References
- Alhakami, A. S., & Slovic, P. (1994). A psychological study of the inverse relationship between perceived risk and perceived benefit. Risk Analysis, 14(6), 1085–1096. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00080.x
- Ali, S., Ali, A., Khan, S. A., & Hussain, S. (2016). Sufficient sample size and power in multilevel ordinal logistic regression models. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2016.
- Baumgartner, H., Pieters, R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2008). Future-oriented emotions: Conceptualization and behavioral effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(4), 685–696. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.467
- Bishop, S. J., & Gagne, C. (2018). Anxiety, depression, and decision making: A computational perspective. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 41(1), 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-062007
- Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1983). Cognitive processes in anxiety. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(83)90015-2
- Charpentier, C. J., Aylward, J., Roiser, J. P., & Robinson, O. J. (2017). Enhanced risk aversion, but not loss aversion, in unmedicated pathological anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 81(12), 1014–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.010
- Christensen, R. H. B. (2019). ordinal - Regression Models for Ordinal Data. R package version 2019.12-10. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ordinal.
- Clampitt, P. G., Williams, M. L., & Korenak, A. (2000). Managing organizational uncertainty: Conceptualization and measurement. Paper presented at the International Communication Association, Acapulco.
- Cryder, C. E., Lerner, J. S., Gross, J. J., & Dahl, R. E. (2008). Misery is not miserly: Sad and self-focused individuals spend more. Psychological Science, 19(6), 525–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02118.x
- Derakshan, N., & Eysenck, M. W. (1997). Interpretive biases for one's own behavior and physiology in high-trait-anxious individuals and repressors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.816
- DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Rucker, D. D. (2000). Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.397
- Dobrzykowski, T. M. (2017). Feeling comfortable: A Humanbecoming perspective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 30(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416680511
- Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1985). Ambiguity and uncertainty in probabilistic inference. Psychological Review, 92(4), 433. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.92.4.433
- Endler, N. S., & Kocovski, N. L. (2001). State and trait anxiety revisited. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15(3), 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00060-3
- Gambetti, E., & Giusberti, F. (2012). The effect of anger and anxiety traits on investment decisions. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(6), 1059–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2012.07.001
- Gasper, K., & Clore, G. L. (1998). The persistent use of negative affect by anxious individuals to estimate risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1350–1363. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1350
- Gu, R., Wu, R., Broster, L. S., Jiang, Y., Xu, R., Yang, Q., Xu, P., & Luo, Y.-J. (2017). Trait anxiety and economic risk avoidance are not necessarily associated: Evidence from the framing effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 255. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00092
- Hartley, C. A., & Phelps, E. A. (2012). Anxiety and decision-making. Biological Psychiatry, 72(2), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.027
- Hedeker, D., Archer, K. J., Nordgren, R., & Gibbons, R. D. (2015). mixor: Mixed-Effects Ordinal Regression Analysis. R package.
- Heilman, R. M., Crişan, L. G., Houser, D., Miclea, M., & Miu, A. C. (2010). Emotion regulation and decision making under risk and uncertainty. Emotion, 10(2), 257. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018489
- Henker, B., Whalen, C. K., Jamner, L. D., & Delfino, R. J. (2002). Anxiety, affect, and activity in teenagers: Monitoring daily life with electronic diaries. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(6), 660–670. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200206000-00005
- Howlett, J. R., & Paulus, M. P. (2017). Individual differences in subjective utility and risk preferences: The influence of hedonic capacity and trait anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 88. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00088
- Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience-sampling assessment of positive emotions, positive events, and emotion suppression. Psychological Science, 17(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01674.x
- Kusev, P., Purser, H., Heilman, R., Cooke, A. J., Van Schaik, P., Baranova, V., Martin, R., & Ayton, P. (2017). Understanding risky behavior: The influence of cognitive, emotional and hormonal factors on decision-making under risk. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 102. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00102
- Lee, C. J., & Andrade, E. B. (2015). Fear, excitement, and financial risk-taking. Cognition and Emotion, 29(1), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.898611
- Lerner, J. S., Han, S., & Keltner, D. (2007). Feelings and consumer decision making: Extending the appraisal-tendency framework. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(3), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70027-X
- Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition & Emotion, 14(4), 473–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300402763
- Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Emotion and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 799–823. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043
- Levy, J. S. (1992). An introduction to prospect theory. Political Psychology, 13(2), 171–186. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791677
- Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. S. (2003). The role of affect in decision making. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective science (pp. 619–642). Oxford University Press.
- Loewenstein, G., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267
- MacLeod, A. K., & Byrne, A. (1996). Anxiety, depression, and the anticipation of future positive and negative experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(2), 286–289. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.286
- Maner, J. K., Richey, J. A., Cromer, K., Mallott, M., Lejuez, C. W., Joiner, T. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007). Dispositional anxiety and risk-avoidant decision-making. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(4), 665–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.016
- Maner, J. K., & Schmidt, N. B. (2006). The role of risk avoidance in anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 37(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.11.003
- Mitte, K. (2007). Anxiety and risky decision-making: The role of subjective probability and subjective costs of negative events. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(2), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.028
- Miu, A. C., Heilman, R. M., & Houser, D. (2008). Anxiety impairs decision-making: Psychophysiological evidence from an Iowa Gambling task. Biological Psychology, 77(3), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.010
- Olivier, J., May, W. L., & Bell, M. L. (2017). Relative effect sizes for measures of risk. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods, 46(14), 6774–6781.
- Raghunathan, R., & Pham, M. T. (1999). All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79(1), 56–77. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1999.2838
- Schonberg, T., Fox, C. R., & Poldrack, R. A. (2011). Mind the gap: Bridging economic and naturalistic risk-taking with cognitive neuroscience. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.10.002
- Schwarz, N. (2012). Feelings-as-information theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 289–308). Sage Publications Ltd.
- Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513
- Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2003). Mood as information: 20 years later. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3-4), 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2003.9682896
- Shou, Y., & Olney, J. (2020). Attitudes toward risk and uncertainty: The role of subjective knowledge and affect. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 34(3), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2217.
- Shou, Y., & Olney, J. (2021). Measuring risk tolerance across domains: Scale development and validation. Journal of Personality Assessment, https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2021.1966019
- Smithson, M. (2010). Understanding uncertainty. Dealing with Uncertainties in Policing Serious Crime, 16(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.22459/dupsc.05.2010.03
- Speilberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1984). Psychometric properties of the STAI: A reply to Ramanaiah, Franzen, and Schill. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(1), 95–97. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4801_16
- Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI (form Y) (“ self-evaluation questionnaire”). http://hdl.handle.net/10477/1873.
- Stöber, J. (1997). Trait anxiety and pessimistic appraisal of risk and chance. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(4), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00232-2
- Suveg, C., & Zeman, J. (2004). Emotion regulation in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 750–759. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3304_10
- Traczyk, J., Sobkow, A., & Zaleskiewicz, T. (2015). Affect-laden imagery and risk taking: The mediating role of stress and risk perception. PloS One, 10(3), e0122226. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122226
- Weber, E. U., Blais, A. R., & Betz, N. E. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15(4), 263–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.414