The eugenics movement and its impact on art education in the United States

References

• Allen, G. E. (1989). Eugenics and American social history 1880–1950. Genome, 31, 885–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. (2009). Legal education reform, diversity, and access to justice. Rutgers Law Review, 61(1), 1101–1036.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, L. (2009). The birth of American intelligence testing. Monitor on Psychology, 40, 20–31.
   Google Scholar
• Bobbitt, J. F. (1923). How to make a curriculum. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Botstein, L. (2014, March 7). College president: SAT is part hoax part fraud. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/15199/college-president-sat-is-part-hoax-and-part-fraud/.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Education. (1918). Cardinal principles of secondary education. Washington, DC: U.S. Printing Office. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/cardinalprincipl00natiuoft.
   Google Scholar
• Cary, R. (2011). Critical art pedagogy: Foundations for postmodern art education. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chalmers, G. (1996). Celebrating pluralism: Art education and cultural diversity. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, J., & Chapman, L. (1969). Illusory correlation as an obstacle to the use of valid psychodiagnostic signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 271–280.
   Google Scholar
• Chappell, S., & Cahnmann-Taylor, M. (2013). No child left with crayons: Arts-based education for language minority and other minoritized students. Review of Research in Education, 37(1), 243–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cold Spring Harbor. (2016). About us. Retrieved from http://www.cshl.edu/About-Us/History/.
   Google Scholar
• Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species. London, UK: Murray.
   Google Scholar
• Darwin, L. (1984). The need for eugenic reform. New York, NY: Garland Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Davenport, C. (1911). Heredity in relation to eugenics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dewey, J. (1914). On industrial education. Curriculum Inquiry, 7, 53–60.
   Google Scholar
• Dewey, J. (1915). Education v. trade-training. Curriculum Inquiry 7:37–39.
   Google Scholar
• Dewey, J. (1934). Art as experience. New York, NY: Berkley Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbs, M. (2000). Art criticism as writing as well as talking. In R. A. Smith. (Ed.), Readings in discipline based art education (pp. 134–146). Reston, VA: National Art Education Association.
   Google Scholar
• Dow, A. W. (1899). Composition, A series of exercises in art structure for the use of students and teachers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Efland, A. (1990). A history of art education: Intellectual and social currents in teaching the visual arts. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisner, E. W. (1987). The role of discipline-based art education in America's schools. Art Education, 40(5), 6–26.
   Google Scholar
• Eisner, E. W. (2002). The arts and the creation of mind. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goddard, H. H. (1914). Feeblemindedness: Its causes and consequences. New York, NY: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Goodenough, F. (1926). A new approach to the measurement of intelligence of young children. Journal of Genetic Psychology 33:185–211.
   Google Scholar
• Gould, S. J. (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, M. (1995). Releasing the imagination: Essays on education, the arts, and social change. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Greer, W. (1997). DBAE and art education reform. Visual Arts Research, 23, 25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, K., & Longstreet, W. (1990). Alternative testing and the national agenda for control. Social Studies, 81, 148.
   Google Scholar
• Herrnstein, R., & Murray, C. (1996). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hertzberg, H. W. (1981). Social studies reform 1880–1980. Boulder, CO: SSEC Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hetland, L., Winner, E., Veenema, S., & Sheridan, K. (2007). Studio thinking. New York, NY: Teacher's College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Higbee, J. (2001). 2001: A developmental odyssey. Warrensburg, MO: National Association for Developmental Education.
   Google Scholar
• Jaschik, S. (2010, June 21). New evidence of racial bias on SAT. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/06/21/sat
   Google Scholar
• Jorgensen, G. (2012). John Dewey and the dawn of social studies: Unraveling conflicting interpretations of the 1916 report. New York, NY: Information Age Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kliebard, H. M. (1986). The struggle for the American curriculum, 1893–1958. Boston, MA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Koza, J. (2007). In sounds and silences: Acknowledging political engagement. Philosophy of Music Education Review, 15(2), 168–176.
   Google Scholar
• Labaree, D. (2011). How Dewey lost. In D. Tröhler, T. Schlag, and F. Osterwalder (Eds.), Pragmatism and modernities (pp. 163–190). Rotterdam, Holland: Sense Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, T. (2014). Myth of social Darwinism. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71(3), 37–51.
   Google Scholar
• Lemann, N. (1999). The big test: The secret history of the American meritocracy. New York, NY: Farrar Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Levine, L. (1990). Highbrow/lowbrow: The emergence of cultural hierarchy in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lockee, B., & Wang, F. (2014). Visual arts education. In M. Spector & D. Merril (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 583–590). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lovejoy, A. (2001). The great chain of being. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lovett, L. (2007). Conceiving the future: Pronationalism, reproduction and the family in the United States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meier, D., & Wood, G. (2004). Many children left Behind: How the No Child Left Behind Act is damaging our children and our schools. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, A. E. (1967). An educational history of the American people (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw.
   Google Scholar
• National Art Education Association. (1994). National standards for arts education. Retrieved from http://www.arteducators.org/research/nccas.
   Google Scholar
• National Coalition for Core Art Standards. (2014). National Core Art Standards. Retrieved from http://www.nationalartsstandards.org.
   Google Scholar
• Ornstein, A. C., & Levine, D. L. (1993). Foundations of education (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2009). 21st century skills framework. Retrieved from http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/P21_Framework.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Poulin, J. (2014). What you need to know about the new National Core Art Standards. Retrieved from http://blog.artsusa.org/2014/06/04/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-national-core-arts-standards/.
   Google Scholar
• Posser, C. (1917). The Smith-Hughes Act and the land-grant colleges. Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1151212W/The_Smith-Hughes_Act_and_the_land-grant_colleges.
   Google Scholar
• Prois, J. (2011, April 25). Does the SAT have a racial bias? The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/25/sat-system-needs-reform_n_853518.html.
   Google Scholar
• Robelen, E. (2011, February 28). Arts education sees decline, especially for minorities, report suggests. Education Week online. Retrieved from http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/curriculum/2011/02/new_study_suggests_arts_ed_for.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rockmore, T. (2013). Art and truth after Plato. Chicago, IL: Chicago Scholarship Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, B., & Noguera, P. (2004). Tracking detracking: Sorting through the dilemmas and possibilities of detracking in practice. Equity & Excellence in Education, 37, 92–101.
   Google Scholar
• Sabol, F. R. (2010). Summary of findings from NCLB: A study of its impact upon art education program (Research Report Summary). Retrieved from www.arteducators.org/research/nclb.
   Google Scholar
• Selden, S. (1999). Inheriting shame: The story of eugenics and racism in America (Advances in contemporary educational thought). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shedd, J. (2003). The history of the student credit hour. New Directions for Higher Education, 122, 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, P. (1986). The ecology of picture study. Art Education, 39(5), 48–54.
   Google Scholar
• Snedden, D. (1900). The schools of the rank and file. The Stanford Alumnus I, 929–936.
   Google Scholar
• Snedden, D. (1910). The Problem of vocational education. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, H. (1860). Education: Intellectual, moral, and physical. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Co.
   Google Scholar
• Stankiewicz, M. (2000). Discipline and the future of art education. [Electronic version]. Studies in Art Education, 41, 301–313.
   Google Scholar
• Stoskopf, A. (2002). Echoes of a forgotten past: Eugenic, testing and education reform. The Educational Forum, 66, 126–133.
   Google Scholar
• Tarr, P. (2001). Aesthetic codes in early childhood classrooms: What art education can learn from Reggio Emilia. Art Education, 17(2), 2–10.
   Google Scholar
• Tirupalavanam, G. (2011). Children-produced drawings: An interpretive and analytic tool for researchers. In E. Margolis & L. Pauwels (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of visual research methods (pp. 214–220). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. S. (1994). The science and politics of racial research. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education. (2001). Digest of educational statistics. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Winfield, A. G. (2004). Eugenics and education: Implications of ideology, memory, and history for education in the United States. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC.
   Google Scholar
• Wirth, A. (1996). Vocational education. In Philosophy of education: An encyclopedia. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• White House Office of the Press Secretary. (2010). President Obama expands “Educate to Innovate” campaign for excellence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-expands-educate-innovate-campaign-excellence-science-technology-eng.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler, B., & Montplaisir, L. (2012). Measuring student understanding in a portfolio-based course. Journal of College Science Teaching, 42(1), 16–25.
   Google Scholar