Coping under a COVID-19 lockdown: patterns of daily coping and individual differences in coping repertoires

References

• Bailer, J., Rist, F., Müller, T., Mier, D., Diener, C., Ofer, J., Fenske, S., & Witthöft, M. (2013). Erfassung von Krankheitsangst mit dem Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) [German validation of the Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI)]. Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 34(4), 378–398.
   Google Scholar
• Bakk, Z., Tekle, F. B., & Vermunt, J. K. (2013). Estimating the association between latent class membership and external variables using bias-adjusted three-step approaches. Sociological Methodology, 43(1), 272–311. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175012470644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B: Methodological, 57(1), 289–300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x.
   Google Scholar
• Blanke, E. S., Brose, A., Kalokerinos, E. K., Erbas, Y., Riediger, M., & Kuppens, P. (2020). Mix it to fix it: Emotion regulation variability in daily life. Emotion, 20(3), 473–485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591–612. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2020). Psychological adjustment during the global outbreak of COVID-19: A resilience perspective. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), S51–S54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A., Jit, M., Warren-Gash, C., Guthrie, B., Wang, H. H. X., Mercer, S. W., Sanderson, C., McKee, M., Troeger, C., Ong, K. L, Checchi, F., Perel, P., Joseph, S., Gibbs, H. P, Banerjee, A., Eggo, R. M, Nightingale, E. S, O'Reilly, K., Jombart, T., … & the Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 working group(2020). Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: A modelling study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(8), e1003–e1017. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30264-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Aldao, A., & De Los Reyes, A. (2015). Repertoires of emotion regulation: A person-centered approach to assessing emotion regulation strategies and links to psychopathology. Cognition and Emotion, 29(7), 1314–1325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.983046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399–412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eid, M., Schneider, C., & Schwenkmezger, P. (1999). Do you feel better or worse? The validity of perceived deviations of mood states from mood traits. European Journal of Personality, 13(4), 283–306. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0984(199907/08)13:4<283::AID-PER341>3.0.CO;2-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbas, Y., Ceulemans, E., Kalokerinos, E. K., Houben, M., Koval, P., Pe, M. L., & Kuppens, P. (2018). Why I don’t always know what I’m feeling: The role of stress in within-person fluctuations in emotion differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(2), 179–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, B. Q., Gross, J. J., & Gruber, J. (2019). Broadening our field of view: The role of emotion polyregulation. Emotion Review, 11(3), 197–208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919850314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeston, M., Tiplady, A., Mawn, L., Bottesi, G., & Thwaites, S. (2020). Towards a model of uncertainty distress in the context of Coronavirus (COVID-19). The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13(e31), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X2000029X.
   Google Scholar
• Geldhof, G. J., Preacher, K. J., & Zyphur, M. J. (2014). Reliability estimation in a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis framework. Psychological Methods, 19(1), 72–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, H., Browne, W., & Rasbash, J. (2002). Partitioning variation in multilevel models. Understanding Statistics, 1(4), 223–231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328031US0104_02
   Google Scholar
• Gönner, S., Ecker, W., & Leonhart, R. (2010). The Padua Inventory: Do revisions need revision? Assessment, 17(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191109342189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gräfe, K., Zipfel, S., Herzog, W., & Löwe, B. (2004). Screening psychischer Störungen mit dem “Gesundheitsfragebogen für Patienten (PHQ-D)” [Screening for psychiatric disorders with the patient health questionnaire (PHQ)]. Diagnostica, 50(4), 171–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.50.4.171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grommisch, G., Koval, P., Hinton, J. D. X., Gleeson, J., Hollenstein, T., Kuppens, P., & Lischetzke, T. (2020). Modeling individual differences in emotion regulation repertoire in daily life with multilevel latent profile analysis. Emotion, 20(8), 1462–1474, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000669.
   Google Scholar
• Gruber, J., Kogan, A., Mennin, D., & Murray, G. (2013). Real-world emotion? An experience-sampling approach to emotion experience and regulation in Bipolar I disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(4), 971–983. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber, J., Prinstein, M. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Albano, A. M., Aldao, A., Borelli, J. L., … Weinstock, L. M. (2020). Mental health and clinical psychological science in the time of COVID-19: Challenges, opportunities, and a call to action. American Psychologist, Advance Online Publication, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000707.
   Google Scholar
• Haines, S. J., Gleeson, J., Kuppens, P., Hollenstein, T., Ciarrochi, J., Labuschagne, I., Grace, C., & Koval, P. (2016). The wisdom to know the difference: Strategy-situation fit in emotion regulation in daily life is associated with well-being. Psychological Science, 27(12), 1651–1659. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616669086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Cohen Silver, R., Everall, I., Ford, T., John, A., Kabir, T., King, K., Madan, I., Michie, S., Przybylski, A. K, Shafran, R., Sweeney, A., … Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, L. S., Woodard, J. L., Pena, G. S., Arnold-Nedimala, N. A., Won, J., Callow, D. D., & Smith, J. C. (2021). Forward-focused coping predicts better mental health outcomes in mid- to late-life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aging & Mental Health, 1–9, Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1897523
   Google Scholar
• Kaveladze, B., Chang, K., Siev, J., & Schueller, S. M. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on online obsessive-compulsive disorder support community members: Survey Study. JMIR Mental Health, 8(2), e26715. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2196/26715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keefe, F. J., Affleck, G., Lefebvre, J. C., Starr, K., Caldwell, D. S., & Tennen, H. (1997). Pain coping strategies and coping efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis: A daily process analysis. Pain, 69(1-2), 35–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03246-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koffer, R., Drewelies, J., Almeida, D. M., Conroy, D. E., Pincus, A. L., Gerstorf, D., & Ram, N. (2019). The role of general and daily control beliefs for affective stressor-reactivity across adulthood and old age. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(2), 242–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennarz, H. K., van Roekel, E., Kuntsche, E., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Hollenstein, T., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Granic, I. (2016). Associations between interpersonal relationships and negative affect in adolescents: An experience sampling study on the role of trait coping. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 75(2), 71–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyro, T. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2010). Distress tolerance and psychopathological symptoms and disorders: A review of the empirical literature among adults. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 576–600. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lischetzke, T., Pfeifer, H., Crayen, C., & Eid, M. (2012). Motivation to regulate mood as a mediator between state extraversion and pleasant-unpleasant mood. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(4), 414–422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo, N. E., Zeytinoglu, S., Morales, S., Listokin, J., Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., … Fox, N. A. (2021). Transactional associations between parent and late adolescent internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of avoidant coping. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(3), 459–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01374-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukočiené, O., Varriale, R., & Vermunt, J. K. (2010). The simultaneous decision(s) about the number of lower- and higher-level classes in multilevel latent class analysis. Sociological Methodology, 40(1), 247–283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2010.01231.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masyn, K. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In T. Little (Ed.), Oxford handbook of quantitative psychology (2nd ed., pp. 551–611). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199934898.013.0025.
   Google Scholar
• McHugh, R. K., & Otto, M. W. (2012). Refining the measurement of distress intolerance. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 641–651. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2012). Identifying careless responses in survey data. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 437–455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, F., Röhr, S., Reininghaus, U., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2021). Social isolation and loneliness during COVID-19 lockdown: Associations with depressive symptoms in the German old-age population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073615
   Google Scholar
• Otto, J., & Linden, M. (2019). Die deutsche Übersetzung der Distress-Intoleranz-Skala [The German translation of the Distress Intolerance Scale]. Verhaltenstherapie, 29(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000494763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2021). Americans’ distress early in the COVID-19 pandemic: Protective resources and coping strategies. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 13(4), 422–431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000931.
   Google Scholar
• Park, J., & Yu, H. T. (2018). Recommendations on the sample sizes for multilevel latent class models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 78(5), 737–761. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164417719111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rettie, H., & Daniels, J. (2020). Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: Predictors and mediators of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(3), 427–437. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000710.
   Google Scholar
• Roos, C. R., & Witkiewitz, K. (2016). Adding tools to the toolbox: The role of coping repertoire in alcohol treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(7), 599–611. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M. C., & Clark, D. M. (2002). The Health Anxiety Inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32(5), 843–853. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702005822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, C. G., Greaves, L. M., Satherley, N., Wilson, M. S., Overall, N. C., Lee, C. H. J., Milojev, P., Bulbulia, J., Osborne, D., Milfont, T. L., Houkamau, C. A., Duck, I. M., Vickers-Jones, R., Barlow, F. K. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide lockdown on trust, attitudes toward government, and well-being. American Psychologist, 75(5), 618–630. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216–269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. W. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary care evaluation of mental disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 282(18), 1737–1744. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, A. A., & Neale, J. M. (1984). New measure of daily coping: Development and preliminary results. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 892–906. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöber, J. (1995). Besorgnis: Ein Vergleich dreier Inventare zur Erfassung allgemeiner Sorgen [Worrying: A comparison of three questionnaires concerning everyday worries]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 16(1), 50–63.
   Google Scholar
• Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2020). Ambulatory assessment in psychopathology research: A review of recommended reporting guidelines and current practices. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 129(1), 56–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermunt, J. K. (2003). Multilevel latent class models. Sociological Methodology, 33(1), 213–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0081-1750.2003.t01-1-00131.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2016). Upgrade manual for Latent GOLD 5.1. Statistical Innovations.
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, F. (2021). Coping strategies, cyberbullying behaviors, and depression among Chinese netizens during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based nationwide survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 138–144. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021). Individual differences and changes in subjective wellbeing during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(1), 50–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar