Rational design of nasal vaccines

References

• Abe N, Kodama S, Hirano T, Eto M, Suzuki M. Nasal vaccination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide induces protective immunity against non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae in the nasopharynx. Laryngoscope 2006; 116: 407–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman AL, Cresswell P. Cellular mechanisms governing cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. Nat Immunol 2004; 5: 678–684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman AL, Kyritsis C, Tampe R, Cresswell P. Access of soluble antigens to the endoplasmic reticulum can explain cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2005; 6: 107–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal S, Agrawal A, Doughty B, Gerwitz A, Blenis J, Van Dyke T, Pulendran B. Cutting edge: Different toll-like receptor agonists instruct dendritic cells to induce distinct Th responses via differential modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Fos. J Immunol 2003; 171: 4984–4989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira S, Takeda K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4: 499–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amacker M, Engler O, Kammer AR, Vadrucci S, Oberholzer D, Cerny A, Zurbriggen R. Peptide-loaded chimeric influenza virosomes for efficient in vivo induction of cytotoxic T cells. Int Immunol 2005; 17: 695–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amidi M, Romeijn SG, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE, Bungener L, Huckriede A, Crommelin DJ, Jiskoot W. N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles loaded with influenza subunit antigen for intranasal vaccination: Biological properties and immunogenicity in a mouse model. Vaccine 2007; 25: 144–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arce S, Nawar HF, Russell MW, Connell TD. Differential binding of Escherichia coli enterotoxins LT-IIa and LT-IIb and of cholera toxin elicits differences in apoptosis, proliferation, and activation of lymphoid cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 2718–2727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audouy SA, van Selm S, van Roosmalen ML, Post E, Kanninga R, Neef J, Estevao S, Nieuwenhuis EE, Adrian PV, Leenhouts K, Hermans PW. Development of lactococcal GEM-based pneumococcal vaccines. Vaccine 2007; 25: 2497–2506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baca-Estrada ME, Foldvari M, Snider M. Induction of mucosal immune responses by administration of liposome-antigen formulations and interleukin-12. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19: 455–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baca-Estrada ME, Foldvari MM, Snider MM, Harding KK, Kournikakis BB, Babiuk LA, Griebel PP. Intranasal immunization with liposome-formulated Yersinia pestis vaccine enhances mucosal immune responses. Vaccine 2000; 18: 2203–2211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr TA, Carlring J, Heath AW. Co-stimulatory agonists as immunological adjuvants. Vaccine 2006; 24: 3399–3407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belyakov IM, Isakov D, Zhu Q, Dzutsev A, Klinman D, Berzofsky JA. Enhancement of CD8+T cell immunity in the lung by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increases protective efficacy of a modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine against lethal poxvirus infection even in a CD4-deficient host. J Immunol 2006; 177: 6336–6343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernkop-Schnurch A, Kast CE, Richter MF. Improvement in the mucoadhesive properties of alginate by the covalent attachment of cysteine. J Control Release 2001; 71: 277–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitsori M, Ntokos M, Kontarakis N, Sianava O, Ntouros T, Galanakis E. Vaccination coverage among adolescents in certain provinces of Greece. Acta Paediatr 2005; 94: 1122–1125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blander JM, Medzhitov R. Toll-dependent selection of microbial antigens for presentation by dendritic cells. Nature 2006; 440: 808–812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogataj M, Vovk T, Kerec M, Dimnik A, Grabnar I, Mrhar A. The correlation between zeta potential and mucoadhesion strength on pig vesical mucosa. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26: 743–746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowe F, Lavelle EC, McNeela EA, Hale C, Clare S, Arico B, Giuliani MM, Rae A, Huett A, Rappuoli R, Dougan G, Mills KH. Mucosal vaccination against serogroup B meningococci: Induction of bactericidal antibodies and cellular immunity following intranasal immunization with NadA of Neisseria meningitidis and mutants of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 4052–4060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyaka PN, Lillard JW, Jr., McGhee J. Interleukin 12 and innate molecules for enhanced mucosal immunity. Immunol Res 1999a; 20: 207–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyaka PN, Marinaro M, Jackson RJ, Menon S, Kiyono H, Jirillo E, McGhee JR. IL-12 is an effective adjuvant for induction of mucosal immunity. J Immunol 1999b; 162: 122–128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bracci L, Canini I, Puzelli S, Sestili P, Venditti M, Spada M, Donatelli I, Belardelli F, Proietti E. Type I IFN is a powerful mucosal adjuvant for a selective intranasal vaccination against influenza virus in mice and affects antigen capture at mucosal level. Vaccine 2005; 23: 2994–3004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandtzaeg P. History of oral tolerance and mucosal immunity. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996; 778: 1–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun MC, He J, Wu CY, Kelsall BL. Cholera toxin suppresses interleukin (IL)-12 production and IL-12 receptor beta1 and beta2 chain expression. J Exp Med 1999; 189: 541–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bron R, Ortiz A, Wilschut J. Cellular cytoplasmic delivery of a polypeptide toxin by reconstituted influenza virus envelopes (virosomes). Biochemistry 1994; 33: 9110–9117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooking J, Davis SS, Illum L. Transport of nanoparticles across the rat nasal mucosa. J Drug Target 2001; 9: 267–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant ML, Brown P, Gurevich N, McDougall IR. Comparison of the clearance of radiolabelled nose drops and nasal spray as mucosally delivered vaccine. Nucl Med Commun 1999; 20: 171–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bungener L, Huckriede A, de Mare A, de Vries-Idema J, Wilschut J, Daemen T. Virosome-mediated delivery of protein antigens in vivo: Efficient induction of class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Vaccine 2005; 23: 1232–1241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgdorf S, Kautz A, Bohnert V, Knolle PA, Kurts C. Distinct pathways of antigen uptake and intracellular routing in CD4 and CD8 T cell activation. Science 2007; 316: 612–616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreno-Gomez B, Woodley JF, Florence AT. Studies on the uptake of tomato lectin nanoparticles in everted gut sacs. Int J Pharm 1999; 183: 7–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervi L, MacDonald AS, Kane C, Dzierszinski F, Pearce EJ. Cutting edge: Dendritic cells copulsed with microbial and helminth antigens undergo modified maturation, segregate the antigens to distinct intracellular compartments, and concurrently induce microbe-specific Th and helminth-specific Th2 responses. J Immunol 2004; 172: 2016–2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childers NK, Miller KL, Tong G, Llarena JC, Greenway T, Ulrich JT, Michalek SM. Adjuvant activity of monophosphoryl lipid A for nasal and oral immunization with soluble or liposome-associated antigen. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 5509–5516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark MA, Jepson MA, Hirst BH. Lectin binding defines and differentiates M-cells in mouse small intestine and caecum. Histochem Cell Biol 1995; 104: 161–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark MA, Hirst BH, Jepson MA. M-cell surface beta1 integrin expression and invasin-mediated targeting of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to mouse Peyer's patch M cells. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 1237–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coeshott CM, Smithson SL, Verderber E, Samaniego A, Blonder JM, Rosenthal GJ, Westerink MA. Pluronic F127-based systemic vaccine delivery systems. Vaccine 2004; 22: 2396–2405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couch RB. Nasal vaccination, Escherichia coli enterotoxin, and Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 860–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockett M, Keystone J. “I hate needles” and other factors impacting on travel vaccine uptake. J Travel Med 2005; 12(Suppl 1)S41–S46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cruz N, Alvarez X, Specian RD, Berg RD, Deitch EA. Role of mucin, mannose, and beta-1 integrin receptors in Escherichia coli translocation across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Shock 1994; 2: 121–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusi MG. The response to plasmid DNA-virosome vaccination: A role for circulating antibodies?. Trends Immunol 2001; 22: 355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusi MG. Applications of influenza virosomes as a delivery system. Hum Vaccine 2006; 2: 1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusi MG, Lomagistro MM, Valassina M, Valensin PE, Gluck R. Immunopotentiating of mucosal and systemic antibody responses in mice by intranasal immunization with HLT-combined influenza virosomal vaccine. Vaccine 2000; 18: 2838–2842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusi MG, Zurbriggen R, Correale P, Valassina M, Terrosi C, Pergola L, Valensin PE, Gluck R. Influenza virosomes are an efficient delivery system for respiratory syncytial virus-F antigen inducing humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Vaccine 2002; 20: 3436–3442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabbagh K, Dahl ME, Stepick-Biek P, Lewis DB. Toll-like receptor 4 is required for optimal development of Th2 immune responses: Role of dendritic cells. J Immunol 2002; 168: 4524–4530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daemen T, de Mare A, Bungener L, de Jonge J, Huckriede A, Wilschut J. Virosomes for antigen and DNA delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57: 451–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bernardi di Valserra M, Zanasi A, Ragusa S, Gluck R, Herzog C. An open-label comparison of the immunogenicity and tolerability of intranasal and intramuscular formulations of virosomal influenza vaccine in healthy adults. Clin Ther 2002; 24: 100–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haan A, Tomee JF, Huchshorn JP, Wilschut J. Liposomes as an immunoadjuvant system for stimulation of mucosal and systemic antibody responses against inactivated measles virus administered intranasally to mice. Vaccine 1995; 13: 1320–1324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jonge MI, Hamstra HJ, Jiskoot W, Roholl P, Williams NA, Dankert J, van Alphen L, van der Ley P. Intranasal immunisation of mice with liposomes containing recombinant meningococcal OpaB and OpaJ proteins. Vaccine 2004; 22: 4021–4028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodane V, Amin Khan M, Merwin JR. Effect of chitosan on epithelial permeability and structure. Int J Pharm 1999; 182: 21–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douce G, Giuliani MM, Giannelli V, Pizza MG, Rappuoli R, Dougan G. Mucosal immunogenicity of genetically detoxified derivatives of heat labile toxin from Escherichia coli. Vaccine 1998; 16: 1065–1073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrer P, Gluck U, Spyr C, Lang AB, Zurbriggen R, Herzog C, Gluck R. Mucosal antibody response induced with a nasal virosome-based influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2003; 21: 4328–4334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan MA, Chong SY, Hagen M, Megati S, Schadeck EB, Piacente P, Ma BJ, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF, Israel ZR, Eldridge JH, Staats HF. A comparative evaluation of nasal and parenteral vaccine adjuvants to elicit systemic and mucosal HIV-1 peptide-specific humoral immune responses in cynomolgus macaques. Vaccine 2004; 22: 3774–3788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enserink M. Radical steps urged to help underserved. Science/AAAS 2000; 288: 1563–1564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favre D, Viret JF. Biosafety evaluation of recombinant live oral bacterial vaccines in the context of European regulation. Vaccine 2006; 24: 3856–3864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng L, Qi XR, Zhou XJ, Maitani Y, Wang SC, Jiang Y, Nagai T. Pharmaceutical and immunological evaluation of a single-dose hepatitis B vaccine using PLGA microspheres. J Control Release 2006; 112: 35–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foged C, Sundblad A, Hovgaard L. Targeting vaccines to dendritic cells. Pharm Res 2002; 19: 229–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster N, Clark MA, Jepson MA, Hirst BH. Ulex europaeus 1 lectin targets microspheres to mouse Peyer's patch M-cells in vivo. Vaccine 1998; 16: 536–541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel G, Lider O, Hershkoviz R, Mould AP, Kachalsky SG, Candy DC, Cahalon L, Humphries MJ, Dougan G. The cell-binding domain of intimin from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli binds to beta1 integrins. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 20359–20364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimura Y. Evidence of M cells as portals of entry for antigens in the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue of humans. Virchows Arch 2000; 436: 560–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimura Y, Takeda M, Ikai H, Haruma K, Akisada T, Harada T, Sakai T, Ohuchi M. The role of M cells of human nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue in influenza virus sampling. Virchows Arch 2004; 444: 36–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimura Y, Akisada T, Harada T, Haruma K. Uptake of microparticles into the epithelium of human nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue. Med Mol Morphol 2006; 39: 181–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebert A. Identification of M-cells in the rabbit tonsil by vimentin immunohistochemistry and in vivo protein transport. Histochem Cell Biol 1995; 104: 211–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebert A, Willfuhr B, Pabst R. The rabbit M-cell marker vimentin is present in epithelial cells of the tonsil crypt. Acta Otolaryngol 1995; 115: 697–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannasca PJ, Boden JA, Monath TP. Targeted delivery of antigen to hamster nasal lymphoid tissue with M-cell-directed lectins. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 4288–4298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giudice EL, Campbell JD. Needle-free vaccine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58: 68–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluck U, Gebbers JO, Gluck R. Phase 1 evaluation of intranasal virosomal influenza vaccine with and without Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in adult volunteers. J Virol 1999; 73: 7780–7786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck R. Review of intranasal influenza vaccine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 51: 203–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogev S, de Fays K, Versali MF, Gautier S, Thiry E. Glycol chitosan improves the efficacy of intranasally administrated replication defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus 1. Vaccine 2004; 22: 1946–1953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon S. Pattern recognition receptors: Doubling up for the innate immune response. Cell 2002; 111: 927–930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabovac V, Guggi D, Bernkop-Schnurch A. Comparison of the mucoadhesive properties of various polymers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57: 1713–1723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullberg E, Keita AV, Salim SY, Andersson M, Caldwell KD, Soderholm JD, Artursson P. Identification of cell adhesion molecules in the human follicle-associated epithelium that improve nanoparticle uptake into the Peyer's patches. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319: 632–639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hak E, Schonbeck Y, De Melker H, Van Essen GA, Sanders EA. Negative attitude of highly educated parents and health care workers towards future vaccinations in the Dutch childhood vaccination program. Vaccine 2005; 23: 3103–3107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding CV, Song R. Phagocytic processing of exogenous particulate antigens by macrophages for presentation by class I MHC molecules. J Immunol 1994; 153: 4925–4933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington M. 2002. To double, or not to double?, Bioterror Buys a Budget Boost. In: aidsinfonyc.org.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks W, Jr., Hall L, 3rd, Sigurdson L, Stewart C, Hard R, Winston J, Lwebuga-Mukasa J. Isolation and characterization of basal cells from human upper respiratory epithelium. Exp Cell Res 1997; 237: 357–363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higaki M, Takase T, Igarashi R, Suzuki Y, Aizawa C, Mizushima Y. Enhancement of immune response to intranasal influenza HA vaccine by microparticle resin. Vaccine 1998; 16: 741–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilfenhaus J, Moser H, Herrmann A, Mauler R. Herpes simplex virus subunit vaccine: Characterization of the virus strain used and testing of the vaccine. Dev Biol Stand 1982; 52: 321–331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huckriede A, Bungener L, Daemen T, Wilschut J. Influenza virosomes in vaccine development. Methods Enzymol 2003; 373: 74–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckriede A, Bungener L, Stegmann T, Daemen T, Medema J, Palache AM, Wilschut J. The virosome concept for influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2005; 23(Suppl 1)S26–S38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultgren SJ, Abraham S, Caparon M, Falk P, St Geme JW, 3rd, Normark S. Pilus and nonpilus bacterial adhesins: Assembly and function in cell recognition. Cell 1993; 73: 887–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain N, Jani PU, Florence AT. Enhanced oral uptake of tomato lectin-conjugated nanoparticles in the rat. Pharm Res 1997; 14: 613–618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichinohe T, Watanabe I, Ito S, Fujii H, Moriyama M, Tamura S, Takahashi H, Sawa H, Chiba J, Kurata T, Sata T, Hasegawa H. Synthetic double-stranded RNA poly(I:C) combined with mucosal vaccine protects against influenza virus infection. J Virol 2005; 79: 2910–2919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illum L. Nanoparticulate systems for nasal delivery of drugs: A real improvement over simple systems?. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96: 473–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imaoka K, Miller CJ, Kubota M, McChesney MB, Lohman B, Yamamoto M, Fujihashi K, Someya K, Honda M, McGhee JR, Kiyono H. Nasal immunization of nonhuman primates with simian immunodeficiency virus p55gag and cholera toxin adjuvant induces Th1/Th2 help for virus-specific immune responses in reproductive tissues. J Immunol 1998; 161: 5952–5958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses. Nat Immunol 2004; 5: 987–995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbal-Gill I, Fisher AN, Rappuoli R, Davis SS, Illum L. Stimulation of mucosal and systemic antibody responses against Bordetella pertussis filamentous haemagglutinin and recombinant pertussis toxin after nasal administration with chitosan in mice. Vaccine 1998; 16: 2039–2046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaganathan KS, Vyas SP. Strong systemic and mucosal immune responses to surface-modified PLGA microspheres containing recombinant hepatitis B antigen administered intranasally. Vaccine 2006; 24: 4201–4211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong KI, Suzuki H, Nakayama H, Doi K. Ultrastructural study on the follicle-associated epithelium of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue in specific pathogen-free (SPF) and conventional environment-adapted (SPF-CV) rats. J Anat 2000; 196(Pt 3)443–451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joseph A, Louria-Hayon I, Plis-Finarov A, Zeira E, Zakay-Rones Z, Raz E, Hayashi T, Takabayashi K, Barenholz Y, Kedar E. Liposomal immunostimulatory DNA sequence (ISS-ODN): An efficient parenteral and mucosal adjuvant for influenza and hepatitis B vaccines. Vaccine 2002; 20: 3342–3354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph A, Itskovitz-Cooper N, Samira S, Flasterstein O, Eliyahu H, Simberg D, Goldwaser I, Barenholz Y, Kedar E. A new intranasal influenza vaccine based on a novel polycationic lipid-ceramide carbamoyl-spermine (CCS) I. Immunogenicity and efficacy studies in mice. Vaccine 2006; 24: 3990–4006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung T, Kamm W, Breitenbach A, Hungerer KD, Hundt E, Kissel T. Tetanus toxoid loaded nanoparticles from sulfobutylated poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-poly(lactide-co-glycolide): Evaluation of antibody response after oral and nasal application in mice. Pharm Res 2001; 18: 352–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaisho T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors as adjuvant receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1589: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalies H, Grote V, Schmitt HJ, von Kries R. Immunisation status of children in Germany: Temporal trends and regional differences. Eur J Pediatr 2006; 165: 30–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminski RW, Turbyfill KR, Oaks EV. Mucosal adjuvant properties of the Shigella invasin complex. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 2856–2866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang ML, Kang SG, Jiang HL, Shin SW, Lee DY, Ahn JM, Rayamahji N, Park IK, Shin SJ, Cho CS, Yoo HS. In vivo induction of mucosal immune responses by intranasal administration of chitosan microspheres containing Bordetella bronchiseptica DNT. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006; 63: 215–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kende M, Del Giudice G, Rivera N, Hewetson J. Enhancement of intranasal vaccination in mice with deglycosylated chain A ricin by LTR72, a novel mucosal adjuvant. Vaccine 2006; 24: 2213–2221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodama S, Abe N, Hirano T, Suzuki M. Safety and efficacy of nasal application of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide as a mucosal adjuvant. Laryngoscope 2006; 116: 331–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koping-Hoggard M, Sanchez A, Alonso MJ. Nanoparticles as carriers for nasal vaccine delivery. Expert Rev Vaccines 2005; 4: 185–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon YJ, James E, Shastri N, Frechet JM. In vivo targeting of dendritic cells for activation of cellular immunity using vaccine carriers based on pH-responsive microparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005a; 102: 18264–18268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon YJ, Standley SM, Goh SL, Frechet JM. Enhanced antigen presentation and immunostimulation of dendritic cells using acid-degradable cationic nanoparticles. J Control Release 2005b; 105: 199–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon YJ, Standley SM, Goodwin AP, Gillies ER, Frechet JM. Directed antigen presentation using polymeric microparticulate carriers degradable at lysosomal pH for controlled immune responses. Mol Pharm 2005c; 2: 83–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kyd JM, Foxwell AR, Cripps AW. Mucosal immunity in the lung and upper airway. Vaccine 2001; 19: 2527–2533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Rosa C, Wang Z, Brewer JC, Lacey SF, Villacres MC, Sharan R, Krishnan R, Crooks M, Markel S, Maas R, Diamond DJ. Preclinical development of an adjuvant-free peptide vaccine with activity against CMV pp65 in HLA transgenic mice. Blood 2002; 100: 3681–3689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambkin R, Oxford JS, Bossuyt S, Mann A, Metcalfe IC, Herzog C, Viret JF, Gluck R. Strong local and systemic protective immunity induced in the ferret model by an intranasal virosome-formulated influenza subunit vaccine. Vaccine 2004; 22: 4390–4396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzavecchia A. Mechanisms of antigen uptake for presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 1996; 8: 348–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YS. Lectin reactivity in human large bowel. Pathology 1987; 19: 397–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SE, Kim SY, Jeong BC, Kim YR, Bae SJ, Ahn OS, Lee JJ, Song HC, Kim JM, Choy HE, Chung SS, Kweon MN, Rhee JH. A bacterial flagellin, Vibrio vulnificus FlaB, has a strong mucosal adjuvant activity to induce protective immunity. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 694–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenarczyk A, Le TT, Drane D, Malliaros J, Pearse M, Hamilton R, Cox J, Luft T, Gardner J, Suhrbier A. ISCOM based vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Vaccine 2004; 22: 963–974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycke N. Targeted vaccine adjuvants based on modified cholera toxin. Curr Mol Med 2005; 5: 591–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malliaros J, Quinn C, Arnold FH, Pearse MJ, Drane DP, Stewart TJ, Macfarlan RI. Association of antigens to ISCOMATRIX adjuvant using metal chelation leads to improved CTL responses. Vaccine 2004; 22: 3968–3975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinaro M, Boyaka PN, Jackson RJ, Finkelman FD, Kiyono H, Jirillo E, McGhee JR. Use of intranasal IL-12 to target predominantly Th1 responses to nasal and Th2 responses to oral vaccines given with cholera toxin. J Immunol 1999; 162: 114–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariotti S, Teloni R, von Hunolstein C, Romagnoli G, Orefici G, Nisini R. Immunogenicity of anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b CRM197 conjugate following mucosal vaccination with oligodeoxynucleotide containing immunostimulatory sequences as adjuvant. Vaccine 2002; 20: 2229–2239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga Y, Wakatsuki Y, Tabata Y, Kawasaki H, Usui T, Yoshida M, Itoh T, Habu S, Kita T. Oral immunization with size-purified microsphere beads as a vehicle selectively induces systemic tolerance and sensitization. Vaccine 2000; 19: 579–588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeela EA, O'Connor D, Jabbal-Gill I, Illum L, Davis SS, Pizza M, Peppoloni S, Rappuoli R, Mills KH. A mucosal vaccine against diphtheria: Formulation of cross reacting material (CRM(197)) of diphtheria toxin with chitosan enhances local and systemic antibody and Th2 responses following nasal delivery. Vaccine 2000; 19: 1188–1198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldoveanu Z, Love-Homan L, Huang WQ, Krieg AM. CpG DNA, a novel immune enhancer for systemic and mucosal immunization with influenza virus. Vaccine 1998; 16: 1216–1224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore A, McGuirk P, Adams S, Jones WC, McGee JP, O'Hagan DT, Mills KH. Immunization with a soluble recombinant HIV protein entrapped in biodegradable microparticles induces HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD4+ Th1 cells. Vaccine 1995; 13: 1741–1749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morag A, Morag B, Bernstein JM, Beutner K, Ogra PL. In vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity in human tonsils after natural or induced Rubella virus infection. J Infect Dis 1975; 131: 409–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutsch M, Zhou W, Rhodes P, Bopp M, Chen RT, Linder T, Spyr C, Steffen R. Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell's palsy in Switzerland. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 896–903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagamoto T, Hattori Y, Takayama K, Maitani Y. Novel chitosan particles and chitosan-coated emulsions inducing immune response via intranasal vaccine delivery. Pharm Res 2004; 21: 671–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neutra MR, Frey A, Kraehenbuhl JP. Epithelial M cells: Gateways for mucosal infection and immunization. Cell 1996a; 86: 345–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neutra MR, Pringault E, Kraehenbuhl JP. Antigen sampling across epithelial barriers and induction of mucosal immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 1996b; 14: 275–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New Vaccines against Infectious Diseases: Research and Development Status [Internet]., 2005 World Health Organisation (WHO), Institute for Vaccine Research. Available from: http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/documents/en/status_table.pdf,
   Google Scholar
• Ninomiya A, Ogasawara K, Kajino K, Takada A, Kida H. Intranasal administration of a synthetic peptide vaccine encapsulated in liposome together with an anti-CD40 antibody induces protective immunity against influenza A virus in mice. Vaccine 2002; 20: 3123–3129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon DF, Hioe C, Chen PD, Bian Z, Kuebler P, Li ML, Qiu H, Li XM, Singh M, Richardson J, McGee P, Zamb T, Koff W, Wang CY, O'Hagan D. Synthetic peptides entrapped in microparticles can elicit cytotoxic T cell activity. Vaccine 1996; 14: 1523–1530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogra PL. Effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on nasopharyngeal antibody response to poliovirus. N Engl J Med 1971; 284: 59–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmura M, Yamamoto M, Kiyono H, Fujihashi K, Takeda Y, McGhee JR. Highly purified mutant E112K of cholera toxin elicits protective lung mucosal immunity to diphtheria toxin. Vaccine 2001; 20: 756–762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira ML, Areas AP, Campos IB, Monedero V, Perez-Martinez G, Miyaji EN, Leite LC, Aires KA, Lee Ho P. Induction of systemic and mucosal immune response and decrease in Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization by nasal inoculation of mice with recombinant lactic acid bacteria expressing pneumococcal surface antigen A. Microbes Infect 2006; 8: 1016–1024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen RL, Bhalla DK. Cytochemical analysis of alkaline phosphatase and esterase activities and of lectin-binding and anionic sites in rat and mouse Peyer's patch M cells. Am J Anat 1983; 168: 199–212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park HS, Francis KP, Yu J, Cleary PP. Membranous cells in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue: A portal of entry for the respiratory mucosal pathogen group A streptococcus. J Immunol 2003; 171: 2532–2537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partidos CD, Vohra P, Anagnostopoulou C, Jones DH, Farrar GH, Steward MW. Biodegradable microparticles as a delivery system for measles virus cytotoxic T cell epitopes. Mol Immunol 1996a; 33: 485–491
   Google Scholar
• Partidos CD, Vohra P, Steward MW. Induction of measles virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses after intranasal immunization with synthetic peptides. Immunology 1996b; 87: 179–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partidos CD, Vohra P, Jones D, Farrar G, Steward MW. CTL responses induced by a single immunization with peptide encapsulated in biodegradable microparticles. J Immunol Methods 1997; 206: 143–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partidos CD, Vohra P, Jones DH, Farrar G, Steward MW. Induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses following oral immunization with synthetic peptides encapsulated in PLG microparticles. J Control Release 1999; 62: 325–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashine A, Valiante NM, Ulmer JB. Targeting the innate immune response with improved vaccine adjuvants. Nat Med 2005; 11: S63–S68
   Google Scholar
• Pearse MJ, Drane D. ISCOMATRIX adjuvant for antigen delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57: 465–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez O, Bracho G, Lastre M, Mora N, del Campo J, Gil D, Zayas C, Acevedo R, Gonzalez D, Lopez JA, Taboada C, Turtle C, Solis RL. Novel adjuvant based on a proteoliposome-derived cochleate structure containing native lipopolysaccharide as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Immunol Cell Biol 2004; 82: 603–610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periwal SB, Kourie KR, Ramachandaran N, Blakeney SJ, DeBruin S, Zhu D, Zamb TJ, Smith L, Udem S, Eldridge JH, Shroff KE, Reilly PA. A modified cholera holotoxin CT-E29H enhances systemic and mucosal immune responses to recombinant Norwalk virus–virus like particle vaccine. Vaccine 2003; 21: 376–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pine S, Barackman J, Ott G, O'Hagan D. Intranasal immunization with influenza vaccine and a detoxified mutant of heat labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli (LTK63). J Control Release 2002; 85: 263–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland GA, Neff JM. Smallpox vaccine: Problems and prospects. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2003; 23: 731–743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proietti E, Bracci L, Puzelli S, Di Pucchio T, Sestili P, De Vincenzi E, Venditti M, Capone I, Seif I, De Maeyer E, Tough D, Donatelli I, Belardelli F. Type I IFN as a natural adjuvant for a protective immune response: Lessons from the influenza vaccine model. J Immunol 2002; 169: 375–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulendran B, Kumar P, Cutler CW, Mohamadzadeh M, Van Dyke T, Banchereau J. Lipopolysaccharides from distinct pathogens induce different classes of immune responses in vivo. J Immunol 2001; 167: 5067–5076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read RC, Naylor SC, Potter CW, Bond J, Jabbal-Gill I, Fisher A, Illum L, Jennings R. Effective nasal influenza vaccine delivery using chitosan. Vaccine 2005; 23: 4367–4374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redecke V, Hacker H, Datta SK, Fermin A, Pitha PM, Broide DH, Raz E. Cutting edge: Activation of toll-like receptor 2 induces a Th2 immune response and promotes experimental asthma. J Immunol 2004; 172: 2739–2743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rharbaoui F, Drabner B, Borsutzky S, Winckler U, Morr M, Ensoli B, Muhlradt PF, Guzman CA. The mycoplasma-derived lipopeptide MALP-2 is a potent mucosal adjuvant. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32: 2857–2865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rharbaoui F, Westendorf A, Link C, Felk S, Buer J, Gunzer M, Guzman CA. The Mycoplasma-derived macrophage-activating 2-kilodalton lipopeptide triggers global immune activation on nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 6978–6986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock KL, Clark K. Analysis of the role of MHC class II presentation in the stimulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by antigens targeted into the exogenous antigen-MHC class I presentation pathway. J Immunol 1996; 156: 3721–3726
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers GN, Paulson JC. Receptor determinants of human and animal influenza virus isolates: Differences in receptor specificity of the H3 hemagglutinin based on species of origin. Virology 1983; 127: 361–373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumke HC, Visser HK. Childhood vaccinations anno 2004. I. Effectiveness and acceptance of the Dutch national vaccination programme. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2004; 148: 356–363
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell-Jones GJ, Veitch H, Arthur L. Lectin-mediated transport of nanoparticles across Caco-2 and OK cells. Int J Pharm 1999; 190: 165–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan EJ, McNeela E, Murphy GA, Stewart H, O'Hagan D, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, Mills KH. Mutants of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin act as effective mucosal adjuvants for nasal delivery of an acellular pertussis vaccine: Differential effects of the nontoxic AB complex and enzyme activity on Th1 and Th2 cells. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 6270–6280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan EJ, McNeela E, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, O'Neill L, Mills KH. Modulation of innate and acquired immune responses by Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin: Distinct pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of the nontoxic AB complex and the enzyme activity. J Immunol 2000; 165: 5750–5759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders MT, Brown LE, Deliyannis G, Pearse MJ. ISCOM-b based vaccines: The second decade. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83: 119–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandri G, Bonferoni MC, Rossi S, Ferrari F, Gibin S, Zambito Y, Di Colo G, Caramella C. Nanoparticles based on N-trimethylchitosan: Evaluation of absorption properties using in vitro (Caco-2 cells) and ex vivo (excised rat jejunum) models. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 65: 68–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar MA. Drug metabolism in the nasal mucosa. Pharm Res 1992; 9: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sbrogio-Almeida ME, Ferreira LC. Flagellin expressed by live Salmonella vaccine strains induces distinct antibody responses following delivery via systemic or mucosal immunization routes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001; 30: 203–208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schijns VE. Immunological concepts of vaccine adjuvant activity. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12: 456–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher R, Adamina M, Zurbriggen R, Bolli M, Padovan E, Zajac P, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC. Influenza virosomes enhance class I restricted CTL induction through CD4+T cell activation. Vaccine 2004; 22: 714–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwaninger R, Waelti E, Zajac P, Wetterwald A, Mueller D, Gimmi CD. Virosomes as new carrier system for cancer vaccines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53: 1005–1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakweh M, Besnard M, Nicolas V, Fattal E. Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) particles of different physicochemical properties and their uptake by Peyer's patches in mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 61: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma R, van Damme EJ, Peumans WJ, Sarsfield P, Schumacher U. Lectin binding reveals divergent carbohydrate expression in human and mouse Peyer's patches. Histochem Cell Biol 1996; 105: 459–465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H, Ackerman AL, Cody V, Giodini A, Hinson ER, Cresswell P, Edelson RL, Saltzman WM, Hanlon DJ. Enhanced and prolonged cross-presentation following endosomal escape of exogenous antigens encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles. Immunology 2006; 117: 78–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shephard MJ, Todd D, Adair BM, Po AL, Mackie DP, Scott EM. Immunogenicity of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus proteins encapsulated in nanoparticle vaccines, following intranasal administration to mice. Res Vet Sci 2003; 74: 187–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimoda M, Nakamura T, Takahashi Y, Asanuma H, Tamura S, Kurata T, Mizuochi T, Azuma N, Kanno C, Takemori T. Isotype-specific selection of high affinity memory B cells in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. J Exp Med 2001; 194: 1597–1607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi T, Liu WZ, Gao F, Shi GY, Xiao SD. Intranasal CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide is a potent adjuvant of vaccine against Helicobacter pylori, and T helper 1 type response and interferon-gamma correlate with the protection. Helicobacter 2005; 10: 71–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh M, Briones M, O'Hagan DT. A novel bioadhesive intranasal delivery system for inactivated influenza vaccines. J Control Release 2001; 70: 267–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloat BR, Cui Z. Nasal immunization with a dual antigen anthrax vaccine induced strong mucosal and systemic immune responses against toxins and bacilli. Vaccine 2006a; 24: 6405–6413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloat BR, Cui Z. Nasal immunization with anthrax protective antigen protein adjuvanted with polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid induced strong mucosal and systemic immunities. Pharm Res 2006b; 23: 1217–1226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart JD. The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57: 1556–1568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soane RJ, Hinchcliffe M, Davis SS, Illum L. Clearance characteristics of chitosan based formulations in the sheep nasal cavity. Int J Pharm 2001; 217: 183–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staats HF, Ennis FA, Jr. IL-1 is an effective adjuvant for mucosal and systemic immune responses when coadministered with protein immunogens. J Immunol 1999; 162: 6141–6147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart TJ, Drane D, Malliaros J, Elmer H, Malcolm KM, Cox JC, Edwards SJ, Frazer IH, Fernando GJ. ISCOMATRIX adjuvant: An adjuvant suitable for use in anticancer vaccines. Vaccine 2004; 3738–3743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storni T, Kundig TM, Senti G, Johansen P. Immunity in response to particulate antigen-delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57: 333–355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strindelius L, Filler M, Sjoholm I. Mucosal immunization with purified flagellin from Salmonella induces systemic and mucosal immune responses in C3H/HeJ mice. Vaccine 2004; 22: 3797–3808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Styers ML, Kowalczyk AP, Faundez V. Intermediate filaments and vesicular membrane traffic: The odd couple's first dance?. Traffic 2005; 6: 359–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szucs TD, Muller D. Influenza vaccination coverage rates in five European countries—a population-based cross-sectional analysis of two consecutive influenza seasons. Vaccine 2005; 23: 5055–5063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafaghodi M, Sajadi Tabassi SA, Jaafari MR. Induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses by intranasal administration of alginate microspheres encapsulated with tetanus toxoid and CpG-ODN. Int J Pharm 2006; 319: 37–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi I, Marinaro M, Kiyono H, Jackson RJ, Nakagawa I, Fujihashi K, Hamada S, Clements JD, Bost KL, McGhee JR. Mechanisms for mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvancy of Escherichia coli labile enterotoxin. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 627–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Sasaki K, Takahashi M, Shigemori N, Honda S, Arimitsu H, Ochi S, Ohara N, Tsuji T. Mutant Escherichia coli enterotoxin as a mucosal adjuvant induces specific Th1 responses of CD4+ and CD8+T cells to nasal killed-bacillus calmette-guerin in mice. Vaccine 2006; 24: 3591–3598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takata S, Ohtani O, Watanabe Y. Lectin binding patterns in rat nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and the influence of various types of lectin on particle uptake in NALT. Arch Histol Cytol 2000; 63: 305–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teloni R, von Hunolstein C, Mariotti S, Donati S, Orefici G, Nisini R. Antibody classes and subclasses induced by mucosal immunization of mice with Streptococcus pyogenes M6 protein and oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs. Indian J Med Res 2004; 119(Suppl)126–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tong HH, Liu X, Chen Y, James M, Demaria T. Effect of neuraminidase on receptor-mediated adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to chinchilla tracheal epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol 2002; 122: 413–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrer P, Foxwell AR, Cripps AW, Apicella MA, Kyd JM. Microbial pattern recognition receptors mediate M-cell uptake of a gram-negative bacterium. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 625–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugwoke MI, Agu RU, Verbeke N, Kinget R. Nasal mucoadhesive drug delivery: Background, applications, trends and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57: 1640–1665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Ven I, Sminia T. The development and structure of mouse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue: An immuno- and enzyme-histochemical study. Reg Immunol 1993; 5: 69–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Ginkel FW, Jackson RJ, Yoshino N, Hagiwara Y, Metzger DJ, Connell TD, Vu HL, Martin M, Fujihashi K, McGhee JR. Enterotoxin-based mucosal adjuvants alter antigen trafficking and induce inflammatory responses in the nasal tract. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 6892–6902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila A, Sanchez A, Tobio M, Calvo P, Alonso MJ. Design of biodegradable particles for protein delivery. J Control Release 2002; 78: 15–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila A, Sanchez A, Evora C, Soriano I, McCallion O, Alonso MJ. PLA–PEG particles as nasal protein carriers: The influence of the particle size. Int J Pharm 2005; 292: 43–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Kochetkova I, Haddad A, Hoyt T, Hone DM, Pascual DW. Transgene vaccination using Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-1) for targeted mucosal immunization against HIV-1 envelope. Vaccine 2005; 23: 3836–3842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, McLoughlin RM, Cobb BA, Charrel-Dennis M, Zaleski KJ, Golenbock D, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. A bacterial carbohydrate links innate and adaptive responses through toll-like receptor 2. J Exp Med 2006; 203: 2853–2863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson CJ, Rowland M, Warhurst G. Functional modeling of tight junctions in intestinal cell monolayers using polyethylene glycol oligomers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281: C388–C397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang SD, Scholzen A, Minigo G, David C, Apostolopoulos V, Mottram PL. Pathogen recognition and development of particulate vaccines: Does size matter?. Methods 2006; 40: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto S, Kiyono H, Yamamoto M, Imaoka K, Fujihashi K, Van Ginkel FW, Noda M, Takeda Y, McGhee JR. A nontoxic mutant of cholera toxin elicits Th2-type responses for enhanced mucosal immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 5267–5272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Briles DE, Yamamoto S, Ohmura M, Kiyono H, McGhee JR. A nontoxic adjuvant for mucosal immunity to pneumococcal surface protein A. J Immunol 1998; 161: 4115–4121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Kiyono H, Yamamoto S, Batanero E, Kweon MN, Otake S, Azuma M, Takeda Y, McGhee JR. Direct effects on antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes explain the adjuvanticity of a nontoxic cholera toxin mutant. J Immunol 1999; 162: 7015–7021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Kiyono H, Kweon MN, Yamamoto S, Fujihashi K, Kurazono H, Imaoka K, Bluethmann H, Takahashi I, Takeda Y, Azuma M, McGhee JR. Enterotoxin adjuvants have direct effects on T cells and antigen-presenting cells that result in either interleukin-4-dependent or-independent immune responses. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 180–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, McGhee JR, Hagiwara Y, Otake S, Kiyono H. Genetically manipulated bacterial toxin as a new generation mucosal adjuvant. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53: 211–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuki Y, Kiyono H. New generation of mucosal adjuvants for the induction of protective immunity. Rev Med Virol 2003; 13: 293–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuercher AW, Coffin SE, Thurnheer MC, Fundova P, Cebra JJ. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue is a mucosal inductive site for virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. J Immunol 2002; 168: 1796–1803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar