Publication Cover
Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
An International Journal
Volume 36, 2023 - Issue 1
323
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Evaluating an online self-distancing intervention to promote emotional regulation and posttraumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic

& ORCID Icon
Pages 18-37 | Received 16 May 2022, Accepted 15 Nov 2022, Published online: 05 Dec 2022

References

  • Biggs, A., Brough, P., & Drummond, S. (2017). Lazarus and Folkman’s psychological stress and coping theory. In C.L. Cooper & J.C. Quick (Eds.), The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice (pp. 351–364). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811.ch21.
  • Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504116
  • Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Ayduk, O. (2015). This too shall pass: Temporal distance and the regulation of emotional distress. Journal of personality and social psychology, 108(2), 356–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038324
  • Buqo, T. (2021). Emotional responding and adversity. In S.G. Taukeni (Ed.), The Science of Emotional Intelligence (Vol. 119). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97932.
  • Cavalhieri, K. E. (2021). Economic insecurity as a risk factor during the COVID-19 pandemic [Article]. Journal of Health Disparities Research & Practice, 14(1), 1–15. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso&db=her&AN=149828467&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
  • Cronbach, L. J., & Furby, L. (1970). How we should measure “change”: Or should we? Psychological Bulletin, 74(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029382.
  • Dorfman, A., Oakes, H., Santos, H. C., & Grossmann, I. (2021). Self-distancing promotes positive emotional change after adversity: Evidence from a micro-longitudinal field experiment. Journal of Personality, 89(1), 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12534
  • Fiske, A., Galasso, I., Eichinger, J., McLennan, S., Radhuber, I., Zimmermann, B., & Prainsack, B. (2022). The second pandemic: Examining structural inequality through reverberations of COVID-19 in Europe. Social Science & Medicine, 292, Article 114634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114634
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992–1003. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.50.5.992
  • Freedle, A., & Kashubeck-West, S. (2021). Core belief challenge, rumination, and posttraumatic growth in women following pregnancy loss. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice & Policy, 13(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000952
  • Geoffrion, S., Goncalves, J., Robichaud, I., Sader, J., Giguère, C-É, Fortin, M., Lamothe, J., Bernard, P., & Guay, S. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis on acute stress disorder: rates following different types of traumatic events. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 23(1), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020933844
  • Gonçalves Júnior, J., Maia, M. A. G., Moreira, J. L. D. S., Dias, H. S., Félix, E. B., & Machado, S. S. F. (2022). Domestic violence against Latin American women and female mental health during the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak [Article]. International Journal of Injury Control & Safety Promotion, 29(2), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2021.1978101
  • Gortner, E.-M., Rude, S. S., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Benefits of expressive writing in lowering rumination and depressive symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 37(3), 292–303. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.004
  • Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations.
  • Grossmann, I., Gerlach, T. M., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2016). Wise reasoning in the face of everyday life challenges. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 611–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616652206
  • Hanley, A. W., Garland, E. L., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2017). Relating dispositional mindfulness, contemplative practice, and positive reappraisal with posttraumatic cognitive coping, stress, and growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(5), 526–536. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000208
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Huang, S., & Gan, Y. (2018). Memory as a cognitive representation of post-traumatic growth. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 31(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1364730
  • Janoff-Bulman, R., Berg, M., & Harvey, J. (1998). Disillusionment and the creation of value: From traumatic losses to existential gains. In J.H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook (pp. 35–47). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Maze.
  • Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L., de Girolamo, G., Dinolova, R. V., Ferry, F., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Lepine, J.-P., Levinson, D., … Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(Suppl 5), 1353383–1353383. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
  • Kobayashi, R., Miyatani, M., & Nakao, T. (2021). High working memory capacity facilitates distraction as an emotion regulation strategy. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 40(3), 1159–1167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0041-2
  • Koç, H., Şimşir, Z., Seki, T., & Griffiths, M. (2021). The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: A meta-analysis. Death Studies, 46(3), 515–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1889097
  • Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2017). Self-distancing: Theory, research, and current directions. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 81–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.002
  • Kwon, H. R., Eoh, Y., & Park, S. H. (2020). The mediating role of catastrophizing in the relationship between emotional clarity and posttraumatic stress symptoms among earthquake survivors in Korea: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in psychology, 11(s1), 1114. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01114.
  • Larsen, S. E., & Berenbaum, H. (2015). Are specific emotion regulation strategies differentially associated with posttraumatic growth versus stress? Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(7), 794–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1062451
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Lodhi, F. S., Elsous, A. M., Irum, S., Khan, A. A., & Rabbani, U. (2020). Psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among pregnant women in Abbottabad, Pakistan. General Psychiatry, 33(5), 5. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100276
  • Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving [Article]. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69(1), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.176
  • Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2014). J.J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (Vol. 2, pp. 469–490). The Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00098
  • Michel-Kröhler, A., Kaurin, A., Heil, L. F., & Berti, S. (2020). Self-distancing as a strategy to regulate affect and aggressive behavior in athletes: An experimental approach to explore emotion regulation in the laboratory. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572030
  • Morgan, J. K., Desmarais, S. L., Mitchell, R. E., & Simons-Rudolph, J. M. (2017). Posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth, and satisfaction with life in military veterans. Military Psychology, 29(5), 434–447. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000182
  • Mosley, A. J., & Branscombe, N. R. (2021). Benefit-finding improves well-being among women who have experienced gender discrimination [Article]. Sex Roles, 84(7/8), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01175-5
  • Munroe, M., Al-Refae, M., Chan, H. W., & Ferrari, M. (2022). Using self-compassion to grow in the face of trauma: The role of positive reframing and problem-focused coping strategies. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(S1), S157–S164. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001164
  • Najafi Gharehasani, E., Yazdanbakhsh, K., & Moment, K. (2020). Predicting vicarious post traumatic growth based on cognitive flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in nurses providing services to Kermanshah earthquake victims. Journal of Health and Care, 22(1), 17–24. doi:10.29252/jhc.22.1.17
  • Nook, E. C., Schleider, J. L., & Somerville, L. H. (2017). A linguistic signature of psychological distancing in emotion regulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146(3), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000263
  • Ord, A. S., Stranahan, K. R., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2020). Stress-related growth: Building a more resilient brain. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 32(3), A4–212. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20050111
  • Orejuela-Dávila, A. I., Levens, S. M., Sagui-Henson, S. J., Tedeschi, R. G., & Sheppes, G. (2019). The relation between emotion regulation choice and posttraumatic growth. Cognition and Emotion, 33(8), 1709–1717. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1592117
  • Pai, N., & Vella, S.-L. (2021). COVID-19 and loneliness: A rapid systematic review [Article]. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(12), 1144–1156. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211031489
  • Pathak, E. B., Menard, J. M., Garcia, R. B., & Salemi, J. L. (2022). Joint effects of socioeconomic position, race/ethnicity, and gender on COVID-19 mortality among working-age adults in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5479, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095479
  • Pimentel, S. D., Adams, H., Ellis, T., Clark, R., Sully, C., Paré, C., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2020). The sequential relation between changes in catastrophizing and changes in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(5), 731–740. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22519
  • Rezaie, Z., Afshari, B., & Balagabri, Z. (2021). Effects of dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation, distress tolerance, craving, and depression in patients with opioid dependence disorder. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-020-09487-z
  • Robinson, J. A., & Swanson, K. L. (1993). Field and observer modes of remembering. Memory (Hove, England), 1(3), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658219308258230
  • Rodríguez-Sabiote, C., Ibáñez-Cubillas, P., López-Rodríguez, S., & Álvarez-Rodríguez, J. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the cognitive emotional regulation difficulties questionnaire (CERQ) in higher education students in times of Covid-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695147
  • Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., Inglés, C. J., Reinoso-Pacheco, R., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2020). Factorial invariance, latent mean differences of the Panas and affective profiles and its relation to social anxiety in Ecuadorian sample. Sustainability, 12(7), 2976. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072976
  • Schiavone, E., Freeman, J., & O'Connor, E. (2021). Delivering exposure therapy via telehealth: Benefits and challenges [Article]. Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, 37(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbl.30527
  • Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
  • Spialek, M. L., Houston, J. B., & Worley, K. C. (2019). Disaster communication, posttraumatic stress, and posttraumatic growth following Hurricane Matthew. Journal of Health Communication, 24(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1574319
  • Spidel, A., Lecomte, T., Kealy, D., & Daigneault, I. (2018). Acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis and trauma: Improvement in psychiatric symptoms, emotion regulation, and treatment compliance following a brief group intervention. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 91(2), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12159
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education. ISBN: 978-0-205-45938-4.
  • Taube, L. N., & Mussap, A. J. (2022). Growth from adversity in trans and gender diverse people of color. International Journal of Transgender Health, 23(1-2), 194–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1777615
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Taku, K., Senol-Durak, E., & Calhoun, L. G. (2017). The posttraumatic growth inventory: A revision integrating existential and spiritual change. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22155
  • Tomyn, A. J., Tyszkiewicz, M. D. F., & Cummins, R. A. (2013). The personal wellbeing index: Psychometric equivalence for adults and school children. Social Indicators Research, 110(3), 913–924. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9964-9
  • Tyra, A. T., Ginty, A. T., & John-Henderson, N. A. (2021). Emotion regulation strategies predict PTSS during the COVID-19 pandemic in an American Indian population. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(6), 808–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-021-09964-2
  • Uy, K. K., & Okubo, Y. (2018). Reassembling a shattered life: A study of posttraumatic growth in displaced Cambodian community leaders (Vol. 9). Educational Publishing Foundation.
  • Variyan, G., & Reimer, K. (2022). Academic, interrupted: exploring learning, labour and identity at the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic [Article]. Studies in Continuing Education, 44(2), 316–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2021.1950670
  • Vazquez, C., Valiente, C., García, F. E., Contreras, A., Peinado, V., Trucharte, A., & Bentall, R. P. (2021). Post-traumatic growth and stress-related responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in a national representative sample: The role of positive core beliefs about the world and others [Article]. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(7), 2915–2935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00352-3
  • Wayment, H. A., Al-Kire, R., & Brookshire, K. (2019). Challenged and changed: Quiet ego and posttraumatic growth in mothers raising children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 23(3), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318763971
  • Wei, W., Li, X., Tu, X., Zhao, J., & Zhao, G. (2016). Perceived social support, hopefulness, and emotional regulations as mediators of the relationship between enacted stigma and post-traumatic growth among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS in rural China. AIDS Care, 28(sup1), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1146217
  • Weiss, N. H., Nelson, R. J., Contractor, A. A., & Sullivan, T. P. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and posttraumatic stress disorder: A test of the incremental role of difficulties regulating positive emotions. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 32(4), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2019.1618842
  • Wenzel, M., Rowland, Z., & Kubiak, T. (2021). Examining five pathways on how self-control is associated with emotion regulation and affective well-being in daily life. Journal of personality, 89(3), 451–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12590
  • Yehuda, R., Hoge, C. W., McFarlane, A. C., Vermetten, E., Lanius, R. A., Nievergelt, C. M., Hobfoll, S. E., Koenen, K. C., Neylan, T. C., & Hyman, S. E. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.57
  • Yu, Y., Peng, L., Tang, T., Chen, L., Li, M., & Wang, T. (2014). Effects of emotion regulation and general self-efficacy on posttraumatic growth in Chinese cancer survivors: assessing the mediating effect of positive affect. Psycho-Oncology, 23(4), 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3434
  • Yue, T., Li, Q., Wang, R., Liu, Z., Guo, M., Bai, F., Zhang, Z., Wang, W., Cheng, Y., & Wang, H. (2020). Comparison of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Zung Self-rating Anxiety/Depression Scale (SAS/SDS) in evaluating anxiety and depression in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 236(2), 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1159/000498848

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.