Role of event centrality and emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among internally displaced persons

References

• Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegre, P. (2013). Stressful events in autobiographical memory processing: Brazilian version of the centrality of event scale. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 26(1), 98–105. doi: 10.1186/s41155-016-0015-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzarotti, S., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2010). An Italian adaptation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 61–67. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, S., Boals, A., & Knowles, L. (2013). Thinking about trauma: The unique contributions of event centrality and posttraumatic cognitions in predicting PTSD and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 718–726. doi: 10.1002/jts.21863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2006a). The centrality of event scale: A measure of integrating a trauma into one’s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 219–231. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2006b). Flashbulb memories and posttraumatic stress reactions across the life span: Age-related effects of the German occupation of Denmark during World War II. Psychology and Aging, 21, 127–139. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2007). When a trauma becomes a key to identity: Enhanced integration of trauma memories predicts posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 417–431. doi: 10.1002/acp.1290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boals, A., & Ruggero, C. (2016). Event centrality prospectively predicts PTSD symptoms. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 29(5), 533–541. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2015.1080822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden, M. T., Westermann, S., Mcrae, K., Kuo, J., Alvarez, J., Kulkarni, M. R., … Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2013). Emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(3), 296–314. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.3.296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonn-Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., Boden, M. T., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Posttraumatic stress, difficulties in emotion regulation, and coping-oriented marijuana use. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40, 34–44. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2010.525253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., & Holmes, E. A. (2003). Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 339–376. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00033-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. D., Antonius, D., Kramer, M., Root, J. C., & Hirst, W. (2010). Trauma centrality and PTSD in veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(4), 496–499. doi: 10.1002/jts.20547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, E. A., Lee, T. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion regulation and culture: Are the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific? Emotion, 7(1), 30–48. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christou-Champi, S., Farrow, T. F. D., & Webb, T. L. (2015). Automatic control of negative emotions: Evidence that structured practice increases the efficiency of emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 29(2), 319–331. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.901213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Miranda, R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Han, H. (2005). Beyond PTSD: Emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood abuse. Behavior Therapy, 36(2), 119–124. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80060-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva, T. L. G., Donat, J. C., Lorenzonni, P. L., de Souza, L. K., Gauer, G., & Kristensen, C. H. (2016). Event centrality in trauma and PTSD: Relations between event relevance and posttraumatic symptoms. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 2016, 29–34. doi: 10.1186/s41155016-0015-y
   Google Scholar
• Dandoy, A. C., & Goldstein, A. G. (1990). The use of cognitive appraisal to reduce stress reactions: A replication. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 5, 275–285.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Aldao, A., & De Los Reyes, A. D. L. (2015). Repertoires of emotion regulation: A person-centered approach to assessing emotion regulation strategies and links to psychopathology. Cognition and Emotion, 29(7), 1314–1325. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.983046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dura, M. M. (2014). Building consensus towards combating communal crises in Nigeria: The Fulani herdsmen/Tiv farmers’ conflicts in perspective. Memo submitted to the Committees on National Security and Law, Judiciary, Human Rights and Legal Reform, National Conference, Abuja.
   Google Scholar
• Durmaz, D. A. (2013). Emotional regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder. Honors Theses. Florida State University. Paper 218. Retrieved from http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/uhm/218
   Google Scholar
• Eftekhari, A., Zoellner, L. A., & Vigil, S. A. (2009). Patterns of emotion regulation and psychopathology. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 22, 571–586. doi: 10.1080/10615800802179860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319–345. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 587–598. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, J. M., Berntsen, D., & Broadbridge, C. L. (2016). The influences of event centrality in memory models of PTSD. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(1), 10–21. doi: 10.1002/acp.3160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., Dozois, D. A., Neufeld, R. J., & Lanius, R. A. (2012). Disturbances of emotional awareness and expression in posttraumatic stress disorder: Meta-mood, emotion regulation, mindfulness, and interference of emotional expressiveness. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(2), 152–161. doi: 10.1037/a0023114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginot, E. (2012). Self-narratives and dysregulated affective states: The neuropsychological links between self-narratives, attachment, affect, and cognition. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 29(1), 59–80. doi: 10.1037/a0023154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluck, J., & Bluck, S. (2014). The MORE life experience model: A theory of the development of wisdom. In M. Ferrari & N. M. Weststrate (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 75–98). Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9231-1_4
   Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (1998a). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. doi:10.1089-2680/98/ doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
   Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (1998b). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224–237. doi: 10.0022-3514/98 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214–219. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 497–512). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (Ed.). (2011). Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 1–26. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 387–401. doi: 10.1177/2167702614536164
   Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 95–103. doi: 10.0021-1l41)(/97 doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.106.1.95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gruber, J., Hay, A. C., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Rethinking emotion: Cognitive reappraisal is an effective positive and negative emotion regulation strategy in bipolar disorder. Emotion, 14(2), 388–396. doi: 10.1037/a0035249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, C. R. (2001). Cardiovascular responses of embarrassment and effects of emotional suppression in a social setting. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81, 886–897. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514-81-5.886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Strohsal, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pisterello, J., Toarmino, D., … McCurry, S. M. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54(4), 553–578. doi: 10.1007/BF03395492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, M. J. (1976). Stress response syndromes. New York, NY: Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Ifeagwazi, C. M. (2014). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder: A focus on relevant issues and variables. International Journal of Communication, 15(June), 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ifeagwazi, C. M., & Chukwuorji, J. C. (2015). Influence of social support on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among disabled and non-disabled Biafran war veterans. International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences, 8(1), 198–211.
   Google Scholar
• Johannsen, M., Mehlsen, M. Y., O’Connor, M., Hajjar, B., Jensen, A. B., & Zachariae, R. (2012). Centrality of event and cancer-related post-traumatic stress symptoms: An explorative analysis in Danish and Palestinian breast cancer patients. Retrieved from http://cosa-ipos-2012.p.asnevents.com.au/schedule/abstract/502
   Google Scholar
• Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 44, 1301–1320. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, M. R. (2010). Childhood violence exposure on emotion regulation and PTSD in adult survivors (Doctorate degree thesis). Retrieved from https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/78784/madhurk_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, M., Pole, N., & Timko, C. (2013). Childhood victimization, negative mood regulation, and adult PTSD severity. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(4), 359–365. doi: 10.1037/a0027746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litz, B. T., Schlenger, W. E., Weathers, F. W., Caddell, J. M., Fairbank, J. A., & La-Vange, L. M. (1997). Predictors of emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 607–618. doi: 10.1023/A:1024845819585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac-Leva, F. (2014, March 01). Benue’s Tiv/Fulani crises: The inside story. Weekly Trust. Retrieved from http://www.dailytrust.com.ng
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D. (2006). Are cultural differences in emotion regulation mediated by personality traits? Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 37(4), 421–437. doi: 10.1177/0022022106288478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melka, S. E., Lancaster, S. L., Bryant, A. R., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2011). Confirmatory factor and measurement invariance analyses of the emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(12), 1283–1293. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20836/pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 111–116. doi: 10.1992/02000/8.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Lavelle, J., et al. (1996). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) manual: Cambodian, Laotian and Vietnamese versions. Torture, 1996(Suppl.), 22–33.
   Google Scholar
• Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 898–907. doi: 10.2006-13014-011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 993–1000. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• News Agency of Nigeria. (2014, March, 24). Herdsmen displace 100 Tiv communities in Benue – NEMA. Daily Punch. Retrieved from http//www.punchng.com
   Google Scholar
• Nwoke, M. B. (2010). Ethnic group, age and gender differences in social adjustment of teenagers in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Psychological Research, 6, 31–41.
   Google Scholar
• Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2014). Cumulative exposure to traumatic events in older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 18(3), 316–325. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2013.832730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2016). Accounting for posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity with pre- and posttrauma measures: A longitudinal study of older adults. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(2), 272–286. doi: 10.1177/2167702615583227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owoaje, E. T., Uchendu, O. C., Ajayi, T. O., & Cadmus, E. O. (2016). A review of the health problems of the internally displaced persons in Africa. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 23, 161–171. doi: 10.4103/1117-1936.196242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyeyipo, S. (2013, December 30). Suswam didn’t absolve Fulani herdsmen, says Benue Govt. The Nation Newspapers. Retrieved from www.thenationonline.com
   Google Scholar
• Palic, S., & Elklit, A. (2009). An explorative outcome study of CBT-based multidisciplinary treatment in a diverse group of refugees from a Danish treatment centre for rehabilitation of traumatized refugees. Torture, 19(3), 249–270.
   Google Scholar
• Robinaugh, D. J., & McNally, R. J. (2010). Autobiographical memory for shame or guilt provoking events: Association with psychological symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 646–652. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinaugh, D. J., & McNally, R. J. (2011). Trauma centrality and PTSD symptom severity in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(4), 483–486. doi: 10.1002/jts.20656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. S. (2012). The relationship between PTSD, emotion regulation, and neurocognition. Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/35/33/3533205.html
   Google Scholar
• Roland, A. G., Currier, J. M., Rojas-Flores, L., & Herrera, S. (2014). Event centrality and posttraumatic outcomes in the context of pervasive violence: A study of teachers in El Salvador. Anxiety Stress Coping: An International Journal, 27(3), 335–346. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2013.835402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. C., Boals, A., & Hoyle, R. H. (2014). Narrative centrality and negative affectivity: Independent and interactive contributors to stress reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1159–1170. doi: 10.1037/a0035140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala, M. N., Testa, S., Pons, F., & Molina, P. (2015). Emotion regulation and defense mechanisms. Journal of Individual Differences, 36(1), 19–29. doi: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheikh, T. L., Mohammed, A., Agunbiade, S., Ike, J., Ebiti, W. N., & Adekeye, O. (2014). Psycho-trauma, psychosocial adjustment, and symptomatic post-traumatic stress disorder among internally displaced persons in Kaduna, Northwestern Nigeria. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 127–133. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, L., & Wild, J. (2014). Emotion regulation, physiological arousal and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(3), 360–367. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Emotion-regulation choice. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1391–1396. doi: 10.1177/0956797611418350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava, S., Tamir, M., McGonigal, K. M., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2009). The social costs of emotional suppression: A prospective study of the transition to college. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 96(4), 883–897. doi: 10.1037/a0014755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamir, M. (2011). The maturing field of emotion regulation. Emotion Review, 3(1), 3–7. doi: 10.1177/1754073910388685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 25–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wastell, C. A. (2002). Exposure to trauma: The long-term effects of suppressing emotional reactions. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 839–845. doi: 10.1097/00005053-200212000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, T. L., & Clum, G. A. (1995). Psychological distress associated with interpersonal violence: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 115–140. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(95)00004-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessel, I., Postma, I. R., Huntjens, R. J. C., Crane, C., Smets, J., Zeeman, G. G., & Barnhofer, T. (2014). Differential correlates of autobiographical memory specificity to affective and self-discrepant cues. Memory (Hove, England), 22(6), 655–668. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.811255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisco, B. E., Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2013). Cognitive emotion regulation and written exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(4), 435–442. doi: 10.1177/2167702613486630
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiong, K., Zhang, Y., Qiu, M., Zhang, J., Sang, L., Wang, L., … Chen, K. (2013). Negative emotion regulation in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Plos One, 8(12), e81957. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Wu, X., Zeng, M., & Tian, Y. (2016). The relationship between emotion regulation and PTSD/PTG among adolescents after the Ya’an earthquake: The moderating role of social support. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 48(8), 969–980. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2016.00969
   Google Scholar