Terrorism, distress and coping: High versus low impact regions and direct versus indirect civilian exposure

References

• Asch , D. A. , Jedrziewski , M. K. and Christakis , N. A. 1997 . Response rates to mail surveys published in medical journals . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 50 : 1129 – 1136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwick , D. M. , Murphy , J. M. , Goldman , P. A. , Ware , J. E. , Barsky , A. J. and Weinstein , M. C. 1991 . Performance of a five-item mental health screening test . Medical Care , 29 : 169 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings , A. G. and Moos , R. H. 1981 . The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 4 : 139 – 157 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bleich , A. , Gelkopf , M. and Solomon , Z. 2003 . Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and coping behaviors among a nationally representative sample in Israel . Journal of the American Medical Association , 290 : 612 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breznitz , S. and Eshel , Y. 1983 . “ Life events: Stressful ordeal or valuable experiences? ” . In Stress in Israel , Edited by: Breznitz , S. 228 – 261 . New York : Van Nostrand Reihhold .
   Google Scholar
• Cantor , J. , Mares , M. L. and Oliver , M. B . 1993 . “ Parents’ and children's emotional reactions to TV coverage of the Gulf War ” . In Desert Storm and the Mass Media , Edited by: Greenberg , B. S. and Gantz , W. 325 – 340 . Cresskill, NJ : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. , Scheier , M. F. and Weintraub , J. K. 1989 . Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 267 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics (2002) . Statistical Abstract of Israel , Jerusalem : Central Bureau of Statistics . Accessed 10 March 2005, available at: http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnatonhnew.htm .
   Google Scholar
• Charlton , P. F. and Thompson , J. A. 1996 . Ways of coping with psychological distress after trauma . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 35 : 517 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen Silver , R. , Holman , E. A. , McIntosh , D. N. , Poulin , M. and Gil-Rivas , V. 2002 . Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Psychological Responses to September 11 . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 1235 – 1244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong , J. , Komproe , I. , Van Ommeren , M. , El Masri , M. , Araya , M. , Khaled , N. , van de Put , W. and Somasundarum , D. 2001 . Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings . Journal of the American Medical Association , 286 : 555 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services . 1999 . Mental health: a report of the Surgeon General , Rockville, MD : Substance abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institute for Mental Health .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , P. , Rehling , G. and Shiwach , R. 1993 . Peripheral victims of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 66 : 193 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman , S. and Lazarus , R. S. 1980 . An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 21 : 219 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouad , N. A. 1993 . Cross-cultural vocational assessment . The Career Development Quarterly , 42 : 4 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea , S. , Ahren , J. , Resnick , H. , Kilpatrick , D. , Bucuvalas , M. , Gold , J. and Vlahov , D. 2002 . Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City . The New England Journal of Medicine , 346 : 982 – 987 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisinger , K. F. 1994 . Cross-cultural normative assessment: Translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments . Psychological Assessment , 6 : 304 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• Gidron , Y. 2002 . Posttraumatic stress disorder after terrorist attacks: A review . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 190 : 118 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , B. , Grace , M. , Lindy , J. , Gleser , G. C. , Leonard , A. C. and Kramer , T. L. 1990 . Buffalo Creek survivors in the second decade: Comparison with unexposed and nonlitigant groups . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 20 : 1033 – 1050 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. Jr , Anderson , R. E. , Tatham , R. L. and Clack , W. C. 1998 . Multivariate Analysis , fifth edition , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hanley , J. A. and McNeil , B. J. 1982 . The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve . Radiology , 143 : 29 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley , J. A. and McNeil , B. J. 1983 . A method for comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curve derived from the same cases . Radiology , 148 : 839 – 843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeanrie , C. and Bertrand , R. 1999 . Translating Tests with the International Test Commission's Guidelines: Keeping Validity in Mind . European Journal of Psychological Assessment , 15 : 277 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , S. R. and Baird , S. 2002 . Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 15 : 423 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. , Sonnega , A. , Bromet , E. and Nelson , C . 1995 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 1048 – 1060 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , R. A. 1994 . Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and Adaptation , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Linhorst , D. M. 2002 . A review of the use and potential of focus groups in social work research . Qualitative Social Work , 1 : 208 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Lomranz , J. , Hobfoll , S. E. , Hohnson , R. , Eyal , N. and Zemach , N. 1994 . A nation's response to attack: Israelis' depressive reactions to the Gulf War . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 7 : 59 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonner , W. J. , & Berry , J. W. (Eds.) (1986) . Field methods in cross-cultural research . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Marmar , C. R. , Weiss , D. S. , Metzler , T. J. , Ronfeldt , H. M. and Forman , C. 1996 . Stress responses of emergency services personnel to the Loma Prieta earthquake interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 9 : 63 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. H. and Billings , A. G. 1982 . “ Conceptualizing and measuring coping resources and processes ” . In Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects , Edited by: Goldberger , L. and Bresnitz , S. 212 – 230 . New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , L. D. 1988 . Focus groups as qualitative research , Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , F. H. , Friedman , M. , Watson , P. , Byrne , C. , Diaz , E. and Kaniasty , K. 2002 . 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001 . Psychiatry , 65 : 207 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North , C. S. and Pfefferbaum , B. 2002 . Research on the mental health effects of terrorism . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 633 – 636 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North , C. S. , Nixon , S. J. , Shariat , S. , Mallonee , S. , McMillen , J. C. , Spitznagel , E. L. and Smith , E. M. 1999 . Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing . Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 : 755 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , J. D. A. and Endier , N. S. 1992 . Coping with coping assessment: A critical review . European Journal of Personality , 6 : 321 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , Moore , V. , McDonald , N. , Maynard , B. , Gurwitch , R. and Nixon , S. 1999 . The role of exposure in posttraumatic stress in youths following the 1995 bombing . Journal of the State Medical Association , 92 : 164 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , Nixon , S. , Tivis , R. , Doughty , D. , Pynoos , R. , Gurwitch , R. and Foy , D. 2001 . Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident . Psychiatry , 64 : 202 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , Nixon , S. , Tucker , P. , Tivis , R. , Morre , V. , Gurwitch , R. , Pynoos , R. and Geis , H. 1999 . Posttraumatic stress response in bereaved children after the Oklahoma City bombing . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 38 : 1372 – 1379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick , H. , Kilpatrick , D. , Dansky , B. , Saunders , B. and Best , C. 1993 . Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national survey of women . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 : 984 – 991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlenger , W. E. , Caddell , J. M. , Ebert , L. , Jordan , B. K. , Rourke , K. M. , Wilson , D. , Thalji , L. , Dennis , J. M. , Fairbank , J. A. and Kulka , R. A. 2002 . Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: findings from the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11 . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 581 – 588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster , M. A. , Stein , B. D. , Jaycox , L. , Collins , R. L. , Marshall , G. N. , Elliott , M. N. , Zhou , A. J. , Kanouse , D. E. , Morrison , J. L. and Berry , S. H. 2001 . A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks . New England Journal of Medicine , 345 : 1507 – 1512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev , A. Y. , Peri , T. , Canetti , L. and Schreiber , S. 1996 . Predictors of PTSD in injured trauma survivors: A prospective study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 219 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkansky , E. J. , King , D. W. , King , L. A. , Wolfe , J. , Erikson , D. J. and Stokes , L. R. 2000 . Coping with Gulf War combat stress: Mediating and moderating effects . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 : 188 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , W. , Chey , T. , Jalaludin , B. , Salkeld , G. and Capon , T. 1995 . Increasing response rates in telephone surveys: a randomized trial . Journal of Public Health Medicine , 17 : 33 – 38 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somer , E. , Keinan , G. and Carmil , D. 1996 . Psychological adaptation of anxiety disorder patients following repeated exposure to emergency situations . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 9 : 207 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somer , E. , Soref , E. and Lawental , E. 2004 . Dissociative disorders among individuals with opiate use disorder: A research report , Jerusalem : The Israel Anti-drug Authority (In Hebrew) .
   Google Scholar
• Spradely , J. P. 1979 . The ethnographic interviews , New York : Holt, Hinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , D. and Shamdasani , P. 1990 . Focus groups: Theory and practice , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Suvak , M. K. , Vogt , D. S. , Savarese , V. W. , King , L. A. and King , D. W. 2002 . Relationship of war-zone coping strategies to long-term general life adjustment among Viet-nam veterans: Combat exposure as a moderator variable . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 974 – 985 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillman , L. C. 2002 . Culturally Sensitive Research Approaches: An African-American Perspective . Educational Researcher , 31 ( 9 ) : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , D. S. , Marmar , C. R. , Metzler , T. J. and Ronfeldt , H. M. 1995 . Predicting symptomatic distress in emergency services personnel . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 63 : 361 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , D. and Marmar , C. 1997 . “ The Impact of Event Scale –Revised ” . In Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD , Edited by: Wilson , J. and Keane , T. New York : Guildford .
   Google Scholar
• Yagur , A. , Grinshpoon , A. and Ponizovsky , A. 2002 . Primary clinic attendees under war stress . Israel Medical Association Journal , 4 : 568 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar