The association between dopamine D4 receptor exon III polymorphism and intensity of PTSD symptoms among flood survivors

References

• American Psychiatric Association 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Asghari , V. , Sanyal , S. , Buchwaldt , S. , Paterson , A. , Jovanovic , V. and Van Tol , H.H. 1995 . Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by different human dopamine D4 receptor variants . Journal of Neurochemistry , 65 : 1157 – 1165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakermans-Kranenburg , M.J. and Van IJzendoorn , M.H. 2006 . Gene-environment interaction of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and observed maternal insensitivity predicting externalizing behavior in preschoolers . Developmental Psychobiology , 48 : 406 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , K. , Laucht , M. , El-Faddagh , M. and Schmidt , M.H. 2005 . The dopamine D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphism is associated with novelty seeking in 15-year-old males from a high-risk community sample . Journal of Neural Transmission , 112 : 847 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum , K. , Braverman , E.R. , Holder , J.M. , Lubar , J.F. , Monastra , V.J. Miller , D. 2000 . Reward deficiency syndrome: A biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 32 ( Suppl. i–iv ) : 1 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Blum , K. , Sheridan , P.J. , Wood , R.C. , Braverman , E.R. , Chen , T.J. Cull , J.G. 1996 . The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a determinant of reward deficiency syndrome . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , 89 : 396 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowirrat , A. , & Oscar-Berman , M. 2005 . Relationship between dopaminergic neurotransmission, alcoholism, and reward deficiency syndrome . American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics , 132B , 29 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , M.L. 1999 . Individual differences in posttraumatic distress: Problems with the DSM-IV model . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 44 : 21 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner , J.D. , Staib , L.H. , Kaloupek , D. , Southwick , S.M. , Soufer , R. and Charney , D.S. 1999 . Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomography study . Biological Psychiatry , 45 : 806 – 816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Comings , D.E. and Blum , K. 2000 . Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders . Progress in Brain Research , 126 : 325 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comings , D.E. , Muhleman , D. and Gysin , R. 1996 . Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: A study and replication . Biological Psychiatry , 40 : 368 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding , Y.C. , Chi , H.C. , Grady , D.L. , Morishima , A. , Kidd , J.R. Kidd , K.K. 2002 . Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine receptor D4 gene locus . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 99 : 309 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragan , W.L. and Oniszczenko , W. 2007 . An association between dopamine D4 receptor and transporter gene polymorphisms and personality traits, assessed using NEO-FFI in a Polish female population . Personality and Individual Differences , 43 : 531 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebstein , R.P. , Novick , O. , Umansky , R. , Priel , B. , Osher , Y. Blaine , D. 1996 . Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking . Nature Genetics , 12 : 78 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eley , T.C. and Craig , I.W. 2005 . Introductory guide to the language of molecular genetics . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 : 1039 – 1041 .
   Google Scholar
• Eley , T.C. and Rijsdijk , F. 2005 . Introductory guide to the statistics of molecular genetics . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 : 1042 – 1044 .
   Google Scholar
• Everitt , B.J. and Robbins , T.W. 2005 . Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion . Nature Neuroscience , 8 : 1481 – 1489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falzone , T.L. , Gelman , D.M. , Young , J.I. , Grandy , D.K. , Low , M.J. and Rubinstein , M. 2002 . Absence of dopamine D4 receptors results in enhanced reactivity to unconditioned, but not conditioned, fear . European Journal of Neuroscience , 15 : 158 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelernter , J. , Southwick , S. , Goodson , S. , Morgan , A. , Nagy , L. and Charney , D.S. 1999 . No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) “A” system alleles, or DRD2 haplotypes, and posttraumatic stress disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 45 : 620 – 625 .
   Google Scholar
• Gervai , J. , Nemoda , Z. , Lakatos , K. , Ronai , Z. , Toth , I. Ney , K. 2005 . Transmission disequilibrium tests confirm the link between DRD4 gene polymorphism and infant attachment . American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics , 132B : 126 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil , S. 2005 . Pre-traumatic personality as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder among undergraduate students exposed to a terrorist attack: A prospective study in Israel . Personality and Individual Differences , 39 : 819 – 827 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , L.E. , Rasmusson , A.M. , Bunney , B.S. and Roth , R.H. 1996 . Role of the amygdala in the coordination of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and prefrontal cortical monoamine responses to psychological stress in the rat . Journal of Neuroscience , 16 : 4787 – 4798 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grecksch , G. and Matties , H. 1981 . The role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the rat hippocampus for the consolidation in a brightness discrimination . Psychopharmacology (Berl.) , 75 : 165 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamner , M.B. and Diamond , H.I. 1993 . Elevated plasma dopamine in posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary report . Biological Psychiatry , 33 : 304 – 306 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrmann , M.J. , Walter , A. , Schreppel , T. , Ehlis , A.C. , Pauli , P. Lesch , K.P. 2007 . D4 receptor gene variation modulates activation of prefrontal cortex during working memory . European Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 2713 – 2718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo , R.B. and Davidson , J.R.T. 2000 . Posttraumatic stress disorder: Epidemiology and health-related considerations . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 61 : 5 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inglis , E.M. and Moghaddam , B. 1999 . Dopaminergic innervation of the amygdala is highly responsive to stress . Journal of Neurochemistry , 72 : 1088 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick , D.G. , Koenen , K.C. , Ruggiero , K.J. , Acierno , R. , Galea , S. Resnick , H.S. 2007 . The serotonin transporter genotype and social support and moderation of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in hurricane-exposed adults . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 : 1693 – 1699 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenen , K.C. 2007 . Genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder: Review and recommendations for future studies . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 20 : 737 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenen , K.C. , Nugent , N.R. and Amstadter , A.B. 2008 . Gene-environment interaction in posttraumatic stress disorder: Review, strategy and new directions for future research . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 258 : 82 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenen , K.C. , Stellman , S.D. , Dohrenwend , B.P. , Sommer , J.F. Jr and Stellman , J.M. 2007 . The consistency of combat exposure reporting and course of PTSD in Vietnam War veterans . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 20 : 3 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob , G. , & Kreek , M.J. 2007 . Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 , 1149 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koso , M. and Hansen , S. 2006 . Executive function and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of Bosnian war veterans . European Psychiatry , 21 : 167 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahti , J. , Raikkonen , K. , Ekelund , J. , Peltonen , L. , Raitakari , O.T. and Keltikangas-Jarvinen , L. 2005 . Novelty seeking: Interaction between parental alcohol use and dopamine D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphism over 17 years . Psychiatric Genetics , 15 : 133 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Leskin , L.P. and White , P.M. 2007 . Attentional networks reveal executive function deficits in posttraumatic stress disorder . Neuropsychology , 21 : 275 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , D. , Sham , P.C. , Owen , M.J. and He , L. 2006 . Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Human Molecular Genetics , 15 : 2276 – 2284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo , O. 2008 . A century of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium . Twin Research and Human Genetics , 11 : 249 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuffin , P. , Owen , M.J. and Gottesman , I.I. 2002 . Psychiatric genetics and genomics , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Morton , L.M. , Wang , S.S. , Bergen , A.W. , Chatterjee , N. , Kvale , P. Welch , R. 2006 . DRD2 genetic variation in relation to smoking and obesity in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial . Pharmacogenetics and Genomics , 16 : 901 – 910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munafo , M.R. , Yalcin , B. , Willis-Owen , S.A. and Flint , J. 2008 . Association of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and approach-related personality traits: Meta-analysis and new data . Biological Psychiatry , 63 : 197 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nader , K. and LeDoux , J. 1999 . The dopaminergic modulation of fear: Quinpirole impairs the recall of emotional memories in rats . Behavioral Neuroscience , 113 : 152 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyman , E.S. , Ogdie , M.N. , Loukola , A. , Varilo , T. , Taanila , A. Hurtig , T. 2007 . ADHD candidate gene study in a population-based birth cohort: Association with DBH and DRD2 . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 46 : 1614 – 1621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oniszczenko , W. and Dragan , W. 2005 . Association between the dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism and emotional reactivity as a temperamental trait . Twin Research and Human Genetics , 8 : 633 – 637 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richman , H. and Frueh , B.C. 1997 . Personality and PTSD. II. Personality assessment of PTSD-diagnosed Vietnam veterans using Cloninger Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) . Depression and Anxiety , 6 : 70 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , S. , Roessli , D. , & Excoffier , L. 2000 . ARLEQUIN: A software for population genetics data analysis (Version 2.000) Geneva, , Switzerland : Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva .
   Google Scholar
• Schnurr , P.P. and Vielhauer , M.J. 2000 . “ Personality as a risk factor for PTSD ” . In Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder , Edited by: Yehuda , R. 191 – 222 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schoots , O. and Van Tol , H.H. 2003 . The human dopamine D4 receptor repeat sequences modulate expression . Pharmacogenomics Journal , 3 : 343 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger , G. , Schloss , P. , Schmidt , M.H. , Ruter-Jungfleisch , A. and Henn , F.A. 2004 . Gene-environment interaction in hyperkinetic conduct disorder (HD + CD) as indicated by season of birth variations in dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene polymorphism . Neuroscience Letters , 366 : 282 – 286 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segman , R.H. , Cooper-Kazaz , R. , Macciardi , F. , Goltser , T. , Halfon , Y. Dobroborski , T. 2002 . Association between the dopamine transporter gene and posttraumatic stress disorder . Molecular Psychiatry , 7 : 903 – 907 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sham , P. and McGuffin , P. 2002 . “ Linkage and association ” . In Psychiatric genetics and genomics , Edited by: McGuffin , P. , Owen , M.J. and Gottesman , I.I. 55 – 73 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shields , P.G. , Lerman , C. , Audrain , J. , Bowman , E.D. , Main , D. Boyd , N.R. 1998 . Dopamine D4 receptors and the risk of cigarette smoking in African-Americans and Caucasians . Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention , 7 : 453 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simms , L.J. , Watson , D. and Doebbeling , B.N. 2002 . Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 111 : 637 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowronek , M.H. , Laucht , M. , Hohm , E. , Becker , K. and Schmidt , M.H. 2006 . Interaction between the dopamine D4 receptor and the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphisms in alcohol and tobacco use among 15-year-olds . Neurogenetics , 7 : 239 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivak , B. , Vared , Y. , Graff , E. , Blam , J. , Master , R. and Weizman , A. 1999 . Low platelet – poor plasma concentrations of serotonin in patients with combat related PTSD . Biological Psychiatry , 45 : 840 – 845 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPSS Inc 1999 . SPSS base 10.0 for windows user's guide . Chicago, IL : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , M.B. , Jang , K.L. , Taylor , S. , Vernon , P.A. and Livesley , W.J. 2002 . Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A twin study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 : 1675 – 1681 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strelau , J. and Zawadzki , B. 2005 . Trauma and temperament as predictors of intensity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after disaster . European Psychologist , 10 : 124 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strobel , A. , Spinath , F.M. , Angleitner , A. , Riemann , R. and Lesch , K.P. 2003 . Lack of association between polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and personality . Neuropsychobiology , 47 : 52 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Sundin , E.C. and Horowitz , M.J. 2002 . Impact of Event Scale – psychometric properties . British Journal of Psychiatry , 180 : 205 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , J.M. , Kinsbourne , M. , Nigg , J. , Lanphear , B. , Stefanatos , G.A. Volkow , N. 2007 . Etiologic subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Brain imaging, molecular genetic and environmental factors and the dopamine hypothesis . Neuropsychology Review , 17 : 39 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ijzendoorn , M.H. , Bakermans-Kranenburg , M.J. and Mesman , J. 2008 . Dopamine system genes associated with parenting in the context of daily hassles . Genes, Brain and Behavior , 7 : 403 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetter , S. , Rossegger , A. , Rossler , W. , Bisson , J.I. and Endrass , J. 2008 . Exposure to the tsunami disaster, PTSD symptoms and increased substance use-an internet based survey of male and female residents of Switzerland . BMC Public Health , 8 : 92 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , R.M. , Lawford , B.R. , Noble , E.P. , Kann , B. , Wilkie , A. Ritchie , T. 2002 . Harmful drinking in military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: Aassociation with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 37 : 451 – 456 .
   Google Scholar
• Zawadzki , B. , Strelau , J. , Oniszczenko , W. , Sobolewski , A. , & Bieniek , A. 2004 . Diagnoza zespołu stresu pourazowego: Charakterystyka psychometryczna wersji czynnikowej i wersji klinicznej kwestionariusza PTSD [Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychometric properties of the factorial and clinical forms of the PTSD Inventory] . In J. Strelau Osobowosć a ekstremalny stres [Personality and extreme stress] 220 237 Gdansk, , Poland : Gdanskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne .
   Google Scholar
• Zou , G.Y. and Donner , A. 2006 . The merits of testing Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in the analysis of unmatched case-control data . Annals of Human Genetics , 70 : 923 – 933 .
   Google Scholar