The best among the connected (men): promotion in the Russian state apparatus

References

• Aaskoven, Lasse, and Jacob Nyrup. 2021. “Performance and Promotions in an Autocracy: Evidence from Nazi Germany.” Comparative Politics 54 (1): 51–85. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041521X16132218140269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baekgaard, Martin, and Bert George. 2018. “Equal Access to the Top? Representative Bureaucracy and Politicians’ Recruitment Preferences for Top Administrative Staff.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 28 (4): 535–550. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barberia, Lorena, and Sérgio Praça. n.d. “Who Gets Political Appointments? Party Loyalty and Bureaucratic Expertise in Brazil.” Accessed August 8, 2023. https://repositorio.usp.br/item/002717754.
   Google Scholar
• Boix, Carles, and Daniel N. Posner. 1998. “Social Capital: Explaining Its Origins and Effects on Government Performance.” British Journal of Political Science 28 (4): 686–693. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123498000313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton, Michael, and Nicholas Van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brierley, Sarah. 2021. “Combining Patronage and Merit in Public Sector Recruitment.” The Journal of Politics 83 (1): 182–197. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1086/708240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brollo, Fernanda, Pedro Forquesato, and Juan Carlos Gozzi. 2018. “To the Victor Belongs the Spoils? Party Membership and Public Sector Employment in Brazil.” Working Papers No. 2018_20. Sao Paulo: University of Sao Paulo, Department of Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Brym, Robert J., and Vladimir Gimpelson. 2004. “The Size, Composition, and Dynamics of the Russian State Bureaucracy in the 1990s.” Slavic Review 63 (1): 90–112. https://doi.org/10.2307/1520271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, Noah, and Ora John Reuter. 2019. “Performance Incentives Under Autocracy: Evidence from Russia’s Regions.” Comparative Politics 51 (2): 239–266. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041519X15647434969894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budig, Michelle J., and Paula England. 2001. “The Wage Penalty for Motherhood.” American Sociological Review 66 (2): 204–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240106600203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanueva, Cristóbal, and Ángeles Gallego. 2010. “Social Capital and Innovation: An Intra-Departmental Perspective.” Management Revue 21 (2): 135–154. https://doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2010-2-135.
   Google Scholar
• Cherepanova, Kseniya. 2020. “EDG-2020 V Novgorodskoi Oblasti: Kak Proshli Klassicheskie Vybory Bez Elektoral’nykh Inovatsii [The Single Voting Day 2020 in the Novgorod Region: The Results of the Classic Elections without Electoral Innovations].” Golos—For Fair Elections. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://golosinfo.org/articles/144826.
   Google Scholar
• Colonnelli, Emanuele, Mounu Prem, and Edoardo Teso. 2020. “Patronage and Selection in Public Sector Organizations.” American Economic Review 110 (10): 3071–3099. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, Agnes, Carl Henrik Knutsen, and Jan Teorell. 2020. “Bureaucracy and Growth.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (14): 2246–2282. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020912262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlström, Carl, Victor Lapuente, and Jan Teorell. 2012. “The Merit of Meritocratization: Politics, Bureaucracy, and the Institutional Deterrents of Corruption.” Political Research Quarterly 65 (3): 656–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912911408109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detkova, Polina, Andrey Tkachenko, and Andrei Yakovlev. 2021. “Gender Heterogeneity of Bureaucrats in Attitude to Corruption: Evidence from List Experiment.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 189:217–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan, Julie, and David H. Rosenbloom, eds. 2016. Representative Bureaucracy: Classic Readings and Continuing Controversies. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315541471.
   Google Scholar
• Dolton, Peter J., and Gerald H. Makepeace. 1987. “Marital Status, Child Rearing, and Earnings Differentials in the Graduate Labour Market.” The Economic Journal 97 (388): 897–922. https://doi.org/10.2307/2233079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duong, Hang. 2021. “The Politicization of Civil Service Recruitment and Promotion in Vietnam.” Public Administration and Development 41 (2): 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdmann, Gero, and Ulf Engel. 2007. “Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45 (1): 95–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040601135813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, P., and J. E. Rauch. 1999. “Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of ‘Weberian’ State Structures on Economic Growth.” American Sociological Review 64 (5): 748–765. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzese, Robert J., and Cindy Kam. 2009. Modeling and Interpreting Interactive Hypotheses in Regression Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gamboa, Luis Fernando, and Blanca Zuluaga. 2013. “Is There a Motherhood Penalty? Decomposing the Family Wage Gap in Colombia.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues 34 (4): 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-012-9343-y.
   Google Scholar
• Gans-Morse, Jordan, Alexander Kalgin, Andrei Klimenko, Dmitriy Vorobyev, and Andrei Yakovlev. 2021. “Self-Selection into Public Service When Corruption is Widespread: The Anomalous Russian Case.” Comparative Political Studies 54 (6): 1086–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020957669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes, Barbara. 1991. “A Game Theoretic Model of Reform in Latin American Democracies.” American Political Science Review 85 (2): 371–392. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes, Barbara. 1994. Politician’s Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gel’man, Vladimir. 2003. “Politicheskiye Elity I Strategii Regional’noi Identichnosti [Political Elites and the Strategies of Regional Identity Building].” Zhurnal Sotsiologii i Sotsial’noi Atropologii 6 (2): 91–105.
   Google Scholar
• Gel’man, Vladimir. 2006. “From ‘Feckless Pluralism’ to ‘Dominant Power Politics’? The Transformation of Russia’s Party System.” Democratization 13 (4): 545–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340600791848.
   Google Scholar
• Gel’man, Vladimir. 2016. “The Vicious Circle of Post-Soviet Neopatrimonialism in Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 32 (5): 455–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2015.1071014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimpelson, Vladimir, Vladimir Magun, and Robert J. Brym. 2009. “Hiring and Promoting Young Civil Servants: Weberian Ideals versus Russian Reality.” In Russian Bureaucracy and the State, edited by D. Rowney and Eugene Huskey, 231–252. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244993_14.
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–1380. https://doi.org/10.1086/225469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2003. “Political Competition and the Politicization of the State in East Central Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 36 (10): 1123–1147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414003257610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, Jens, Dominik Hangartner, and Teppei Yamamoto. 2015. “Validating Vignette and Conjoint Survey Experiments Against Real-World Behavior.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (8): 2395–2400. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416587112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, Jens, Daniel J. Hopkins, and Teppei Yamamoto. 2014. “Causal Inference in Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Multidimensional Choices via Stated Preference Experiments.” Political Analysis 22 (1): 1–30. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry E. 2005. Why Not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry E. 2014. Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, Stephen. 2003. “Instrumental Democracy: The End of Ideology and the Decline of Russian Political Parties.” In The 1999–2000 Elections in Russia: Their Impact and Legacy, edited by Vicki L. Hesli and William M. Reissinger, 163–185. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511550355.008.
   Google Scholar
• Hollyer, James R. 2010. “Patronage or Merit? Bureaucratic Recruitment in 19th and Early 20th Century Europe.” American Political Science Association 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1657615.
   Google Scholar
• Ilkhamov, Alisher. 2007. “Neopatrimonialism, Interest Groups, and Patronage Networks: The Impasses of the Governance System in Uzbekistan.” Central Asian Survey 26 (1): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634930701423491.
   Google Scholar
• Ishiyama, John. 2004. “Neopatrimonialism and the Prospects for Democratization in the Central Asian Republics.” In Power and Change in Central Asia, edited by Sally Cummings, 52–68. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jäkel, Tim. 2019. “Innovative Self-Efficacy of Municipal Employees: Empirical Evidence from ’ Russia’s Leningrad Region.” International Review of Public Administration 24 (1): 36–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2019.1577795.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Ronald N., and Gary D. Libecap. 2007. The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy: The Economics and Politics of Institutional Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kalgin, Alexander, Dmitry Podolskiy, Daria Parfenteva, and Jesse W. Campbell. 2018. “Performance Management and Job-Goal Alignment: A Conditional Process Model of Turnover Intention in the Public Sector.” International Journal of Public Sector Management 31 (1): 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-04-2016-0069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, Brandy. 2014. “Unraveling Representative Bureaucracy: A Systematic Analysis of the Literature.” Administration & Society 46 (4): 395–421. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399712459724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Pan S. 1993. “Toward Gender Equality in the Korean Civil Service.” Public Personnel Management 22 (3): 403–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102609302200305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koka, Balaji R., and John E. Prescott. 2002. “Strategic Alliances as Social Capital: A Multidimensional View.” Strategic Management Journal 23 (9): 795–816. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kommersant. 2007 August 4. “Mihail Prusak Otstranen Ot Prestupnogo Soobschestva [Mikhail Prusak Removed from the Criminal Community].” Accessed August 8, 2023. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792836.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, George A., David E. Lewis, and James W. Douglas. 2006. “Political Appointments, Civil Service Systems, and Bureaucratic Competence: Organizational Balancing and Executive Branch Revenue Forecasts in the American States.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 770–787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00215.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagunina, Irina. 2011. “Rossiiskie Regiony: Novgorodskaya oblast’ [Russian Regions: Novgorod Region].” Radio Svoboda. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://www.svoboda.org/a/2294973.html.
   Google Scholar
• Lapuente, Victor, and Marina Nistotskaya. 2009. “To the Short-Sighted Victor Belong the Spoils: Politics and Merit Adoption in Comparative Perspective.” Governance 22 (3): 431–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01446.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laruelle, Marlene. 2012. “Discussing Neopatrimonialism and Patronal Presidentialism in the Central Asian Context.” Demokratizatsiya 20 (4): 301–324.
   Google Scholar
• Leeper, Thomas J. 2018. “Cregg: Simple Conjoint Analyses and Visualization.” R Package Version 0 (2): 1.
   Google Scholar
• Leeper, Thomas J., Sara B. Hobolt, and James Tilley. 2020. “Measuring Subgroup Preferences in Conjoint Experiments.” Political Analysis 28 (2): 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2019.30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Hui, and Lance L.P. Gore. 2018. “Merit-Based Patronage: Career Incentives of Local Leading Cadres in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 27 (109): 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2017.1363021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Hanzhang. 2019. “The Logic of Authoritarian Political Selection: Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment in China.” Political Science Research and Methods 7 (4): 853–870. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2018.24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Bobai, and Andrew G. Walder. 2001. “Career Advancement as Party Patronage: Sponsored Mobility into the Chinese Administrative Elite, 1949–1996.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (5): 1371–1408. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1086/320816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Liang, Huangfeng Tang, and Bo Yan. 2015. “Public Employees’ Perceived Promotion Channels in Local China: Merit-Based or Guanxi-Orientated?” Australian Journal of Public Administration 74 (3): 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, David, and Jeffrey Ziegler. 2023 February 18. “Preferential Abstention in Conjoint Experiments.” OSF Preprints. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://osf.io/4ws7m/.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, Meredith Ann. 1994. “Gender and Lowi’s Thesis: Implications for Career Advancement.” Public Administration Review 54 (3): 277–284. https://doi.org/10.2307/976732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novgorod Region. n.d. “Novgorodskaya Oblast’—Investitsionnyi Portal Regionov Rossii [Novgorod Region—The Investment Portal of the Russian Regions].” Accessed April 29, 2022. https://www.investinregions.ru/regions/53/statistics/.
   Google Scholar
• Official Statistics—The State. n.d. Accessed April 29, 2022. https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/11191.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveros, Virginia, and Christian Schuster. 2018. “Merit, Tenure, and Bureaucratic Behavior: Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment in the Dominican Republic.” Comparative Political Studies 51 (6): 759–792. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, B. Guy. 2023. “Studying Public Administration in Authoritarian Regimes.” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 45 (1): 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2023.2169820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, B. Guy, and Jon Pierre. 2004. “Politicization of the Civil Service: Concepts, Causes, Consequences.” In The Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective, edited by B. Guy Peters and Jon Pierre, 1–13. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203799857.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Rauch, James E., and Peter B. Evans. 2000. “Bureaucratic Structure and Bureaucratic Performance in Less Developed Countries.” Journal of Public Economics 75 (1): 49–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00044-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RBC. 2022. “Luchshie Regiony Dlya Zhizni: Reiting RBK [The Best Regions for Living: RBC Rating].” RBC. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://www.rbc.ru/economics/26/04/2021/6078136e9a7947d0e9e1b1fb.
   Google Scholar
• Saikkonen, Inga, and Henrik Serup Christensen. 2022. “Guardians of Democracy or Passive Bystanders? A Conjoint Experiment on Elite Transgressions of Democratic Norms.” Political Research Quarterly 76 (1): 127–142. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129211073592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherpereel, John A. 2004. “Renewing the Socialist Past or Moving Toward the European Administrative Space? Inside Czech and Slovak Ministries.” Administration & Society 36 (5): 553–593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399704268615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligson, Mitchell A. 2002. “The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries.” The Journal of Politics 64 (2): 408–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanelli, Alberto, and Martin Lukac. 2020 November 18. “Subjects, Trials, and Levels: Statistical Power in Conjoint Experiments.” SocArXiv Papers. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/spkcy/.
   Google Scholar
• Teodoro, Manuel P. 2009. “Bureaucratic Job Mobility and the Diffusion of Innovations.” American Journal of Political Science 53 (1): 175–189. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepe, Markus, and Christine Prokop. 2018. “Are Future Bureaucrats More Risk Averse? The Effect of Studying Public Administration and PSM on Risk Preferences.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 28 (2): 182–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting, Michael M., James M. Snyder Jr., Shigeo Hirano, and Olle Folke. 2013. “Elections and Reform: The Adoption of Civil Service Systems in the US States.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 25 (3): 363–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629812453217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yurchenko, Vera. 2017. February 13. “Vopros O Dline Skameiki Zapasnykh: Pochemy 37-Letnego Glavu Agentstva Strategicheskih Initsiativ Otpravili V Depressivnyi Region: Mneniya Ekspertov [The Question of the Length of the ‘Bench of Reserves’: Why is the 37-Year-Old Head of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives Sent to a Depressed Region: Expert Opinions].” Novaya Gazeta. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/02/13/71504-sorvalsya-s-asi.
   Google Scholar
• Zaheer, Akbar, and Geoffrey G. Bell. 2005. “Benefiting from Network Position: Firm Capabilities, Structural Holes, and Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 26 (9): 809–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar