References
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
- Babcock-Roberson, M. E., & Strickland, O. J. (2010). The relationship between charismatic leadership, work engagement, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Journal of Psychology, 144(3), 313–326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223981003648336
- Bhatnagar, J., & Biswas, S. (2010). Predictors & outcomes of employee engagement: Implications for the resource-based view perspective. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(2), 273–286. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41149446
- Bies, R. J. (2001). Interactional (in)justice: The sacred and the profane. In Advances in organizational Justice (pp. 89–118). Standford University Press.
- Bies, R. J., & Shapiro, D. L. (1987). Interactional fairness judgments: The influence of causal accounts. Social Justice Research, 1(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01048016
- Biswas, S., Varma, A., & Ramaswami, A. (2013). Linking distributive and procedural justice to employee engagement through social exchange: A field study in India. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(8), 1570–1587. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.725072
- Boh, W. F., Nguyen, T. T., & Xu, Y. (2013). Knowledge transfer across dissimilar cultures. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271311300723
- Brandon, D. M., Long, J. H., Loraas, T. M., Mueller-Phillips, J., & Vansant, B. (2013). Online instrument delivery and participant recruitment services: Emerging opportunities for behavioral accounting research. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 26(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2308/bria-50651
- Buttner, E. H., Lowe, K. B., & Billings‐Harris, L. (2010). Diversity climate impact on employee of color outcomes: Does justice matter? Career Development International, 15(3), 239–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431011053721
- Carmeli, A., Reiter-Palmon, R., & Ziv, E. (2010). Inclusive leadership and employee involvement in creative tasks in the workplace: The mediating role of psychological safety. Creativity Research Journal, 22(3), 250–260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2010.504654
- Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x
- Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2001.2958
- Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Ssychology, 86(3), 425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425
- Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.386
- Cottrill, K., Lopez, P. D., & Hoffman, C. C. (2014). How authentic leadership and inclusion benefit organizations. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33(3), 275–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-05-2012-0041
- Cropanzano, R., Byrne, Z. S., Bobocel, D. R., & Rupp, D. E. (2001). Moral virtues, fairness heuristics, social entities, and other denizens of organizational justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(2), 164–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1791
- Cropanzano, R., & Byrne, Z. S. (2001). When it’s time to stop writing policies: An inquiry into procedural injustice. Human Resource Management Review, 11(1–2), 31–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00039-5
- Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
- Dhanani, L. Y., Beus, J. M., & Joseph, D. L. (2018). Workplace discrimination: A meta‐analytic extension, critique, and future research agenda. Personnel Psychology, 71(2), 147–179. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12254
- DiTomaso, N., Post, C., & Parks-Yancy, R. (2007). Workforce diversity and inequality: Power, status, and numbers. Annual Review of Sociology, 33(1), 473–501. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131805
- Dortok, A. (2006). A managerial look at the interaction between internal communication and corporate reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 8(4), 322–338. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540258
- Downey, S. N., van der Werff, L., Thomas, K. M., & Plaut, V. C. (2015). The role of diversity practices and inclusion in promoting trust and employee engagement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12273
- Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., & Grunig, J. E. (1995). Manager’s guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2), 229–273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2667087
- Fujishiro, K., & Heaney, C. A. (2009). Justice at work, job stress, and employee health. Health Education & Behavior, 36(3), 487–504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198107306435
- Ghosh, P., Rai, A., & Sinha, A. (2014). Organizational justice and employee engagement. Personnel Review, 43(4), 628–652. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-08-2013-0148
- Grunig, J. E. (1992). Symmetrical systems of internal communication. In J. E. Grunig (Ed.), Excellence in public relations and communication management (pp. 531–575). Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Grunig, J. E., & Hunt, T. (1984). Managing public relations. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
- Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E., & Dozier, D. M. (2002). Excellent public relations and effective organizations. Erlbaum.
- Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495–513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
- Hon, L. C., & Brunner, B. (2000). Diversity issues and public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(4), 309–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1204_2
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
- Huang, Y. H. (2001). Values of public relations: Effects on organization–public relationships mediating conflict resolution. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13(4), 265–301. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1304_01
- Huang, Y. H. (2004). Is symmetrical communication ethical and effective? Journal of Business Ethics, 53(4), 333–352. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000043494.17425.c6
- Jiang, H., & Men, R. L. (2017). Creating an engaged workforce: The impact of authentic leadership, transparent organizational communication, and work-life enrichment. Communication Research, 44(2), 225–243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215613137
- Kang, M., & Sung, M. (2017). How symmetrical employee communication leads to employee engagement and positive employee communication behaviors. Journal of Communication Management, 21(1), 82–102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-04-2016-0026
- Kang, M., & Sung, M. (2019). To leave or not to leave: The effects of perceptions of organizational justice on employee turnover intention via employee-organization relationship and employee job engagement. Journal of Public Relations Research, 31(5–6), 152–175. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2019.1680988
- Karanges, E., Johnston, K., Beatson, A., & Lings, I. (2015). The influence of internal communication on employee engagement: A pilot study. Public Relations Review, 41(1), 129–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.12.003
- Kent, M. L., & Lane, A. (2021). Two-way communication, symmetry, negative spaces, and dialogue. Public Relations Review, 47(2), 102014. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102014
- Kim, H. S. (2007). A multilevel study of antecedents and a mediator of employee—Organization relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(2), 167–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260701290695
- Kim, J. N., & Rhee, Y. (2011). Strategic thinking about employee communication behavior (ECB) in public relations: Testing the models of megaphoning and scouting effects in Korea. Journal of Public Relations Research, 23(3), 243–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2011.582204
- Kim, T. Y., & Leung, K. (2007). Forming and reacting to overall fairness: A cross-cultural comparison. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.01.004
- Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
- Kock, N., & Lynn, G. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580.
- Krentz, M. (2019). Survey: What diversity and inclusion policies do employees actually want? Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2019/02/survey-what-diversity-and-inclusion-policies-do-employees-actually-want
- Kress, N. (2005). Engaging your employees through the power of communication. Workspan, 48(5), 26–36. https://www.proquest.com/docview/194717372
- Lee, Y., & Kim, J. (2021). Cultivating employee creativity through strategic internal communication: The role of leadership, symmetry, and feedback seeking behaviors. Public Relations Review, 47(1), 101998. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101998
- Lee, Y., & Kim, K. H. (2020). Enhancing employee advocacy on social media: The value of internal relationship management approach. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 26(2), 311–327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-05-2020-0088
- Lee, Y., Li, J. Y. Q., & Tsai, W. H. S. (2021). The role of strategic internal communication in workplace discrimination: A perspective of racial minority employees. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 15(1) , 37–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2020.1855591
- Lee, Y., Tao, W., Li, J. Y. Q., & Sun, R. (2020). Enhancing employees’ knowledge sharing through diversity-oriented leadership and strategic internal communication during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(6), 1526–1549. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-06-2020-0483
- Lee, Y. (2018). Dynamics of symmetrical communication within organizations: The impacts of channel usage of CEO, managers, and peers. International Journal of Business Communication, 59(1) , 3–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488418803661
- Lemon, L. L. (2019). The employee experience: How employees make meaning of employee engagement. Journal of Public Relations Research, 31(5–6), 176–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2019.1704288
- Len-Rios, M. E. (1998). Minority public relations practitioner perceptions. Public Relations Review, 24(4), 535–555. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80116-7
- Leventhal, G. S., Karuza, J., & Fry, W. R. (1980). Beyond fairness: A theory of allocation preferences. In G. Mikula (Ed.), Justice and social interaction (pp. 167–218). Springer-Verlag.
- Linnehan, F., & Konrad, A. M. (1999). Diluting diversity: Implications for intergroup inequality in organizations. Journal of Management Inquiry, 8(4), 399–414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/105649269984009
- Llorens, S., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W., & Salanova, M. (2006). Testing the robustness of the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(3), 378. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.3.378
- Logan, N. (2021). A theory of corporate responsibility to race (CRR): Communication and racial justice in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 33(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2021.1881898
- Luo, Y. (2007). The independent and interactive roles of procedural, distributive, and interactional justice in strategic alliances. Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 644–664. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.25526452
- Luu, T. T., Rowley, C., & Thao, V. T. (2019). Addressing employee diversity to foster their work engagement. Journal of Business Research, 95, 303–315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.08.017
- Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
- McCord, M. A., Joseph, D. L., Dhanani, L. Y., & Beus, J. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of sex and race differences in perceived workplace mistreatment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(2), 137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000250
- McCown, N. (2007). The role of public relations with internal activists. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260709336595
- McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial‐ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 349–374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00116.x
- Men, L. R., & Bowen, S. A. (2016). Excellence in internal communication management. Business Expert Press.
- Men, L. R., & Stacks, D. (2014). The effects of authentic leadership on strategic internal communication and employee-organization relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(4), 301–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2014.908720
- Men, L. R. (2014). Why leadership matters to internal communication: Linking transformational leadership, symmetrical communication, and employee outcomes. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(3), 256–279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2014.908719
- Men, R. L., & Bowen, S. A. (2017). Excellence in internal communication management. Business Expert Press.
- Moldogaziev, T. T., & Silvia, C. (2015). Fostering affective organizational commitment in public sector agencies: The significance of multifaceted leadership roles. Public Administration, 93(3), 557–575. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12139
- Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(6), 845. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.6.845
- Nadiri, H., & Tanova, C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.05.001
- Nembhard, I. M., & Edmondson, A. C. (2006). Making it safe: The effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(7), 941–966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.413
- Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527–556. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/256591
- Nishii, L. H., & Mayer, D. M. (2009). Do inclusive leaders help to reduce turnover in diverse groups? The moderating role of leader–member exchange in the diversity to turnover relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017190
- Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books.
- Parker, R. J., & Kohlmeyer, J. M., III. (2005). Organizational justice and turnover in public accounting firms: A research note. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 30(4), 357–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2004.05.001
- Plaut, V. C., Garnett, F. G., Buffardi, L. E., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2011). “What about me?” Perceptions of exclusion and Whites’ reactions to multiculturalism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022832
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879.
- Pompper, D. (2004). Linking ethnic diversity & two-way symmetry: Modeling female African American practitioners’ roles. Journal of Public Relations Research, 16(3), 269–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1532-754X.2004.11925130
- Rhee, Y. (2002). Global public relations: A cross-cultural study of the excellence theory in South Korea. Journal of Public Relations Research, 14(3), 159–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1403_1
- Roberson, Q. M., & Stevens, C. K. (2006). Making sense of diversity in the workplace: Organizational justice and language abstraction in employees’ accounts of diversity-related incidents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 379. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.379
- Roberts, L. M., & Mayo, A. J. (2019). Toward a racially just workplace. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2019/11/toward-a-racially-just-workplace
- Ruck, K., & Welch, M. (2012). Valuing internal communication; management and employee perspectives. Public Relations Review, 38(2), 294–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.12.016
- Rupp, D. E., & Cropanzano, R. (2002). The mediating effects of social exchange relationships in predicting workplace outcomes from multifoci organizational justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89(1), 925–946. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00036-5
- Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
- Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
- Sha, B.-L. (2004). Noether’s Theorem: The science of symmetry and the law of conservation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 16(4), 391–416. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1604_4
- Sha, B.-L. (2007). Dimensions of public relations: Moving beyond traditional public relations models. In S. Duhe (Ed.), New media and public relations (pp. 3–25). Peter Lang.
- Shen, H., & Jiang, H. (2019). Engaged at work? An employee engagement model in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 31(1–2), 32–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2019.1585855
- Shinnar, R. S., Young, C. A., & Meana, M. (2004). The motivations for and outcomes of employee referrals. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(2), 271–283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-004-0552-8
- Simons, T., Friedman, R., Liu, L. A., & McLean Parks, J. (2007). Racial differences in sensitivity to behavioral integrity: Attitudinal consequences, in-group effects, and” trickle down” among Black and non-Black employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 650. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.650
- Sweetman, D., & Luthans, F. (2010). The power of positive psychology: Psychological capital and work engagement. In A. B. Bakker, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 54–68). Psychology Press.
- Taylor, M. S., Tracy, K. B., Renard, M. K., Harrison, J. K., & Carroll, S. J. (1995). Due process in performance appraisal: A quasi-experiment in procedural justice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3), 495–523. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2393795
- Thelen, P. D. (2020). Internal communicators’ understanding of the definition and importance of employee advocacy. Public Relations Review, 46(4), 101946. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101946
- Verčič, A. T., & Vokić, N. P. (2017). Engaging employees through internal communication. Public Relations Review, 43(5), 885–893. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.04.005
- Wagstaff, M. F., Del Carmen Triana, M., Kim, S., & Al‐Riyami, S. (2015). Responses to discrimination: Relationships between social support seeking, core self‐evaluations, and withdrawal behaviors. Human Resource Management, 54(4), 673–687. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21634
- Walden, J. A., & Kingsley Westerman, C. Y. (2018). Strengthening the tie: Creating exchange relationships that encourage employee advocacy as an organizational citizenship behavior. Management Communication Quarterly, 32(4), 593–611. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318918783612
- Walden, J., Jung, E. H., & Westerman, C. Y. (2017). Employee communication, job engagement, and organizational commitment: A study of members of the Millennial generation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 29(2–3), 73–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2017.1329737
- Yue, C. A., Men, L. R., & Ferguson, M. A. (2021). Examining the effects of internal communication and emotional culture on employees’ organizational identification. International Journal of Business Communication, 58(2), 169–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420914066
- Zerbinos, E., & Clanton, G. A. (1993). Minority practitioners: Career influences, job satisfaction, and discrimination. Public Relations Review, 19(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0363-8111(93)90031-7
- Zhang, H., & Agarwal, N. C. (2009). The mediating roles of organizational justice on the relationships between HR practices and workplace outcomes: An investigation in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(3), 676–693. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802707482