landry, P. F., L. Xiaobo, and H. Duan. 2018. “Does Performance Matter? Evaluating Political Selection along the Chinese Administrative Ladder.” Comparative Political Studies 51 (8): 1074–1105. doi:10.1177/0010414017730078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., and L.-A. Zhou. 2005. “Political Turnover and Economic Performance: The Incentive Role of Personnel Control in China.” Journal of Public Economics 89 (9–10): 1743–1762. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.06.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liik, K. 2019. “The Last of the Offended: Russia’s First Post-Putin Diplomats.” Policy Brief, European Council on Foreign Relations, November 19. https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/the_last_of_the_offended_russias_first_post_putin_diplomats
   Google Scholar
• Mikhaylov, I.’. 2016. “Monetizatsiya Kresla’ Kirilla Moldodtsova [Monetization of Kirill Molodtsov’s Seat]”. Kompromat.ru, June 21. compromat.ru/page_37033.htm
   Google Scholar
• Minpromtorg, K. 2017. “Kak Minpromtorg ‘Rybku S”yel’ [How Minpromtorg ‘Ate a Fish’].” kompromat1.ru, December 28. kompromat1.net/articles/79083-kak_minpromtorg_rybku_sjel
   Google Scholar
• Nagornykh, I. 2017. “Kadram Ne Khvatayet Perspektivy [Personnel Lack Prospects].” Kommersant, February 6. kommersant.ru/doc/3211647
   Google Scholar
• Ne ob”ekhal. 2018. “Ne Ob”ekhal Kobylkina: Pochemu Artema Sidorova Vystavili Iz Rosprirodnadzora? [Couldn’t Get around Kobylkin: Why Did They Get Rid of Artem Sidorov from Rosprirodnadzor?].” BiznesOnline, July 4. business-gazeta.ru/article/387608
   Google Scholar
• O gosudarstvennoi grazhdanskoi sluzhbe. 2004. “O Gosudarstvennoi Grazhdanskoi Sluzhbe Rossiiskoi Federatsii [On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation].” Federal’nii zakon No.79-FZ, July 27. rg.ru/2004/07/31/gossluzhba-dok.html
   Google Scholar
• O kvalifikatsionnykh trebovaniyakh. 2017. “O Kvalifikatsionnykh Trebovaniyakh K Stazhu Gosudarstvennoi Grazhdanskoi Sluzhby Ili Stazhu Raboty Po Spetsial’nosti, Napravleniyu Podgotovki, Kotoryi Neobkhodim Dlya Zameshcheniya Dolzhnostei Federal’noy Gosudarstvennoi Grazhdanskoi Sluzhby [On the Qualification Requirements for State Civil Service or for Work Experience by Speciality or Training, Necessary for Filling Positions in the Federal State Civil Service].” Ukaz Prezidenta RF, No.16, January 16. base.garant.ru/71587648/
   Google Scholar
• Ogushi, A. 2010. “Russian Bureaucratic Elites: Patrimonial or Technocratic?” Paper presented to ICCEES VIII World Congress, July 27, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, B. G. 2018. The Politics of Bureaucracy. An Introduction to Comparative Public Administration. 7th ed. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Podtserob, M. 2017. “Chto Zhdet Molodykh Spetsialistov Za Porogom Ministerstv I Goskorporatsii [What Awaits Young Specialists over the Threshold of Ministries and State Corporations].” Vedomosti, May 4. vedomosti.ru/management/articles/2017/05/04/688651-molodih-spetsialistov
   Google Scholar
• Podtserob, M. 2018. “Pomozhet Li Konkurs ‘Lidery Rossii’ Sozdat’ Kadrovyi Rezerv Dlya Strany? [Will the Competition ‘Leaders of Russia’ Create a Personnel Reserve for the Country?].” Vedomosti, January 16. vedomosti.ru/management/articles/2018/01/17/748043-lideri-rossii-rezerv
   Google Scholar
• Press-sluzhba. 2018. “V Minprirody Rossii Proizoshli Kadrovye Naznacheniya [Personnel Appointments in the Ministry of Natural Resources].” Press-sluzhba Minprirody Rossii, July 11. mnr.gov.ru/press/news/v_minprirody_rossii_proizoshli_kadrovye_naznacheniya/
   Google Scholar
• Prokopenko, A. 2017. “Eksperty Alekseya Kudrina Predlagayut Sozdat’ Federal’noe Kadrovoe Agenstvo [Aleksei Kudrin’s Experts Propose a Federal Personnel Agency].” Vedomosti, January 30. vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2017/01/30/675354-agenti-chinovnikov
   Google Scholar
• Reestre, O. 2005. “O Reestre Dolzhnostei Federal’noi Gosudarstvennoi Grazhdanskoi Sluzhby [On the Register of Positions of the Federal State Civil Service].” Ukaz Prezidenta RF, No.1574, December 31. consultant.ru/cons/static4018_00_10_392102
   Google Scholar
• Reuter, O. J., N. Buckley, A. Shubenkova, and G. Garifullina. 2016. “Local Elections in Authoritarian Regimes: An Elite-Based Theory with Evidence from Russian Mayoral Elections.” Comparative Political Studies 49 (5): 682–697. doi:10.1177/0010414015626439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter, O. J., and G. B. Robertson. 2012. “Subnational Appointments in Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence from Russian Gubernatorial Appointments.” The Journal of Politics 74 (4): 1023–1037. doi:10.1017/S0022381612000631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozhkova, E. 2019. “Politologi Otsenili Rabotu Gubernatorov-‘tekhnokratov’ [Political Scientists Evaluate the Work of ‘Technocrat’ Governors].” Kommersant, July 28. kommersant.ru/doc/4045793
   Google Scholar
• Rozova, A. 2015. “Molodye Chinovniki: Vladislav Barmichev [Young Officials: Vladislav Barmichev].” Ucheba.ru, March 24. ucheba.ru/article/818
   Google Scholar
• Sapozhkov, O. 2016. “Mintrud V Poiskakh Ideal’noi Byurokratii [Mintrud Looking for Ideal Bureaucracy].” Kommersant, August 10. kommersant.ru/doc/3059550
   Google Scholar
• Severtsev, N. 2013. “Dolya Kurbatova [Kurbatov’s Share].” Kompromat.ru, February 25. compromat.ru/page_33073.htm
   Google Scholar
• Shih, V., C. Adolph, and M. Liu. 2012. “Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China.” American Political Science Review 106 (1): 166–187. doi:10.1017/S0003055411000566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonov, K. 2018. “Otkuda Berutsya Chinovniki [Where Officials Come From].” Vedomosti, July 3. vedomosti.ru/opinion/columns/2018/07/03/774436-otkuda-berutsya-chinovniki
   Google Scholar
• Skigin, P. 2017. “Putin’s Russia as a Neopatrimonial Regime.” Ideology and Politics Journal 8 (2): 9–33.
   Google Scholar
• Smertina, P. 2019. “Pochemu Molodezh’ Bol’she Ne Rvetsya Na Gossluzhbu [Why are Young People No Longer Pushing to Enter the Civil Service].” Vedomosti, July 2. vedomosti.ru/management/articles/2019/07/02/805537-pochemu-molodezh
   Google Scholar
• Sorokina, Y. 2018. “Kobylkin Naznachil Menedzhera ‘Yamal SPG’ Kuratorom Arktiki V Minprirody [Kobylkin Named ‘Yamal LNG’ Manager as Responsible for Arctic in Minprirody].” znak.ru, August 9. znak.com/2018-08-08/kobylkin_naznachil_menedzhera_yamal_spg_kuratorom_arktiki_v_minprirody
   Google Scholar
• Stanovaya, T. 2012. “Ministr Promyshlennosti, Torgovli I Chemezova [Minister for Industry, Trade, and Chemezov].” Politcom.ru, February 1. politcom.ru/13243.html
   Google Scholar
• Sterkin, F. 2019. “Bol’shie Den’gi Kak Bol’shaya Ugroza Dlya Ekonomiki [Big Money as Big Threat to the Economy].” Vedomosti, 18 June. vedomosti.ru/opinion/articles/2019/06/18/804374-bolshie-dengi
   Google Scholar
• Tev, D. B. 2016. “Federal’naya Administrativnaya Elita Rossii: Kar’ernye Puti I Kanali Rekrutirovaniya [Federal Administrative Elite of Russia: Career Paths and Recruitment Channels].” Polis 4: 115–130.
   Google Scholar
• Tokarev, E. 2014). “ … I V Minenergo Byvshikh Ne Byvaet [… in MinEnergo the Former Don’t Exist].” MK.ru, April 21. mk.ru/economics/article/2014/04/21/1017681-i-v-minenergo-byivshih-ne-byivaet.html
   Google Scholar
• Vinu ne priznal. 2019. “Vinu Ne Priznal: Za Chto Zaderzhan Byvshii Zamministra [Doesn’t Admit Guilt: Why Is Former Deputy Minister Being Held].” gazeta.ru, January 24. gazeta.ru/business/2019/01/24/12141853.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Vnesenii., O. 2016. “O Vnesenii V Federal’nii Zakon ‘O Gosudarstvennoi Grazhdanskoi Sluzhbe Rossiiskoi Federatsii’ I Federal’nii Zakon ‘O Munitsipal’noi Sluzhbe V Rossiiskoi Federatsii’ [On Amendments to the Federal Law ‘On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation’ and the Federal Law ‘On the Municipal Service of the Russian Federation’].” Federal’nii Zakon, No.224-FZ, June 30. consultant.ru/cons/static4018_00_10_392102
   Google Scholar
• Vstrecha. 2019. “Vstrecha S Vypusknikami Programmy Kadrovogo Rezerva [Meeting with Graduates of the Personnel Reserve Program].” Prezident Rossii, April 17. kremlin.ru/events/president/news/60309
   Google Scholar
• Xu, C. 2011. “The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development.” Journal of Economic Literature 49 (4): 1076–1151. doi:10.1257/jel.49.4.1076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, Y., and M. Zhang. 2015. “Subnational Leaders and Economic Growth: Evidence from Chinese Cities.” Journal of Economic Growth 20 (4): 405–436. doi:10.1007/s10887-015-9116-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X. 1995. “Partial Reform and the Chinese Bureaucracy in the Post-Mao Era.” Comparative Political Studies 28 (3): 440–468. doi:10.1177/0010414095028003005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar