A laboratory-based examination of a standardized sexual assault script

References

• Ahrens, C. E., Stansell, J., & Jennings, A. (2010). To tell or not to tell: The impact of disclosure on sexual assault survivors’ recovery. Violence and Victims, 25(5), 631–648. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.5.631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allbutt, J., Ling, J., Rowley, M., & Shafiullah, M. (2011). Vividness of visual imagery and social desirable responding: Correlations of the vividness of visual imagery questionnaire with the balanced inventory of desirable responding and the Marlowe-Crowne scale. Behavior Research Methods, 43(3), 791–799. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0086-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Heart Association. (2020). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure/all-about-heart-rate-pulse
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR (5th ed., text revision). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Armour, C., Tsai, J., Durham, T. A., Charak, R., Biehn, T. L., Elhai, J. D., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2015). Dimensional structure of DSM–5 posttraumatic stress symptoms: Support for a hybrid anhedonia and externalizing behaviors model. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 61, 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badour, C., Feldner, M., Blumenthal, H., & Knapp, A. (2013). Preliminary evidence for a unique role of disgust-based conditioning in posttraumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(2), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badour, C. L., & Feldner, M. T. (2018). The role of disgust in posttraumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 9(3), Article pr.032813. https://doi.org/10.5127/pr.032813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, J. G., Dodson, T. S., Pickover, A. M., Woodward, M. J., Lipinski, A. J., & Tran, H. N. (2019). The effects of shame on subsequent reactions to a trauma analog. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 66, 102108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntson, G. G., Quigley, K. S., & Lozano, D. (2007). Cardiovascular psychophysiology. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 182–210). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546396.008
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Buckley, T. C., Taylor, A. E., Vollmer, A., & Loos, W. R. (1996). Psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder related to motor vehicle accidents: Replication and extension. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(4), 742–751. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges, C., Mathewson, K. J., & Schmidt, L. A. (2018). Short-term test-retest reliability of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in young adults. Journal of Psychophysiology, 32(3), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a00018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Baslie, K. C., Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Merrick, M. T. (2015). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization – National intimate partner and sexual violence survey, United States, 2011. American Journal of Public Health, 105(4), e11–e12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges, A., & Karlsson, M. (2018). Group treatment with incarcerated female sexual assault victims: Is exposure critical to successful outcomes?, 2018 (American Psychological Foundation Visionary Grant Report).
   Google Scholar
• Cantor, D., Fisher, B., Chibnall, S., Harps, S., Townsend, R., Thomas, G., Lee, H., Kranz, V., Herbison, R., & Madden, K. (2019). Report on the AAU climate survey on sexual assault and sexual misconduct. Association of American Universities.
   Google Scholar
• Castillo, D. T., C'de Baca, J., Qualls, C., & Bornovalova, M. A. (2012). Group exposure therapy treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder in female veterans. Military Medicine, 177(12), 1486–1491. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-12-00186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo, D. T., Chee, C. L., Nason, E., Keller, J., C'de Baca, J., Qualls, C., Fallon, S. K., Haaland, K. Y., Miller, M. W., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Group-delivered cognitive/exposure therapy for PTSD in women veterans: A randomized controlled trial. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 404–412. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C'de Baca, J., Castillo, D., DeBeer, B., & Qualls, C. (2020). Rationale and design of an efficacy study of Group Prolonged Exposure for PTSD. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 17, 100509. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cyniak-Cieciura, M., Staniaszek, K., Popiel, A., Pragłowska, E., & Zawadzki, B. (2017). The structure of PTSD symptoms according to DSM-5 and IDC-11 proposal: A multi-sample analysis. European Psychiatry, 44, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgerly, E. S., & Levis, D. J. (2005). Evaluation of five procedures for classification of participants’ fear levels. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27(3), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-0636-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 445–451. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences, therapist guide. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.99.1.20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1998). Clinical applications of bioinformational theory: Understanding anxiety and its treatment. Behavior Therapy, 29(4), 675–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80025-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harner, H. M., Budescu, M., Gillihan, S. J., Riely, S., & Foa, E. B. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated women: A call for evidence-based treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M. E., Bridges, A. J., Bell, J., & Petretic, P. (2014). Sexual violence therapy group in a women’s correctional facility: A preliminary evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(3), 361–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M. E., & Zielinski, M. J. (2020). Sexual victimization and mental illness prevalence rates among incarcerated women: A literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(2), 326–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018767933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M. E., Zielinski, M. J., & Bridges, A. J. (2015). Expanding research on a brief exposure-based group treatment with incarcerated women. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(8), 599–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2015.1088918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M. E., Zielinski, M. J., & Bridges, A. J. (2020). Replicating outcomes of survivors healing from abuse: Recovery through exposure (SHARE): A brief exposure-based group treatment for incarcerated survivors of sexual violence. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(3), 300–305. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleim, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Glucksman, E., & Ehlers, A. (2010). Sex differences in heart rate responses to script-driven imagery soon after trauma and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(9), 917–924. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f8894b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs, C., Lindquist, C., Berzofsky, M., Shook-Sa, B., & Peterson, K. (2016). Campus climate survey validation study final technical report. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5540
   Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16(6), 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindauer, R. T., van Meijel, E. P., Jalink, M., Olff, M., Carlier, I. V., & Gersons, B. P. (2006). Heart rate responsivity to script-driven imagery in posttraumatic stress disorder: Specificity of response and effects of psychotherapy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000188566.35902.e7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H., Petukhova, M. V., Sampson, N. A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Bromet, E. J., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Hinkov, H., Kawakami, N., Koenen, K. C., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lee, S., Medina-Mora, M. E., Navarro-Mateu, F., O’Neill, S., Piazza, M., Posada-Villa, J., … Kessler, R. C. (2017). Association of DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder with traumatic experience type and history in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(3), 270–281. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 64(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01322.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, D. (2017). Presidential address: Embracing the repulsive: The case for disgust as a functionally central emotional state in the theory, practice, and dissemination of cognitive-behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 48(6), 731–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTeague, L. M., Lang, P. J., Laplante, M. C., Cuthbert, B. N., Shumen, J. R., & Bradley, M. M. (2010). Aversive imagery in posttraumatic stress disorder: Trauma recurrence, comorbidity, and physiological reactivity. Biological Psychiatry, 67(4), 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mischel, E. R., Bynion, T., Leen-Feldner, E. W., & Feldner, M. T. (2019). An evaluation of the validity of a script-driven imagery procedure among traumatic event-exposed adolescents. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(7), 784–792. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muehlenhard, C. L., Peterson, Z. D., Humphreys, T. P., & Jozkowski, K. N. (2017). Evaluating the one-in-five statistic: Women’s risk of sexual assault while in college. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4-5), 549–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1295014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., Lasko, N. B., & Herz, L. R. (1993). Psychophysiological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in World War II and Korean combat veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.102.1.152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Forgue, D. F., Altman, B., de Jong, J. B., & Herz, L. W. (1990). Psychophysiologic responses to combat imagery of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder versus other anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.99.1.49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Forgue, D. F., de Jong, J. B., & Claiborn, J. M. (1987). Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(11), 970–975. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800230050009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch, S. A., Eftekhari, A., & Ruzek, J. I. (2012). Review of exposure therapy: A gold standard for PTSD treatment. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 49(5), 679–687. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2011.08.0152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P., & Schnicke, M. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 748–756. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.60.5.748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenleber, M., Berghoff, C. R., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2018). Emotional lability and affective synchrony in posttraumatic stress disorder pathology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 53, 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegerer, M., Blechert, J., Kerschbaum, H., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2013). Relationship between fear conditionability and aversive memories: Evidence from a novel conditioned-intrusion paradigm. PloS One, 8(11), e79025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingenbach, T., Morello, L. Y., Hack, A. L., & Boggio, P. S. (2019). Development and validation of verbal emotion vignettes in Portuguese, English, and German. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick, D. F., Koepsell, T., & Rivara, F. P. (2009). Using target population specification, effect size, and reach to estimate and compare the population impact of two PTSD preventive interventions. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 72(4), 346–359. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2009.72.4.346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoellner, L. A., Feeny, N. C., Bittinger, J. N., Bedard-Gilligan, M. A., Slagle, D. M., Post, L. M., & Chen, J. A. (2011). Teaching trauma-focused exposure therapy for PTSD: Critical clinical lessons for novice exposure therapists. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(3), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar