References
- Basevitz, P., Pushkar, D., Chaikelson, J., Conway, M., & Dalton, C. (2008). Age-related differences in worry and related processes. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66(4), 283–305. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.66.4.b
- Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797–824. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826
- Blumberg, S. J. (2000). Guarding against threatening HIV prevention messages: An information- processing model. Health Education & Behavior, 27(6), 780–795. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700611
- Brown, S., & Locker, E. (2009). Defensive responses to an emotive anti-alcohol message. Psychology and Health, 24(5), 517–528. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440801911130
- Brown, S. L., & Smith, E. Z. (2007). The inhibitory effect of a distressing anti-smoking message on risk perceptions in smokers. Psychology and Health, 22(3), 255–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14768320600843127
- Bruine de Bruin, W. (2020). Age differences in COVID-19 risk perceptions and mental health: Evidence from a national US survey conducted in March 2020. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B., 76(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa074
- Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American psychologist, 54(3), 165–181.
- Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 644–655. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/O022-3514.79.4.644
- Ceccato, I., Palumbo, R., Di Crosta, A., La Malva, P., Marchetti, D., Maiella, R., Verrocchio, M. C., Marin, A., Mammarella, N., Palumbo, R., & Di Domenico, A. (2020). Age-related differences in the perception of COVID-19 emergency during the Italian outbreak. Aging and Mental Health, 25, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1856781
- Croyle, R. T., Sun, Y., & Louie, D. H. (1993). Psychological minimization of cholesterol test results: Moderators of appraisal in college students and community residents. Health Psychology, 12(6), 503–507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.12.6.503
- Cypryańska, M., & Nezlek, J. B. (2020). Anxiety as a mediator of relationships between perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 and coping behaviors during the onset of the pandemic in Poland. PloS one, 15(10), 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241464
- De Houwer, J. (2006). What are implicit measures and why are we using them? In R. Wiers, & A. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 11–28). Sage.
- de Zwart, O., Veldhuijzen, I. K., Elam, G., Aro, A. R., Abraham, T., Bishop, G. D., Richardus J. H., & Brug, J. (2007). Avian influenza risk perception, Europe and Asia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(2), 290–293. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1302.060303
- Diehl, M., Hay, E. L., & Berg, K. M. (2011). The ratio between positive and negative affect and flourishing mental health across adulthood. Aging and Mental Health, 15(7), 882–893. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2011.569488
- Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18(3), 233–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x
- Gamp, M., Schupp, H. T., & Renner, B. (2018). Risk perceptions after receiving multiple risk feedback. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(9), 1350–1363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218767877
- Good, A., & Abraham, C. (2007). Measuring defensive responses to threatening messages: A meta-analysis of measures. Health Psychology Review, 1(2), 208–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17437190802280889
- Gravetter, F., & Wallnau, L. (2014). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences (8th ed). Wadsworth.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Isaacowitz, D. M., & Harris, J. A. (2014). Middle-aged adults facing skin cancer information: Fixation, mood, and behavior. Psychology and Aging, 29(2), 342–350. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036399
- Jonas, E., McGregor, I., Klackl, J., Agroskin, D., Fritsche, I., Holbrook, C., Nash, K., Proulx, T., & Quirin, M. (2014). Threat and defense: From anxiety to approach. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 49, pp. 219–286). Academic Press.
- Jorm, A. F. (2000). Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychological Medicine, 30(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799001452
- Krizan, Z., & Windschitl, P. D. (2007). The influence of outcome desirability on optimism. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 95–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.95
- Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480–498. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480
- Labouvie-Vief, G. (2003). Dynamic integration: Affect, cognition, and the self in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(6), 201–206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0963-7214.2003.01262.x
- Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 119–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S00652601(08)60091
- Leventhal, H., Diefenbach, M., & Leventhal, E. A. (1992). Illness cognition: Using common sense to understand treatment adherence and affect cognition interactions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 143–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173486
- Liao, Q., Cowling, B. J., Lam, W. W., Ng, D. M., & Fielding, R. (2014). Anxiety, worry and cognitive risk estimate in relation to protective behaviors during the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in Hong Kong: Ten cross-sectional surveys. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14(1), 2–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-169
- Liu, L., Xu, N., & Wang, L. (2017). Moderating role of self-efficacy on the associations of social support with depressive and anxiety symptoms in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 2141–2150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S137233
- Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: Multicultural validation studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439–457. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
- Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
- McQueen, A., Swank, P. R., & Vernon, S. W. (2014). Examining patterns of association with defensive information processing about colorectal cancer screening. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(11), 1443–1458. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105313493649
- Miles, A., Voorwinden, S., Chapman, S., & Wardle, J. (2008). Psychologic predictors of cancer information avoidance among older adults: The role of cancer fear and fatalism. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 17(8), 1872–1879. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0074
- Nikolich-Zugich, J., Knox, K. S., Rios, C. T., Natt, B., Bhattacharya, D., & Fain, M. J. (2020). SARS- CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: What we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes. Geroscience, 42(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-020-00186-0
- Olff, M., Brosschot, J. F., & Godaert, G. (1993). Coping styles and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 15(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90044-4
- Press, N. A., Yasui, Y., Reynolds, S., Durfy, S. J., & Burke, W. (2001). Women’s interest in genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility may be based on unrealistic expectations. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 99(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-8628
- Rimes, K. A., Salkovskis, P. M., & Shipman, J. (1999). Psychological and behavioural effects of bone density screening for osteoporosis. Psychology and Health, 14(4), 585–608. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449908410752
- Shahid, Z., Kalayanamitra, R., McClafferty, B., Kepko, D., Ramgobin, D., Patel, R., Aggarwal, C. S., Vunnam, R., Sahu, N., Bhatt, D., Jones, K., Golamari, R., & Jain, R. (2020). COVID-19 and older adults: What we know. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(5), 926–929. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16472
- Shiloh, S., Dagan, E., Friedman, I., Blank, N., & Friedman, E. (2013). A follow-up study on men tested for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations: Impacts and coping processes. Psycho- Oncology, 22(2), 417–425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.2106
- Shiloh, S., DeHeer, H. D., Peleg, S., Hensley Alford, S., Skapinsky, K., Roberts, J. S., & Hadley, D. W. (2015). The impact of multiplex genetic testing on disease risk perceptions. Clinical Genetics, 87(2), 117–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cge.12403
- Shiloh, S., Drori, E., Orr-Urtreger, A., & Friedman, E. (2009). Being ‘at-risk’for developing cancer: Cognitive representations and psychological outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9178-z
- Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
- Spielberger, C. D. (1984). State-trait anxiety inventory : A comprehensive bibliography. Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Van Der Velden, P. G., Marchand, M., Cuelenaere, B., & Das, M. (2020). Pre-outbreak determinants of perceived risks of corona infection and preventive measures taken. A prospective population-based study. Plos One, 15(7), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234600
- Villalba, A. A., Stanley, J. T., Turner, J. R., Vale, M. T., & Houston, M. L. (2020). Age differences in preferences for fear-enhancing Vs. fear-reducing news in a disease outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589390
- Wang, L., He, W., Yu, X., Hu, D., Bao, M., Liu, H., Zhou, J., & Jiang, H. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: Characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. Journal of Infection, 80(6), 639–645. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019
- Weiss, D., & Lang, F. R. (2012). “They” are old but “I” feel younger: Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age. Psychology and Aging, 27(1), 153–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024887
- Wiebe, D. J., & Korbel, C. (2003). Defensive denial, affect, and the self-regulation of health threats. In L. D. Cameron, & H. Leventhal (Eds.), The self-regulation of health and illness behavior (pp. 184–203). Routledge.
- World Health Organization. (March, 2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report – 51. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation- reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_4.
- Yang, F., Pang, J. S., & Cheng, W. J. (2016). Self-care adherence and psychological functioning of older patients with type 2 diabetes: Effects of persuasion, social pressure, and self- efficacy. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 23(4), 389–401. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-016-947