Publication Cover
Eating Disorders
The Journal of Treatment & Prevention
Volume 31, 2023 - Issue 6
400
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Sexual, gendered, and internalized racism’s associations with disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men: Emotional eating as mediator

ORCID Icon, &

References

  • Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724–731. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74
  • Bhambhani, Y., Flynn, M. K., Kellum, K. K., & Wilson, K. G. (2019). Examining sexual racism and body dissatisfaction among men of color who have sex with men: The moderating role of body image inflexibility. Body Image, 28, 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.01.007
  • Bhambhani, Y., Flynn, M. K., Kellum, K. K., & Wilson, K. G. (2020). The role of psychological flexibility as a mediator between experienced sexual racism and psychological distress among men of color who have sex with men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(2), 711–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1269-5
  • Blashill, A. J., Tomassilli, J., Biello, K., O’Cleirigh, C., Safren, S. A., & Mayer, K. H. (2016). Body dissatisfaction among sexual minority men: Psychological and sexual health outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(5), 1241–1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0683-1
  • Buhin, L., & Vera, E. M. (2009). Preventing racism and promoting social justice: Person-centered and environment-centered interventions. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 30(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-008-0161-9
  • Burke, N. L., Schaefer, L. M., Hazzard, V. M., & Rodgers, R. F. (2020). Where identities converge: The importance of intersectionality in eating disorders research. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(10), 1605–1609. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23371
  • Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A. G., Gerber, R. A., Leidy, N. K., Sexton, C. C., Lowe, M. R., & Karlsson, J. (2009). Psychometric analysis of the three-factor eating questionnaire-R21: Results from a large diverse sample of obese and non-obese participants. International Journal of Obesity, 33(6), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.74
  • Cheng, H. -L., Tran, A. G. T. T., Miyake, E. R., & Kim, H. Y. (2017). Disordered eating among Asian American college women: A racially expanded model of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(2), 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000195
  • Choi, A. Y., Israel, T., & Maeda, H. (2017). Development and evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000183
  • Chopra, S. B. (2021). Healing from internalized racism for Asian Americans. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 52(5), 503–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000407
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the social sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Convertino, A. D., Brady, J. P., Albright, C. A., Gonzales, M., IV, & Blashill, A. J. (2021). The role of sexual minority stress and community involvement on disordered eating, dysmorphic concerns and appearance- and performance-enhancing drug misuse. Body Image, 36, 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.006
  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity, politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
  • David, E. J. R. (2013). Internalized oppression: The psychology of marginalized groups. Springer.
  • Drummond, M. J. N. (2005). Asian gay men’s bodies. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 13(3), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1303.291
  • Echeverri-Alvarado, B., Pickett, S., & Gildner, D. (2020). A model of post-traumatic stress symptoms on binge eating through emotion regulation difficulties and emotional eating. Appetite, 150, 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104659
  • Essed, P. (1991). Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory (Vol. 2). Sage.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. -G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Garfinkel, P. E., & Newman, A. (2001). The eating attitudes test: Twenty-five years later. Eating and Weight Disorders, 6(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03339747
  • Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). ThE eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12(4), 871–878. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700049163
  • Gravetter, F., & Wallnau, L. (2014). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences (8th ed.). Wadsworth.
  • Han, C. (2008). A qualitative exploration of the relationship between racism and unsafe sex among Asian Pacific Islander gay men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(5), 827–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9308-7
  • Han, C. (2009). Chopsticks don’t make it culturally competent: Addressing larger issues for HIV prevention among gay, bisexual, and queer Asian Pacific Islander men. Health & Social Work, 34(4), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/34.4.273
  • Han, C., Ayala, G., Paul, J. P., Boylan, R., Gregorich, S. E., & Choi, K. (2015). Stress and coping with racism and their role in sexual risk for HIV among African American, Asian/Pacific islander, and Latino men who have sex with men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(2), 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0331-1
  • Han, C., Proctor, K., & Choi, K. -H. (2014). I know a lot of gay Asian men who are actually tops: Managing and negotiating gay racial stigma. Sexuality & Culture: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, 18(2), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9183-4
  • Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087722
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Hoggard, L. S., Volpe, V., Thomas, A., Wallace, E., & Ellis, K. (2019). The role of emotional eating in the links between racial discrimination and physical and mental health. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 42(6), 1091–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-019-00044-1
  • Hwang, W. -C. (2021). Demystifying and addressing internalized racism and oppression among Asian Americans. The American Psychologist, 76(4), 596–610. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000798
  • Larson, N., Loth, K. A., Eisenberg, M. E., Hazzard, V., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2021). Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating are prevalent problems among U.S. young people from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds: Findings from the EAT 2010–2018 study. Eating Behaviors, 42, 101535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101535
  • Le, T. P., Bradshaw, B. T., Pease, M., & Kuo, L. (2022). An intersectional investigation of Asian American men’s muscularity-oriented disordered eating: Associations with gendered racism and masculine norms. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 30(5), 492–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2021.1924925
  • Le, T. P., Bradshaw, B. T., Wang, M. Q., & Boekeloo, B. O. (2022). Discomfort in LGBT community and psychological well-being for LGBT Asian Americans: The moderating role of racial/ethnic identity importance. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000231
  • Le, T. P., Iwamoto, D. K., & Soulliard, Z. A. (2022). Body positivity for Asian Americans: Development and evaluation of the pride in Asian American appearance scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 69(5), 614–629. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000622
  • Le, T. P., Kuo, L., & Yamasaki, V. (2020). Gendered racial microaggressions, feminism, and Asian American women’s eating pathology: An intersectional investigation. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 83(3–4), 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01100-5
  • Liu, T., Wong, Y. J., Maffini, C. S., Goodrich Mitts, N., & Iwamoto, D. K. (2018). Gendered racism Scales for Asian American Men: Scale development and psychometric properties. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(5), 556–570. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000298
  • Longmire-Avital, B., & McQueen, C. (2019). Exploring a relationship between race-related stress and emotional eating for collegiate Black American women. Women & Health, 59(3), 240–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2018.1478361
  • Macht, M. (2008). How emotions affect eating: A five-way model. Appetite, 50(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002
  • Mason, T. B., Heron, K. E., Braitman, A. L., & Lewis, R. J. (2016). A daily diary study of perceived social isolation, dietary restraint, and negative affect in binge eating. Appetite, 97, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.027
  • Mason, T. B., & Lewis, R. J. (2015). Minority stress and binge eating among lesbian and bisexual women. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(7), 971–992. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1008285
  • Mason, T. B., Smith, K. E., & Lavender, J. M. (2019). Stigma control model of dysregulated eating: A momentary maintenance model of dysregulated eating among marginalized/stigmatized individuals. Appetite, 132, 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.09.017
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Nadal, K. L., & Corpus, M. J. H. (2013). “Tomboys” and “baklas”: Experiences of lesbian and gay Filipino Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(3), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030168
  • Pachankis, J. E., Clark, K. A., Burton, C. L., Hughto, J. M. W., Bränström, R., & Keene, D. E. (2020). Sex, status, competition, and exclusion: Intraminority stress from within the gay community and gay and bisexual men’s mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(3), 713. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000282
  • Parent, M. C. (2013). Handling Item-Level Missing Data: Simpler is Just as Good. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(4), 568–600. proxyum.researchport.umd.edu/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012445
  • Parker, L. L., & Harriger, J. A. (2020). Eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors in the LGBT population: A review of the literature. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00327-y
  • Phua, V. C. (2007). Contesting and maintaining hegemonic masculinities: Gay Asian American men in mate selection. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 57(11–12), 909–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9318-x
  • Ricciardelli, L. A., McCabe, M. P., Williams, R. J., & Thompson, J. K. (2007). The role of ethnicity and culture in body image and disordered eating among males. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(5), 582–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.016
  • Stice, E., Onipede, Z. A., Shaw, H., Rohde, P., & Gau, J. M. (2021). Effectiveness of the Body Project eating disorder prevention program for different racial and ethnic groups and an evaluation of the potential benefits of ethnic matching. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(12), 1007–1019. Supplemental. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000697
  • Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985). The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8
  • Szymanski, D. M., Mikorski, R., & Dunn, T. L. (2019). Predictors of sexual minority men’s sexual objectification of other men. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(11–12), 3631–3650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519832669
  • Thai, M. (2020). Sexual racism is associated with lower self-esteem and life satisfaction in men who have sex with men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(1), 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1456-z
  • Tiggemann, M., Martins, Y., & Kirkbride, A. (2007). Oh to be lean and muscular: Body image ideals in gay and heterosexual men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.8.1.15
  • Tran, A., Kaplan, J. A., Austin, S. B., Davison, K., Lopez, G., & Agénor, M. (2020). ‘It’s all outward appearance-based attractions’: A qualitative study of body image among a sample of young gay and bisexual men. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 24(3), 281–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2019.1706683
  • van Strien, T., Konttinen, H., Homberg, J. R., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Winkens, L. H. H. (2016). Emotional eating as a mediator between depression and weight gain. Appetite, 100, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.034
  • Von Schell, A., Ohrt, T. K., Bruening, A. B., & Perez, M. (2018). Rates of disordered eating behaviors across sexual minority undergraduate men and women. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(3), 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000278
  • Wang, S. B., & Borders, A. (2017). Rumination mediates the associations between sexual minority stressors and disordered eating, particularly for men. Eating and Weight Disorders, 22(4), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0350-0

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.