Publication Cover
Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
An International Journal
Volume 32, 2019 - Issue 1
2,501
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Stress experience and performance during an oral exam: the role of self-efficacy, threat appraisals, anxiety, and cortisol

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 50-66 | Received 11 Apr 2017, Accepted 23 Sep 2018, Published online: 27 Sep 2018

References

  • Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2010). Sleep and emotions: A focus on insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14, 227–238. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.007
  • Bandura, A. (1992). Self-efficacy mechanism in psychobiological functioning. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action (pp. 355–394). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy. The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
  • Bandura, A., Taylor, C. B., Williams, S. L., Mefford, I. N., & Barchas, J. D. (1985). Catecholamine secretion as a function of perceived coping self-efficacy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 406–414.
  • Bermeitinger, C., Hellweg, C., Andree, C., Roick, J., & Ringeisen, T. (2018). Goal (dis)engagement, emotions and cognitions in an exam situation: A longitudinal study. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32, 55–65. doi: 10.1002/acp.3379
  • Blascovich, J. (2008). Challenge and threat. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 431–445). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Bollen, K. A., & Curran, P. J. (2006). Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective. New York: Wiley.
  • Bonaccio, S., & Reeve, C. L. (2010). The nature and relative importance of students’ perceptions of the sources of test anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 20, 617–625. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2010.09.007
  • Bossong, B. (1999). Stress und Handlungskontrolle: die volitionale Kompetenz bei der Bewertung und Bewältigung aversiver Erfahrungen [Stress and action control: the role of volitional competence in coping with aversive experiences]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
  • Buchanan, T. W., al'Absi, M., & Lovallo, W. R. (1999). Cortisol fluctuates with increases and decreases in negative affect. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24, 227–241. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00078-X
  • Campbell, J., & Ehlert, U. (2012). Acute psychosocial stress: Does the emotional stress response correspond with physiological responses? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1111–1134. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.010
  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1994). Situational coping and coping dispositions in a stressful transaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 184–195. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.184
  • de Kloet, E. R., Joels, M., & Holsboer, F. (2005). Stress and the brain: From adaptation to disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 463–475. doi: 10.1038/nrn1683
  • Diamond, D. M. (2005). Cognitive, endocrine and mechanistic perspectives on non-linear relationships between arousal and brain function. Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology, Medicine, 3, 1–7.
  • Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 355–391. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355
  • Foley, P., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010). Human hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to acute psychosocial stress in laboratory settings. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 91–96. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.010
  • Fonseca, R., Blascovich, J., & Garcia-Marques, T. (2014). Challenge and threat motivation: Effects on superficial and elaborative information processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1170–1180. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01170
  • Gerin, W., Litt, M. D., Deich, J., & Pickering, T. G. (1995). Self-efficacy as a moderator of perceived control effects on cardiovascular reactivity. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(4), 390–397. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199507000-00011
  • Glaser, R., Pearl, D. K., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Malarkey, W. B. (1994). Plasma cortisol levels and reactivation of latent Epstein–Barr virus in response to examination stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19, 765–772. doi: 10.1016/0306-4530(94)90023-X
  • Hanoch, Y., & Vitouch, O. (2004). When less is more. Information, emotional arousal and the ecological reframing of the Yerkes-Dodson law. Theory & Psychology, 14, 427–452. doi: 10.1177/0959354304044918
  • Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 163–171. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Jerusalem, M., & Satow, L. (1999). Schulbezogene Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung [academic self-efficacy]. In R. Schwarzer, & M. Jerusalem (Eds.), Skalen zur Erfassung von Lehrer- und Schülermerkmalen (pp. 15–16). Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität.
  • Lacey, K., Zaharia, M. D., Griffiths, J., Ravindran, A. V., Merali, Z., & Anisman, H. (2000). A prospective study of neuroendocrine and immune alterations associated with the stress of an oral academic examination among graduate students. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 339–356. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00059-1
  • Lindahl, M., Theorell, T., & Lindblad, F. (2005). Test performance and self-esteem in relation to experienced stress in Swedish sixth and ninth graders-saliva cortisol levels and psychological reactions to demands. Acta Paediatrica, 94, 489–495. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01922.x
  • Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Lowe, P. A., Lee, S. W., Witteborg, K. M., Prichard, K. W., Luhr, M. E., Cullinan, C. M., … Janik, M. (2008). The test anxiety inventory for children and adolescents (TAICA). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 26, 215–230. doi: 10.1177/0734282907303760
  • Mills, N., Pajares, F., & Herron, C. (2006). A reevaluation of the role of anxiety: Self-efficacy, anxiety, and their relation to reading and listening proficiency. Foreign Language Annals, 39, 276–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2006.tb02266.x
  • Minkley, N., Westerholt, D. M., & Kirchner, W. H. (2014). Academic self-concept of ability and cortisol reactivity. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27, 303–316. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2013.848273
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2013). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
  • Nierop, A., Wirtz, P. H., Bratsikas, A., Zimmermann, R., & Ehlert, U. (2008). Stress-buffering effects of psychosocial resources on physiological and psychological stress response in pregnant women. Biological Psychology, 78, 261–268.
  • Oberauer, K., Farrell, S., Jarrold, C., & Lewandowsky, S. (2016). What limits working memory capacity? Psychological Bulletin, 142, 758–799. doi: 10.1037/bul0000046
  • Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543–578. doi: 10.3102/00346543066004543
  • Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 315–341. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9
  • Pekrun, R., Frenzel, A., Goetz, T., & Perry, R. P. (2007). The control-value theory of achievement emotions. In P. A. Schutz, & R. Pekrun (Eds.), Emotions in education (pp. 13–36). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Preuß, D., Schoofs, D., Schlotz, W., & Wolf, O. T. (2010). The stressed student: Influence of written examinations and oral presentations on salivary cortisol concentrations in university students. Stress, 13, 221–229. doi: 10.3109/10253890903277579
  • Pruessner, J. C., Gaab, J., Hellhammer, D. H., Lintz, D., Schommer, N., & Kirschbaum, C. (1997). Increasing correlations between personality traits and cortisol stress responses obtained by data aggregation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22, 615–625. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00072-3
  • Putwain, D., Sander, P., & Larkin, D. (2013). Academic self-efficacy in study-related skills and behaviours: Relations with learning-related emotions and academic success. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 633–650. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.2012.02084.x
  • Putwain, D. W., & Symes, W. (2014). The perceived value of maths and academic self-efficacy in the appraisal of fear appeals used prior to a high-stakes test as threatening or challenging. Social Psychology of Education, 17, 229–248. doi: 10.1007/s11218-014-9249-7
  • Raffety, B. D., Smith, R. E., & Ptacek, J. T. (1997). Facilitating and debilitating trait anxiety, situational anxiety, and coping with an anticipated stressor: A process analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 892–906. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.892
  • Rakoczy, K., Buff, A., & Lipowsky, F. (2005). Befragungsinstrumente [survey instruments]. In E. Klieme, C. Pauli, & K. Reusser (Eds.), Dokumentation der Erhebungs- und Auswertungsinstrumente zur Videostudie “Unterrichtsqualität, Lernverhalten und mathematisches Verständnis” (pp. 109). Frankfurt am Main: GFPF.
  • Ringeisen, T., & Buchwald, P. (2010). Test anxiety and positive and negative emotional states during an examination. Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 14(4), 431–447.
  • Roick, J., & Ringeisen, T. (2017). Self-efficacy, test anxiety, and academic success: A longitudinal validation. International Journal of Educational Research, 83, 84–93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijer.2016.12.006
  • Sanz, A., & Villamarín, F. (2001). The role of perceived control in physiological reactivity: Self-efficacy and incentive value as regulators of cardiovascular adjustment. Biological Psychology, 56, 219–246. doi: 10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00095-3
  • Schilling, T. M., Kölsch, M., Larra, M. F., Zech, C. M., Blumenthal, T. D., Frings, C., & Schächinger, H. (2013). For whom the bell (curve) tolls: Cortisol rapidly affects memory retrieval by an inverted U-shaped dose–response relationship. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 1565–1572. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.001
  • Schnell, K., Ringeisen, T., Raufelder, D., & Rohrmann, S. (2015). The impact of adolescents’ self-efficacy and self-regulated goal attainment processes on school performance – Do gender and test anxiety matter? Learning and Individual Differences, 38, 90–98. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2014.12.008
  • Schommer, N. C., Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (1999). No evidence for a close relationship between personality traits and circadian cortisol rhythm or a single cortisol stress response. Psychological Reports, 84(3), 840–842.
  • Schönfeld, P., Preusser, F., & Margraf, J. (2017). Costs and benefits of self-efficacy: Differences of the stress response and clinical implications. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 75, 40–52. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.031
  • Schoofs, D., Hartmann, R., & Wolf, O. T. (2008). Neuroendocrine stress responses to an oral academic examination: No strong influence of sex, repeated participation and personality traits. Stress, 11, 52–61. doi: 10.1080/10253890701453943
  • Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 233–269. doi: 10.1080/02699939308409189
  • Spangler, G., Pekrun, R., Kramer, K., & Hofmann, H. (2002). Students’ emotions, physiological reactions, and coping in academic exams. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 15, 413–432. doi: 10.1080/1061580021000056555
  • Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional process model. In C. D. Spielberger, & P. R. Vagg (Eds.), Test anxiety. Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 3–14). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Tibubos, A., Rohrmann, S., Hodapp, V., & Ringeisen, T. (2013). Prüfungsängstlichkeit im Kulturvergleich [test anxiety in cross-cultural research]. In P. Genkova, T. Ringeisen, & F. T. L. Leong (Eds.), Handbuch Stress und Kultur (S. 239–254). Wiesbaden: Springer.
  • Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kibler, J., & Ernst, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 63–72.
  • van Eck, M. M., Nicolson, N. A., Berkhof, H., & Sulon, J. (1996). Individual differences in cortisol responses to a laboratory speech task and their relationship to responses to stressful daily events. Biological Psychology, 43, 69–84. doi: 10.1016/0301-0511(95)05159-7
  • Van Lenten, S., & Doane, L. (2016). Examining multiple sleep behaviors and diurnal salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Within- and between-person associations. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 68, 100–110. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.017
  • Vedhara, K., Hyde, J., Gilchrist, I. D., Tytherleigh, M., & Plummer, S. (2000). Acute stress, memory, attention and cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 535–549. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00008-1
  • Verschoor, E., & Markus, C. R. (2011). Affective and neuroendocrine stress reactivity to an academic examination: Influence of the 5-HTTLPR genotype and trait neuroticism. Biological Psychology, 87, 439–449. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.06.001
  • Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Structural equation modeling: Applications using mplus. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Weekes, N., Lewis, R., Patel, F., Garrison-Jakel, J., Berger, D. E., & Lupien, S. J. (2006). Examination stress as an ecological inducer of cortisol and psychological responses to stress in undergraduate students. Stress, 9, 199–206. doi: 10.1080/10253890601029751
  • West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 56–75). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Westermann, J., Demir, A., & Herbst, V. (2004). Determination of cortisol in saliva and serum by a luminescence-enhanced enzyme immunoassay. Clinical Laboratory, 50(1–2), 11–24.
  • Wiedenfeld, S. A., O’Leary, A., Bandura, A., Brown, S., Levine, S., & Raska, K. (1990). Impact of perceived self-efficacy in coping with stressors on components of the immune system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1082–1094.
  • Wolf, O. T. (2006). Effects of stress hormones on the structure and function of the human brain. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 1, 623–632. doi: 10.1586/17446651.1.5.623
  • Yuan, K.-H., & Bentler, P. M. (2004). On chi-square difference and z-tests in mean and covariance structure analysis when the base model is misspecified. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 737–757. doi: 10.1177/0013164404264853
  • Zeidner, M. (1998). Test anxiety: The state of the art. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Zeidner, M. (2007). Test anxiety in educational contexts: Concepts, findings, and future directions. In P. A. Schutz, & R. Pekrun (Eds.), Emotion in education (pp. 165–184). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.