Reassessing Corporate Image—An Examination of How Image Bridges Symbolic Relationships With Behavioral Relationships

REFERENCES

• Alvesson , M. 1990 . Organization: From substance to image . Organization Studies , 11 : 373 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. L. 2003 . AMOS for windows. Analysis of moment structures (Version 5.0) , Chicago : SmallWaters .
   Google Scholar
• Bagozzi , R. P. 1981 . Attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A test of some key hypotheses . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 : 607 – 627 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskin , O. and Aronoff , C. 1988 . Public relations: The profession and the practice , 2nd ed , Dubuque, IA : Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Bear , G. and Hodun , A. 1975 . Implicational principles and the cognition of confirmatory, contradictory, incomplete and irrelevant information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 32 : 694 – 704 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1981 . Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing . Psychology Review , 88 : 354 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. 1995 . Accounts, excuses, and apologies: A theory of image restoration strategies. , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. 1997 . Image repair discourse and crisis communication . Public Relations Review , 23 : 177 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P.M. 1989 . EQS structural equations program manual , Los Angeles : BMDP Statistical Software .
   Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. and Speckart , G. 1979 . Modelsofattitude–behavior relations . Psychological Review , 86 : 452 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. and Speckart , G. 1981 . Attitudes “cause” behavior: A structural equation analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 226 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger , B. K. 1999 . The halcion affair: Public relations and the constructionofideological world view . Journal of Public Relations Research , 11 : 185 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernays , E. L. 1977 . Down with image, up with reality . Public Relations Quarterly , 22 ( 1 ) : 12 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , D. 1984 . Company image and reality: A critique of corporate communications , New York : Holt, Rinehart, & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Botan , C. H. 1993 . A human nature approach to image and ethics in international public relations . Journal of Public Relations Research , 5 : 71 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Botan , C. H. and Soto , F. 1998 . Asemiotic approach tothe internal functioningof publics: Implications for strategic communication and public relations . Public Relations Review , 24 : 21 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulding , K. E. 1973 . The image: Knowledge in life and society , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burgoon , M. , Cohen , M. , Miller , M. D. and Montgomery , C. L. 1978 . Anempirical testofamodel resistance to persuasion . Human Communication Research , 5 : 27 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Cantor , N. and Mischel , W. 1977 . Traits as prototypes: Effects on recognition memory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 13 : 38 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , C. 2002 . Self-congruency as a cue in different advertising–processing contexts . Communication Research , 29 : 503 – 536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri , A. and Holbrook , M. B. 2001 . The chain ofeffect from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: The role of brand loyalty . Journal of Marketing , 65 ( 2 ) : 81 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , C. 1981 . Person categories and social perception: Testing some boundaries of the processing effects of prior knowledge . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 441 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , R. T. 1989 . Improving your small organization's image . Public Relations Journal , 45 : 26 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Coombs , W. T. 1995 . Choosing the right words: The development of guidelines for the selection of the “appropriate” crisis-response strategies . Management Communication Quarterly , 8 : 447 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Coombs , W. T. 1998 . An analytic framework for crisis situations: Better responses from a better understanding of the situation . Journal of Public Relations Research , 10 : 177 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Coombs , W. T. and Holladay , S. J. 1996 . Communication and attributions in a crisis: An experimental study in crisis communication . Journal of Public Relations Research , 8 : 279 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Coombs , W. T. and Holladay , S. J. 2001 . An extended examination of the crisis situations: A fusion of the relational management and symbolic approaches . Journal of Public Relations Research , 13 : 321 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Cutlip , S. M. 1991 . Cutlip tells of heroes and goats encountered in 55-year PR career . O’Dwyer's PR Services Report , 6 : 51 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Denbow , C. J. and Culbertson , H. M. 1985 . Linkage beliefs and diagnosing an image . Public Relations Review , 11 : 29 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling , G. R. 1986 . Managing your corporate images . Industrial Marketing Management , 15 : 109 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , E. M. 1986 . Meaning and interpretation in organizations . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 72 : 88 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Fearn-Banks , K. 2002 . Crisis communications: A casebook approach. , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1975 . Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Fournier , S. 1998 . Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer research . Journal of Consumer Research , 24 : 343 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredricks , A. J. and Dossett , K. L. 1983 . Attitude–behavior relations: A comparison of the Fishbein– Ajzen and the Bentler–Speckart models . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 501 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. and Sakumura , J. S. 1967 . Attitude and selective learning: Where are the phenomena of yesteryear . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1 : 387 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Grunig , J. E. 1993 . Image and substance: From symbolic to behavioral relationships . Public Relations Review , 19 : 121 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundlach , G. T. , Achrol , R. S. and Mentzer , J. T. 1995 . The structureofcommitmentinexchange . Journal of Marketing , 59 : 78 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath , R. L. 1994 . Management of corporate communication: From interpersonal contacts to external affairs , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , T. E. and Rholes , W. S. 1978 . Sayingisbelieving: Effectsofmessage modificationonmemory and the liking for the person described . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 14 : 363 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , J. W. and Rothbart , M. 1980 . Social categorization and memory for in-group and out-group behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 301 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutton , J. G. , Goodman , M. B. , Alexander , J. B. and Genest , C. M. 2001 . Reputation management: The new face of corporate public relations . Public Relations Review , 27 : 247 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaccard , J. , Radecki , C. , Wilson , T. and Dittus , P. 1995 . “ Methods for identifying consequential beliefs: Implications for understanding attitude strength ” . In Attitude strength— Antecedents and consequences , Edited by: Petty , R. E. and Krosnick , J. A. 337 – 359 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. G. and Sörbom , D. 1996 . LISREL 8: User's reference guide , Chicago : Scientific Software .
   Google Scholar
• Kauffman , J. 1997 . NASA in crisis: The space agency's public relations efforts regarding the Hubble Space Telescope . Public Relations Review , 23 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellermann , K. 1985 . Memory processes in media effects . Communication Research , 12 : 83 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach , M. P. and Liu , A. H. 1998 . The use of culturally relevant stimuli in international advertising . Psychology & Marketing , 15 : 523 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , W. and Pfau , M. 1997 . The effectiveness of cognitive and affective inoculation appeals in conferring resistance against cognitive and affective attacks Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison
   Google Scholar
• MacCallum , R. C. 1986 . Specification searches in covariance structure modeling . Psychological Bulletin , 100 : 107 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandler , G. 1982 . “ The structure ofvalue: Accounting for taste ” . In Affect and cognition: The 17th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition , Edited by: Clark , M.S. and Fiske , S. T. 3 – 36 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Marken , G. A. 1990 . Corporate image—We all have one, but few workto protect and project it . Public Relations Quarterly , 35 ( 1 ) : 21 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyers-Levy , J. and Tybout , A. M. 1989 . Schema congruity as a basis for product evaluation . Journal of Consumer Research , 16 : 39 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , M. D. and Burgoon , M. 1979 . The relationship between violations of expectations and the induction of resistance to persuasion . Human Communication Research , 5 : 301 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , A. A. and Olson , J. C. 1981 . Are product attribute beliefs the only mediator of advertising effects on brand attitude . Journal of Marketing Research , 18 : 318 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt , M. A. 1994 . A cultural studies perspective toward understanding corporate image: A case study of State Farm insurance . Journal of Public Relations Research , 6 : 41 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , R. M. and Hunt , S. D. 1994 . The commitment–trust theory of relationship marketing . Journal of Marketing , 58 : 20 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olins , W. 1991 . Corporate identity: Do we have it all wrong . Across the Board , 28 : 29 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill , H. W. 1984 . How opinion surveys can help public relations strategy . Public Relations Review , 10 : 3 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty , R. E. , Haugtvedt , C. P. and Smith , S. M. 1995 . “ Elaboration as a determinant of attitude strength: Creating attitudes that are persistent, resistant, and predictive of behavior ” . In Attitude strength—Antecedents and consequences , Edited by: Petty , R. E. and Krosnick , J. A. 93 – 130 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Pfau , M. 1992 . The potentialofinoculationinpromoting resistancetothe effectivenessofcomparative advertising messages . Communication Quarterly , 40 : 26 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfau , M. and Burgoon , M. 1988 . Inoculation in political campaign communication . Human Communication Research , 15 : 91 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfau , M. , Kenski , H. C. , Nitz , M. and Sorenson , J. 1990 . Efficacy of inoculation strategiesin promoting resistanceto political attack messages: Applicationto direct mail . Communication Monographs , 57 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfau , M. , Tusing , K. J. , Koerner , A. F. , Lee , W. , Godbold , L. C. Penaloza , L. J. 1997 . Enriching the inoculation construct: The role of critical components in the process of resistance . Human Communication Research , 24 : 187 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfau , M. , Tusing , K. J. , Lee , W. , Godbold , L. C. , Koerner , A. F. Penaloza , L. J. 1997 . Nuances in inoculation: The roleofinoculation approach, ego-involvement, and message processing disposition in resistance . Communication Quarterly , 45 : 461 – 481 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfau , M. , Van Bockern , S. and Kang , J. G. 1992 . Use of inoculation to promote resistance to smoking initiation among adolescents . Communication Monographs , 59 : 213 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picek , J. S. , Sherman , S. J. and Shiffrin , R. M. 1975 . Cognitive organization and coding of social structures . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 31 : 758 – 768 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokeach , M. 1968 . Beliefs, attitudes, and values , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , M. and DeBono , K. G. 1985 . Appeals to image and claims about quality: Understanding the psychology of advertising . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 : 586 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treadwell , D. F. and Harrison , T. M. 1994 . Conceptualizing and assessing organizational image: Model images, commitment, and communication . Communication Monographs , 61 : 63 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulmer , R. R. 2001 . Effective crisis management through established stakeholder relationships . Management Communication Quarterly , 14 : 590 – 615 .
   Google Scholar
• Wan , H. H. and Pfau , W. M. 2004 . The relative effectiveness of inoculation, bolstering, and combined approaches in crisis communication . Journal of Public Relations Research , 16 : 327 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , C. L. and Mowen , J. C. 1997 . The separateness–connectedness self-schema: Scale development and application to message construction . Psychology & Marketing , 14 : 185 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , S. L. and Moffitt , M. A. 1997 . Corporate image as an impression formation process: Prioritizing personal, organizational, and environmental audience factors . Journal of Public Relations Research , 9 : 237 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , L. J. 2000 . Strategic program planning for effective public relations campaigns , Dubuque, IA : Kendall/Hunt .
   Google Scholar
• Wittenbraker , J. , Gibbs , B. L. and Kahle , I. R. 1983 . Seatbelt attitudes, habits, and behaviors: An adaptive amendment of the Fishbein model . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 13 : 406 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuwerink , J. R. and Devine , P. G. 1996 . Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It's not just the thought that counts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 931 – 944 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar