Social anxiety and interpretation of ambiguous smiles

References

• Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J.F., & Reed, L.I. (2009). All smiles are not created equal: Morphology and timing of smiles perceived as amused, polite, and embarrassed/nervous. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(1), 17–34. doi:10.1007/s10919-008-0059-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchette, I., & Richards, A. (2010). The influence of affect on higher level cognition: A review of research on interpretation, judgement, decision making and reasoning. Cognition and Emotion, 24(4), 561–595. doi:10.1080/02699930903132496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchette, I., Richards, A., & Cross, A. (2007). Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguous facial expressions: The influence of contextual cues. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(8), 1101–1115. doi:10.1080/17470210600890511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder, A.J., Rowland, D., Young, A.W., Nimmo-Smith, I., Keane, J., & Perrett, D.I. (2000). Caricaturing facial expressions. Cognition, 76(2), 105–146. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00074-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder, A.J., Young, A.W., Keane, J., & Dean, M. (2000). Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26(2), 527–551. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.26.2.527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo, M.G., & Fernández-Martín, A. (2013). Can the eyes reveal a person's emotions? Biasing role of the mouth expression. Motivation and Emotion, 37(1), 202–211. doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9298-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo, M.G., Fernández-Martín, A., & Nummenmaa, L. (2012). Perceptual, categorical, and affective processing of ambiguous smiling facial expressions. Cognition, 125(3), 373–393. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo, M.G., & Lundqvist, D. (2008). Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 109–115. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.1.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo, M.G., & Marrero, H. (2009). Visual search of emotional faces: The role of affective content and featural distinctiveness. Cognition and Emotion, 23(4), 782–806. doi:10.1080/02699930802151654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo, M.G., Marrero, H., & Beltrán, D. (2013). When does the brain distinguish between genuine and ambiguous smiles? An ERP study. Brain and Cognition, 81(2), 237–246. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo, M.G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2008). Detection of emotional faces: Salient physical features guide effective visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(3), 471–494. doi:10.1037/a0012771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cisler, J.M., & Koster, E.H.W. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 203–216. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D.M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R.G. Heimberg, M.R. Liebowitz, D.A. Hope, & F.R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coles, M.E., Heimberg, R.G., & Schofield, C.A. (2008). Interpretation of facial expressions and social anxiety: Specificity and source biases. Cognition and Emotion, 22(6), 1159–1173. doi:10.1080/02699930701685919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, R.M., Rowe, A.C., & Penton-Voak, I.S. (2008). The role of trait anxiety in the recognition of emotional facial expressions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(7), 1120–1127. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douilliez, C., & Philippot, P. (2003). Biais dans l’évaluation volontaire de stimuli verbaux et non-verbaux: Effet de l'anxiété sociale [Bias in the intentional evaluation of verbal and non-verbal stimuli: Effects of social anxiety]. Revue Francophone de Clinique Comportementale et Cognitive, 8, 12–18.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W.V. (1978). Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M.W. (1992). Anxiety: The cognitive perspective. London: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M.W. (1997). Anxiety and cognition: A unified theory. Hove: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frenkel, T.I., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2011). Neural activation during the processing of ambiguous fearful facial expressions: An ERP study in anxious and nonanxious individuals. Biological Psychology, 88(2–3), 188–195. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenkel, T.I., Lamy, D., Algom, D., Bar-Haim, Y. 2009. Individual differences in perceptual sensitivity and response bias in anxiety: Evidence from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion23(4), 688–700. doi:10.1080/02699930802076893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuer, K., Lange, W.-G., Isaac, L., Rinck, M., Becker, E.S. (2010). Morphed emotional faces: Emotion detection and misinterpretation in social anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4), 418–425. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huppert, J.D., Foa, E.B., Furr, J.M., Filip, J.C., & Mathews, A. (2003). Interpretation bias in social anxiety: A dimensional perspective. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(5), 569–577. doi:10.1023/A:1026359105456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huppert, J., Pasupuleti, R., Foa, E., & Mathews, A. (2007). Interpretation biases in social anxiety: Response generation, response selection, and self-appraisals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1505–1515. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L., Miles, L., & Macrae, C.N. (2010). Why are you smiling at me? Social functions of enjoyment and non-enjoyment smiles. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(1), 107–127. doi:10.1348/014466609X412476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I.H. (2006). Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 705–714. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler, C.G., Turner, T., Stolar, N.M., Bilker, W.B., Brensinger, C.M., Gur, R.E., & Gur, R. C. (2004). Differences in facial expressions of four universal emotions. Psychiatry Research, 128(3), 235–244. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolassa, I.-T., Kolassa, S., Bergmann, S., Lauche, R., Dilger, S., Miltner, W.H.R., & Musial, F. (2009). Interpretive bias in social phobia: An ERP study with morphed emotional schematic faces. Cognition and Emotion, 23(1), 69–95. doi:10.1080/02699930801940461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumhuber, E.G., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2009). Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? New evidence on felt and false smiles. Emotion, 9(6), 807–820. doi:10.1037/a0017844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumhuber, E.G., & Scherer, K.R. (2011). Affect bursts: Dynamic patterns of facial expression. Emotion, 11(4), 825–841. doi:10.1037/a0023856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces – KDEF. Stockholm, Sweden:CD-ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Section, Karolinska Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Merckelbach, H., Van Hout, W., Van den Hout, M.A., & Mersch, P.P. (1989). Psychophysiological and subjective reactions of social phobics and normals to facial stimuli. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27(3), 289–294. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90048-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins, D.T., & Duke, M.P. (2004). Effects of social anxiety on nonverbal accuracy and response time I: Facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(1), 3–33. doi:10.1023/B:JONB.0000017865.24656.98
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouimet, A.J., Gawronski, B., & Dozois, D.J.A. (2009). Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety: A review and integrative model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 459–470. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo, R., & Coltheart, M. (2004). Photographs of facial expression: Accuracy, response times, and ratings of intensity. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers36(4), 634–638. doi:10.3758/BF03206544
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Philippot, P., & Douilliez, C. (2005). Social phobics do not misinterpret facial expression of emotion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(5), 639–652. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapee, R.M., & Heimberg, R.G. (1997). A cognitive–behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741–756. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, A., French, C.C., Calder, A.J., Webb, B., Fox, R., &Young, A.W. (2002). Anxiety-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. Emotion, 2(3), 273–287. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.2.3.273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K.R., & Ellgring, H. (2007). Are facial expressions of emotion produced by categorical affect programs or dynamically driven by appraisal? Emotion, 7(1), 113–130. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R.E., Vagg, P.R., & Jacobs, G.A. (1983). Manual for the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Staugaard, S.R. (2010). Threatening faces and social anxiety: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 669–690. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surcinelli, P., Codispoti, M., Montebarocci, O., Rossi, N., & Baldaro, B. (2006). Facial emotion recognition in trait anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(1), 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J.W., Kaiser, M.D., Butler, S., & Le Grand, R. (2012). Mixed emotions: Holistic and analytic perception of facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 26(6), 961–977. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.630933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorov, T., Pakrashi, M., & Oostendorf, N. N. (2009). Evaluating faces on trustworthiness after minimal exposure. Social Cognition, 27(6), 813–833. doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J.W., Leon, A.C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T.A., … Nelson, C. (2009). The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Research, 168(3), 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, S.M., Beidel, D.C., Dancu, C.V., & Stanley, M.A. (1989). An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The social phobia and anxiety inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 35–40.
   Google Scholar
• Wyer, N. (2010). You never get a second chance to make a first (implicit) impression: The role of elaboration in the formation and revision of implicit impressions. Social Cognition, 28(1), 1–19. doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winton, E.C., Clark, D.M., & Edelmann, R.J. (1995). Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and the detection of negative emotion in others. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(2), 193–196. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0019-F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, K.L., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I.H. (2009). Judging the intensity of facial expressions of emotion: Depression-related biases in the processing of positive affect. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 223–228. doi:10.1037/a0014658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar