62
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A review of submarine landslides associated with rapid sedimentation

, , , , &
Received 21 May 2024, Accepted 29 May 2024, Published online: 01 Jul 2024

References

  • Anasetti, A., D. Winkelmann, S. Krastel, J. Bialas, and W. Brückmann. 2012. “The BGR Slide off Costa Rica: Preconditioning Factors, Trigger, and Slide Dynamics.” In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, editor by Yamada, Y., Kawamura, K., Ikehara, K., et al. 289–299. Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3_26.
  • Antobreh, A. A., and S. Krastel. 2007. “Mauritania Slide Complex: Morphology, Seismic Characterisation and Processes of Formation.” International Journal of Earth Sciences 96 (3): 451–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-006-0112-8.
  • Bea, R. G. 1971. “How Sea Floor Slides Affect Offshore Structures.” Oil and Gas Journal. 69: 88–92.
  • Bellwald, B., M. Urlaub, B. O. Hjelstuen, H. P. Sejrup, M. B. Sørensen, C. F. Forsberg, and M. Vanneste. 2019. “NE Atlantic Continental Slope Stability from a Numerical Modeling Perspective.” Quaternary Science Reviews 203: 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.11.019.
  • Berger, W. H., and G. Wefer. 1991. “Productivity of the Glacial Ocean: Discussion of the Iron Hypothesis.” Limnology and Oceanography 36 (8): 1899–1918. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1899.
  • Blum, J. A., C. D. Chadwell, N. Driscoll, and M. A. Zumberge. 2010. “Assessing Slope Stability in the Santa Barbara Basin, California, Using Seafloor Geodesy and CHIRP Seismic Data.” Geophysical Research Letters 37 (13): 438–454 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043293.
  • Bøe, R., V. K. Bellec, L. Rise, L. Buhl-Mortensen, S. Chand, and T. Thorsnes. 2012. “Catastrophic Fluid Escape Venting-Tunnels and Related Features Associated with Large Submarine Slides on the Continental Rise off Vesterålen–Troms, North Norway.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 38 (1): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.08.008.
  • Bogoyavlensky, V., I. Bogoyavlensky, R. Nikonov, and A. Kishankov. 2020. “Complex of Geophysical Studies of the Seyakha Catastrophic Gas Blowout Crater on the Yamal Peninsula, Russian Arctic.” Geosciences 10 (6): 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060215.
  • Bonofiglio, F., F. C. De Leo, C. Yee, D. Chatzievangelou, J. Aguzzi, and S. Marini. 2022. “Machine Learning Applied to Big Data from Marine Cabled Observatories: A Case Study of Sablefish Monitoring in the NE Pacific.” Frontiers in Marine Science 9: 842946. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.842946.
  • Borrelli, M., T. L. Smith, and S. T. Mague. 2022. “Vessel-Based, Shallow Water Mapping with a Phase-Measuring Sidescan Sonar.” Estuaries and Coasts 45 (4): 961–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-021-00979-2.
  • Bourget, J., S. Zaragosi, M. Rodriguez, M. Fournier, T. Garlan, and N. Chamot-Rooke. 2013. “Late Quaternary Megaturbidites of the Indus Fan: Origin and Stratigraphic Significance.” Marine Geology 336: 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2012.11.011.
  • Bradshaw, A. S., S. Grilli, C. D. P. Baxter, and O. D. S. Taylor. 2007. “Role of Soil Behavior on the Initial Kinematics of Tsunamigenic Slides.” In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, editor by Lykousis, V., Sakellariou, D., Locat, J., 387–394. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6512-5_40.
  • Brothers, D. S., K. M. Luttrell, and J. D. Chaytor. 2013. “Sea‐Level–Induced Seismicity and Submarine Landslide Occurrence.” Geology 41 (9): 979–982. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34410.1.
  • Brothers, D. S., P. J. Haeussler, L. Liberty, D. Finlayson, E. Geist, K. Labay, and M. Byerly. 2016. “A Submarine Landslide Source for the Devastating 1964 Chenega Tsunami, Southern Alaska.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 438: 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.008.
  • Brun, J. P., and X. Fort. 2011. “Salt Tectonics at Passive Margins: Geology versus Models.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 28 (6): 1123–1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.03.004.
  • Bryn, P., K. Berg, C. F. Forsberg, A. Solheim, and T. J. Kvalstad. 2005. “Explaining the Storegga Slide.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 22 (1-2): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.12.003.
  • Calliari, L. J., J. C. Winterwerp, E. Fernandes, D. Cuchiara, S. B. Vinzon, M. Sperle, and K. T. Holland. 2009. “Fine Grain Sediment Transport and Deposition in the Patos Lagoon–Cassino Beach Sedimentary System.” Continental Shelf Research 29 (3): 515–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.09.019.
  • Camerlenghi, A., D. Accettella, S. Costa, G. Lastras, J. Acosta, M. Canals, and N. Wardell. 2009. “Morphogenesis of the SW Balearic Continental Slope and Adjacent Abyssal Plain, Western Mediterranean Sea.” International Journal of Earth Sciences 98 (4): 735–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0354-8.
  • Cashman, K. V., and P. Popenoe. 1985. “Slumping and Shallow Faulting Related to the Presence of Salt on the Continental Slope and Rise off North Carolina.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 2 (3): 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(85)90016-9.
  • Cauchon-Voyer, G., J. Locat, and G. St-Onge. 2008. “Late-Quaternary Morpho-Sedimentology and Submarine Mass Movements of the Betsiamites Area, Lower St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada.” Marine Geology 251 (3-4): 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.03.003.
  • Clare, M. A., M. E. Vardy, M. J. Cartigny, P. J. Talling, M. D. Himsworth, J. K. Dix, J. M. Harris, R. J. Whitehouse and M. Belal. 2017. “Direct monitoring of active geohazards: Emerging geophysical tools for deep-water assessments.” Near Surface Geophysics15: 427–444. https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2017033.
  • Clark, P. U., A. S. Dyke, J. D. Shakun, A. E. Carlson, J. Clark, B. Wohlfarth, J. X. Mitrovica, S. W. Hostetler, and A. M. McCabe. 2009. “The Last Glacial Maximum.” Science 325 (5941): 710–714. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172873.
  • Clarke, J. E. H. 2000. “Acoustic Seabed Surveying-Meeting the New Demands for Accuracy, Coverage and Spatial Resolution.” Geomatica 54 (4): 473–485. https://doi.org/10.5623/geomat-2000-0063.
  • Clarke, J. E. H. 2016. “First Wide-Angle View of Channelized Turbidity Currents Links Migrating Cyclic Steps to Flow Characteristics.” Nature Communications 7 (1): 11896. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11896.
  • Cordier, S., K. Adamson, M. Delmas, M. Calvet, and D. Harmand. 2017. “Of Ice and Water: Quaternary Fluvial Response to Glacial Forcing.” Quaternary Science Reviews 166: 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.02.006.
  • Covault, J. A., and S. A. Graham. 2010. “Submarine Fans at All Sea-Level Stands: Tectono-Morphologic and Climatic Controls on Terrigenous Sediment Delivery to the Deep Sea.” Geology 38 (10): 939–942. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31081.1.
  • Dai, M., L. Guo, M. Li, and T. Jin. 2022. “The Pore Pressure Generation and Deformation of Overconsolidated Soft Marine Clay considering Initial Static Shear Effect.” Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 40 (8): 922–935. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2021.1951406.
  • Damuth, J. E. 1977. “Late Quaternary Sedimentation of the Western Equatorial Atlantic.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 88 (5): 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<695:LQSITW>2.0.CO;2.
  • Damuth, J. E., R. D. Flood, R. O. Kowsmann, R. H. Belderson, and M. A. Gorini. 1988. “Anatomy and Growth Pattern of Amazon Deep-Sea Fan as Revealed by Long-Range Side-Scan Sonar (GLORIA) and High-Resolution Seismic Studies.” AAPG Bulletin 72 (8): 885–911. https://doi.org/10.1306/703C9109-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
  • Day, S., P. Llanes, E. Silver, G. Hoffmann, S. Ward, and N. Driscoll. 2015. “Submarine Landslide Deposits of the Historical Lateral Collapse of Ritter Island, Papua New Guinea.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 67: 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.05.017.
  • Di Prisco, C., L. Mancinelli, L. Zanelotti, and F. Pisanò. 2015. “Numerical Stability Analysis of Submerged Slopes Subject to Rapid Sedimentation Processes.” Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 27 (1-2): 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-014-0344-y.
  • Dirgantara, F., A. T. S. Lin, C. S. Liu, C. C. Lin, and S. C. Chen. 2020. “Gas‐Hydrate Systems and Gas Volumetric Assessment in the Lower Fangliao Basin, Taiwan Accretionary Wedge.” Journal of Petroleum Geology 43 (1): 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12748.
  • Dugan, B. 2012. “A Review of Overpressure, Flow Focusing, and Slope Failure.” In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, editor by Yamada, Y., Kawamura, K., Ikehara, K., Ogawa, Y., Urgeles, R., Mosher, D., Chaytor, J., Strasser, M. 267–276. Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3_24.
  • Dugan, B., and J. Stigall. 2010. “Origin of Overpressure and Slope Failure in the Ursa Region, Northern Gulf of Mexico.” In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, editor by Mosher, D. C., Shipp, R. C., Moscardelli, L., Chaytor, J. D., Baxter, C. D. P., Lee, H. J., Urgeles, R., 167–178. Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3071-9_14.
  • Dugan, B., and P. B. Flemings. 2000. “Overpressure and Fluid Flow in the New Jersey Continental Slope: Implications for Slope Failure and Cold Seeps.” Science 289 (5477): 288–291. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5477.288.
  • Dugan, B., and T. C. Sheahan. 2012. “Offshore Sediment Overpressures of Passive Margins: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Models.” Reviews of Geophysics 50 (3): 3001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000379.
  • Fan, N., J. X. Jiang, T. K. Nian, Y. K. Dong, L. Guo, C. W. Fu, Z. C. Tian, and X. S. Guo. 2023. “Impact Action of Submarine Slides on Pipelines: A Review of the State-of-the-Art since 2008.” Ocean Engineering 286: 115532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115532.
  • Fisher, M. A., W. R. Normark, H. G. Greene, H. J. Lee, and R. W. Sliter. 2005. “Geology and Tsunamigenic Potential of Submarine Landslides in Santa Barbara Channel, Southern California.” Marine Geology 224 (1-4): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.07.012.
  • Flemings, P. B., H. Long, B. Dugan, J. Germaine, C. M. John, J. H. Behrmann, D. Sawyer, and I. O. D. P. Expedition. 2008. “Pore Pressure Penetrometers Document High Overpressure near the Seafloor Where Multiple Submarine Landslides Have Occurred on the Continental Slope, Offshore Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 269 (3-4): 309–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.005.
  • Flood, R. D., and D. J. W. Piper. 1997. “Amazon Fan Sedimentation: The Relationship to Equatorial Climate Change, Continental Denudation, and Sea-Level Fluctuations.” Proceedings-Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, 653–675. National Science Foundation.
  • Förster, A., R. G. Ellis, R. Henrich, S. Krastel, and A. J. Kopf. 2010. “Geotechnical Characterization and Strain Analyses of Sediment in the Mauritania Slide Complex, NW-Africa.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 27 (6): 1175–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.02.013.
  • Gales, J. A., R. M. McKay, L. De Santis, M. Rebesco, J. S. Laberg, A. E. Shevenell, D. Harwood, et al. 2023. “Climate-Controlled Submarine Landslides on the Antarctic Continental Margin.” Nature Communications 14 (1): 2714. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38240-y.
  • Gardner, J. V., and P. Dartnell. 1992. “Centennial-Scale Late Quaternary Stratigraphies of Carbonate and Organic Carbon from Santa Barbara Basin, Hole 893A, and Their Paleoceanographic Significance.” Proceedings-Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results. 103–124. National Science Foundation.
  • Garziglia, S., S. Migeon, E. Ducassou, L. Loncke, and J. Mascle. 2008. “Mass-Transport Deposits on the Rosetta Province (NW Nile Deep-Sea Turbidite System, Egyptian Margin): Characteristics, Distribution, and Potential Causal Processes.” Marine Geology 250 (3-4): 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.01.016.
  • Gatter, R., M. A. Clare, J. Kuhlmann, and K. Huhn. 2021. “Characterisation of Weak Layers, Physical Controls on Their Global Distribution and Their Role in Submarine Landslide Formation.” Earth-Science Reviews 223: 103845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103845.
  • Georgiopoulou, A., D. G. Masson, R. B. Wynn, and S. Krastel. 2010. “Sahara Slide: Age, Initiation, and Processes of a Giant Submarine Slide.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 11 (7): Q07014. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003066.
  • Gibson, R. E. 1958. “The Progress of Consolidation in a Clay Layer Increasing in Thickness with Time.” Géotechnique 8 (4): 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1958.8.4.171.
  • Gràcia, E., A. Vizcaino, C. Escutia, A. Asioli, Á. Rodés, R. Pallàs, J. Garcia-Orellana, S. Lebreiro, and C. Goldfinger. 2010. “Holocene Earthquake Record Offshore Portugal (SW Iberia): Testing Turbidite Paleoseismology in a Slow-Convergence Margin.” Quaternary Science Reviews 29 (9-10): 1156–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.010.
  • Greene, H. G., L. Y. Murai, P. Watts, N. A. Maher, M. A. Fisher, C. E. Paull, and P. Eichhubl. 2006. “Submarine Landslide in the Santa Barbara Channel as Potential Tsunami Sources.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6 (1): 63–88. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-63-2006.
  • Gu, Z., X. Guo, T. Nian, C. Fu, and W. Zhao. 2022. “An Improved Evaluation Method for the Undrained Shear Strength of Uniform Soft Clay in the Nonfull Flow State Based on Ball Penetration Simulations.” Applied Ocean Research 128: 103365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103365.
  • Guo, X. S., T. K. Nian, D. Wang, and Z. D. Gu. 2022a. “Evaluation of Undrained Shear Strength of Surficial Marine Clays Using Ball Penetration-Based CFD Modelling.” Acta Geotechnica 17 (5): 1627–1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01347-x.
  • Guo, X., N. Fan, D. Zheng, C. Fu, H. Wu, Y. Zhang, X. Song, and T. Nian. 2024a. “Predicting Impact Forces on Pipelines from Deep-Sea Fluidized Slides: A Comprehensive Review of Key Factors.” International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 34 (2): 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.02.001.
  • Guo, X., N. Fan, Y. Liu, X. Liu, Z. Wang, X. Xie, and Y. Jia. 2023a. “Deep Seabed Mining: Frontiers in Engineering Geology and Environment.” International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 10 (1): 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-023-00580-x.
  • Guo, X., T. Nian, and T. Stoesser. 2022b. “Using Dimpled-Pipe Surface to Reduce Submarine Landslide Impact Forces on Pipelines at Different Span Heights.” Ocean Engineering 244: 110343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110343.
  • Guo, X., X. Liu, M. Li, and Y. Lu. 2023b. “Lateral Force on Buried Pipelines Caused by Seabed Slides Using a CFD Method with a Shear Interface Weakening Model.” Ocean Engineering 280: 114663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114663.
  • Guo, X., X. Liu, T. Zheng, H. Zhang, Y. Lu, and T. Li. 2024b. “A Mass Transfer-Based LES Modelling Methodology for Analyzing the Movement of Submarine Sediment Flows with Extensive Shear Behavior.” Coastal Engineering 191: 104531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2024.104531.
  • Gupta, S. K., and D. P. Shukla. 2023. “Handling Data Imbalance in Machine Learning Based Landslide Susceptibility Mapping: A Case Study of Mandakini River Basin, North-Western Himalayas.” Landslides 20 (5): 933–949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01998-1.
  • Haeussler, P. J., H. J. Lee, H. F. Ryan, K. Labay, R. E. Kayen, M. A. Hampton, and E. Suleimani. 2007. “Submarine Slope Failures near Seward, Alaska, during the M9. 2 1964 Earthquake.” In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, editor by Lykousis, L., Sakellariou, D., Locat, J., 269–278. Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6512-5_28.
  • Hampel, A., R. Hetzel, G. Maniatis, and T. Karow. 2009. “Three‐Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Slip Rate Variations on Normal and Thrust Fault Arrays during Ice Cap Growth and Melting.” Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (B8): B08406. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006113.
  • Hampton, M. A., H. J. Lee, and J. Locat. 1996. “Submarine Landslides.” Reviews of Geophysics. 34 (1): 33–59. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG03287.
  • Hance, J. J. 2003. “Development of a Database and Assessment of Seafloor Slope Stability Based on Published Literature.” M.S. thesis, University of Texas at Austin.
  • Hebbeln, D., M. Marchant, T. Freudenthal, and G. Wefer. 2000. “Surface Sediment Distribution along the Chilean Continental Slope Related to Upwelling and Productivity.” Marine Geology 164 (3-4): 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00129-2.
  • Hemphill-Haley, E., and E. Fourtanier. 1992. “A Diatom Record Spanning 114,000 Years from Site 893, Santa Barbara Basin.” In Proceedings-Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, editor by Kennett, J. P., Baldauf, J. G., and Lyle, M., 233–250. College Station, Texas: Ocean Drilling Program.
  • Henrich, R., T. J. Hanebuth, S. Krastel, N. Neubert, and R. B. Wynn. 2008. “Architecture and Sediment Dynamics of the Mauritania Slide Complex.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 25 (1): 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.05.008.
  • Hjelstuen, B. O., H. P. Sejrup, H. Haflidason, A. Nygård, I. M. Berstad, and G. Knorr. 2004. “Late Quaternary Seismic Stratigraphy and Geological Development of the South Vøring Margin, Norwegian Sea.” Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (16-17): 1847–1865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.03.005.
  • Holland, K. T., and P. A. Elmore. 2008. “A Review of Heterogeneous Sediments in Coastal Environments.” Earth-Science Reviews 89 (3-4): 116–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.03.003.
  • Hornbach, M. J., L. L. Lavier, and C. D. Ruppel. 2007. “Triggering Mechanism and Tsunamogenic Potential of the Cape Fear Slide Complex, US Atlantic Margin.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8 (12): 16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001722.
  • Horozal, S., J. J. Bahk, D. Cukur, R. Urgeles, D. M. Buchs, S. H. Lee, I. K. Um, and S. P. Kim. 2023. “Factors for Pre-Conditioning and Post-Failure Behaviour of Submarine Landslides in the Margins of Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea).” Marine Geology 455: 106956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106956.
  • Hsu, S. K., J. Kuo, L. Chung-Liang, T. Ching-Hui, W. B. Doo, C. Y. Ku, and J. C. Sibuet. 2008. “Turbidity Currents, Submarine Landslides and the 2006 Pingtung Earthquake off SW Taiwan.” Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 19 (6): 767. https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2008.19.6.767(PT).
  • Hu, Q., X. W. Luan, W. M. Ran, X. Y. Wei, J. Wang, C. H. Ye, M. M. Wei, L. X. Gong, and Z. X. Liu. 2022. “Characteristics and Genesis of Submarine Landslides in the Northern Margin of the North Irian Basin (in Chinese).” Advances in Earth Science 37 (3): 303–315. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.036.
  • Hughes-Clarke, J. E. 2012. “Optimal Use of Multibeam Technology in the Study of Shelf Morphodynamics.” In Sediments, Morphology and Sedimentary Processes on Continental Shelves: Advances in Technologies, Research, and Applications, editor by Li, M. Z., Sherwood, C. R., Hill, P. R., 1–28. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118311172.ch1.
  • Huhn, K., M. Arroyo, A. Cattaneo, M. A. Clare, E. Gràcia, C. B. Harbitz, S. Krastel, et al. 2019. “Modern Submarine Landslide Complexes: A Short Review.” In Submarine Landslides: Subaqueous Mass Transport Deposits from Outcrops to Seismic Profiles, editor by Ogata, K., Festa, A., Pini, G. A., 181–200. Washington D.C., United States: American Geophysical Union. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119500513.ch12.
  • Hunt, J. E., R. B. Wynn, P. J. Talling, and D. G. Masson. 2013. “Frequency and Timing of Landslide-Triggered Turbidity Currents within the Agadir Basin, Offshore NW Africa: Are There Associations with Climate Change, Sea Level Change and Slope Sedimentation Rates?” Marine Geology 346: 274–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.09.004.
  • Huppertz, T. J., and D. J. Piper. 2009. “The Influence of Shelf-Crossing Glaciation on Continental Slope Sedimentation, Flemish Pass, Eastern Canadian Continental Margin.” Marine Geology 265 (1-2): 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.06.017.
  • Hustoft, S., B. Dugan, and J. Mienert. 2009. “Effects of Rapid Sedimentation on Developing the Nyegga Pockmark Field: Constraints from Hydrological Modeling and 3‐D Seismic Data, Offshore mid-Norway.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10 (6): Q06012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002409.
  • Iglesias, O., G. Lastras, M. Canals, M. Olabarrieta, M. González, Í. Aniel-Quiroga, L. Otero, et al. 2012. “The BIG’95 Submarine Landslide–Generated Tsunami: A Numerical Simulation.” The Journal of Geology 120 (1): 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1086/662718.
  • Ingram, B. L., and J. P. Kennett. 1992. “Radiocarbon Chronology and Planktonic-Benthic Foraminiferal 14C Age Differences in Santa Barbara Basin Sediments, Hole 893A.” In Proceedings-Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, 19–30. National Science Foundation.
  • Joshi, K. B., V. Goswami, U. S. Banerji, and R. Shankar. 2021. “Recent Developments in Instrumentation and Its Application in Absolute Dating: Historical Perspective and Overview.” Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 211: 104690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2021.104690.
  • Jutzeler, M., J. D. L. White, P. J. Talling, M. McCanta, S. Morgan, A. Le Friant, and O. Ishizuka. 2014. “Coring Disturbances in IODP Piston Cores with Implications for Offshore Record of Volcanic Events and the Missoula Megafloods.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15 (9): 3572–3590. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005447.
  • Kayen, R. E., and H. J. Lee. 1991. “Pleistocene Slope Instability of Gas Hydrate-Laden Sediments on the Beaufort Sea Margin.” Marine Geotechnology 10: 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199109379886.
  • Kelleher, P. J., and M. F. Randolph. 2005. “Seabed Geotechnical Characterisation with a Ball Penetrometer Deployed from the Portable Remotely Operated Drill.” Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, 365–371. Lisse, Switzerland: Swets & Zeitlinger.
  • Kelley, D. S., J. R. Delaney, and S. K. Juniper. 2014. “Establishing a New Era of Submarine Volcanic Observatories: Cabling Axial Seamount and the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge.” Marine Geology 352: 426–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.010.
  • Kennett, J. P., and K. Venz. 1992. “Late Quaternary Climatically Related Planktonic Foraminiferal Assemblage Changes: Hole 893A, Santa Barbara Basin, California.” In Proceedings-Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, 281–294. National Science Foundation.
  • Kluesner, J. W., D. S. Brothers, A. L. Wright, and S. Y. Johnson. 2020. “Structural Controls on Slope Failure within the Western Santa Barbara Channel Based on 2‐D and 3‐D Seismic Imaging.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 21 (8): e2020GC009055. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009055.
  • Korup, O. 2012. “Earth’s Portfolio of Extreme Sediment Transport Events.” Earth Science Reviews 112 (3-4): 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.006.
  • Krastel, S., R. B. Wynn, T. J. J. Hanebuth, R. Henrich, C. Holz, H. Meggers, H. Kuhlmann, A. Georgiopoulou, and H. D. Schulz. 2006. “Mapping of Seabed Morphology and Shallow Sediment Structure of the Mauritania Continental Margin, Northwest Africa: Some Implications for Geohazard Potential.” Norwegian Journal of Geology 86 (3): 163–176.
  • L’Heureux, J. S., O. Longva, A. Steiner, L. Hansen, M. E. Vardy, M. Vanneste, H. Haflidason, et al. 2012. “Identification of Weak Layers and Their Role for the Stability of Slopes at Finneidfjord, Northern Norway.” In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural 198 Submarine Landslides and Technological Hazards Research, edited by Y. Yamada, K. Kawamura, K. Ikehara, Y. Ogawa, R. Urgeles, D. Mosher. Vol. 29, 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3_29.
  • Laberg, J. S., and T. O. Vorren. 2000. “The Trænadjupet Slide, Offshore Norway—Morphology, Evacuation and Triggering Mechanisms.” Marine Geology 171 (1-4): 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00112-2.
  • Lan, Z. 2022. “Authigenic Monazite and Xenotime Pb-Pb/U-Pb Dating of Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks.” Earth-Science Reviews 234: 104217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104217.
  • Lange, C. B., O. E. Romero, G. Wefer, and A. J. Gabric. 1998. “Offshore Influence of Coastal Upwelling off Mauritania, NW Africa, as Recorded by Diatoms in Sediment Traps at 2195 m Water Depth.” Deep Sea Research I 45: 985–1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00103-9.
  • Lastras, G., M. Canals, R. Urgeles, M. De Batist, A. M. Calafat, and J. L. Casamor. 2004. “Characterisation of the Recent BIG’95 Debris Flow Deposit on the Ebro Margin, Western Mediterranean Sea, after a Variety of Seismic Reflection Data.” Marine Geology 213 (1-4): 235–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.008.
  • Lebas, E., A. Le Friant, G. Boudon, S. F. L. Watt, P. J. Talling, N. Feuillet, C. Deplus, C. Berndt, and M. E. Vardy. 2011. “Multiple Widespread Landslides during the Long‐Term Evolution of a Volcanic Island: Insights from High‐Resolution Seismic Data, Montserrat, Lesser Antilles.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 12 (5) https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003451.
  • Lee, H. J., H. G. Greene, B. D. Edwards, M. A. Fisher, and W. R. Normark. 2009. “Submarine Landslides of the Southern California Borderland.” In Earth Science in the Urban Ocean—the Southern California Continental Borderland: Geological Society of America Special Paper 454, 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(4.3).
  • Lee, H. J., S. K. Chough, and S. H. Yoon. 1996. “Slope-Stability Change from Late Pleistocene to Holocene in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea).” Sedimentary Geology 104 (1-4): 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(95)00119-0.
  • Lewis, K. B. 1971. “Slumping on a Continental Slope Inclined at 1-4.” Sedimentology 16 (1-2): 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1971.tb00221.x.
  • Leynaud, D., N. Sultan, and J. Mienert. 2007. “The Role of Sedimentation Rate and Permeability in the Slope Stability of the Formerly Glaciated Norwegian Continental Margin: The Storegga Slide Model.” Landslides 4 (4): 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-007-0086-z.
  • Li, Z., Y. Yang, and C. Zhu. 2023. “Contribution of Rapid Sedimentation to Submarine Landslides and Its Influencing Factors (in Chinese).” Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 42 (5): 1225–1236. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2022.0679.
  • Liu, K. F., Y. C. Hsu, and Y. C. Chen. 2023. “Deep-Sea Water Pumping Pipe Destruction Due to Undersea Debris Flows.” International Consortium on Geo-Disaster Reduction
  • Llopart, J., R. Urgeles, A. Camerlenghi, R. G. Lucchi, M. Rebesco, and B. De Mol. 2015. “Late Quaternary Development of the Storfjorden and Kveithola Trough Mouth Fans, Northwestern Barents Sea.” Quaternary Science Reviews 129: 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.002.
  • Locat, J., S. Leroueil, A. Locat, and H. Lee. 2014. “Weak Layers: Their Definition and Classification from a Geotechnical Perspective.”. In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, edited by S. Krastel, J. H. Behrmann, D. Volker, M. Stipp, C. Berndt, R. Urgeles, J. Chaytor, K. Huhn, M. Strasser, C. B. Harbitz. Vol. 37, 3–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
  • Luo, M., M. E. Torres, S. Kasten, and J. J. Mountjoy. 2020. “Constraining the Age and Evolution of the Tuaheni Landslide Complex, Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand, Using Pore‐Water Geochemistry and Numerical Modeling.” Geophysical Research Letters 47 (11): e2020GL087243. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087243.
  • Ma, C., L. Liu, Q. Wang, W. Zhang, and X. Liu. 2024. “High-Performance Deep-Sea Long-Range Underwater Acoustic Communication: Deconvolved Conventional Beamforming Based Approach.” Physical Communication 64: 102339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102339.
  • Maloney, J. M., S. J. Bentley, K. Xu, J. Obelcz, I. Y. Georgiou, N. H. Jafari, and M. D. Miner. 2020. “Mass Wasting on the Mississippi River Subaqueous Delta.” Earth-Science Reviews 200: 103001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103001.
  • Marks, J., A. Marianos, F. Gonzaga, and C. Pflum. 1980. “Foraminiferal Correlation of Quaternary Sediments in the Santa Barbara Channel, California Special Publication Cushman Foundation.” Foraminiferal Research 19: 127–133.
  • Maslin, M. A., E. Durham, S. J. Burns, E. Platzman, P. Grootes, S. E. J. Greig, M.-J. Nadeau, et al. 2000. “Palaeoreconstruction of the Amazon River Freshwater and Sediment Discharge Using Sediments Recovered at Site 942 on the Amazon Fan.” Journal of Quaternary Science 15 (4): 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1417(200005)15:4<419::AID-JQS541>3.0.CO;2-L.
  • Maslin, M., C. Vilela, N. Mikkelsen, and P. Grootes. 2005. “Causes of Catastrophic Sediment Failures of the Amazon Fan.” Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (20-21): 2180–2193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.01.016.
  • Maslin, M., M. Owen, S. Day, and D. Long. 2004. “Linking Continental Slope Failures and Climate Change: Testing the Clathrate Gun Hypothesis.” Geology 32 (1): 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1130/G20114.1.
  • Maslin, M., N. Mikkelsen, C. Vilela, and B. Haq. 1998. “Sea-Level- and Gas-Hydrate Controlled Catastrophic Sediment Failures of the Amazon Fan.” Geology 26 (12): 1107e1110. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<1107:SLAGHC>2.3.CO;2.
  • Masson, D. G., C. B. Harbitz, R. B. Wynn, G. Pedersen, and F. Løvholt. 2006. “Submarine Landslides: Processes, Triggers and Hazard Prediction.” Philosophical Transactions A 364 (1845): 2009–2039. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1810.
  • Masson, D. G., Canals, M., Alonso, B., Urgeles, R., Huhnerbach, V., 1998. The Canary Debris Flow: Source Area Morphology and Failure Mechanisms. Sedimentology 45: 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.0165f.x.
  • Masson, D. G., Watts, A. B. Gee, M. J. R. Urgeles, R. Mitchell, N. C. Le Bas, T. P, and Canals, M. 2002. “Slope Failures on the Flanks of the Western Canary Islands.” Earth-Science Reviews 57 (1-2): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00069-1.
  • Mather, A. E., A. J. Hartley, and J. S. Griffiths. 2014. “The Giant Coastal Landslides of Northern Chile: Tectonic and Climate Interactions on a Classic Convergent Plate Margin.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 388: 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.019.
  • McAdoo, B. G., L. F. Pratson, and D. L. Orange. 2000. “Submarine Landslide Geomorphology, US Continental Slope.” Marine Geology 169 (1-2): 103–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00050-5.
  • McGuire, W. J., R. J. Howarth, C. R. Firth, A. R. Solow, A. D. Pullen, S. J. Saunders, I. S. Stewart, and C. Vita-Finzi. 1997. “Correlation between Rate of Sea Level Change and Frequency of Explosive Volcanism in the Mediterranean.” Nature 389 (6650): 473–476. https://doi.org/10.1038/38998.
  • Métivier and Gaudemer. 1999. Stability of Output Fluxes of Large Rivers in South and East Asia during the Last 2 Million Years: Implications on Floodplain Processes. Basin Research 11(4), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1999.00101.x.
  • Meunier, J., N. Sultan, P. Jegou, and F. Harmegnies. 2004. “First Tests of Penfeld: A New Seabed Penetrometer.” ISOPE International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference. ISOPE, 2004: ISOPE-I-04-239.
  • Meyer, M., J. Geersen, S. Krastel, T. Schwenk, and D. Winkelmann. 2012. “Dakar Slide Offshore Senegal, NW-Africa: Interaction of Stacked Giant Mass Wasting Events and Canyon Evolution.” In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences: 5th International Symposium, 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3_16.
  • Mi, Y., and J. Wang. 2021. “Finite-Element Modeling of Submarine Landslide Triggered by Seismic Loading in Saturated Cohesive Soil Deposits.” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 80 (2): 951–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02005-4.
  • Mi, Y., J. Wang, X. Cheng, and X. Yan. 2021. “Numerical Modelling for Dynamic Instability Process of Submarine Soft Clay Slopes under Seismic Loading.” Journal of Ocean University of China 20 (5): 1109–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-021-4701-8.
  • Mikkelsen, N., M. A. Maslin, J. Giraudeau, and W. Showers. 1997. “Biostratigraphy and Sedimentation Rates of the Amazon Fan.” In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific results 155, 577–594.
  • Miller, S. A. 2013. “The Role of Fluids in Tectonic and Earthquake Processes.” Advances in Geophysics 54: 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-380940-7.00001-9.
  • Milliman, J. D., and R. H. Meade. 1983. “World-Wide Delivery of River Sediment to the Oceans.” The Journal of Geology 91 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1086/628741.
  • Moernaut, J., and M. De Batist. 2011. “Frontal Emplacement and Mobility of Sublacustrine Landslides: Results from Morphometric and Seismostratigraphic Analysis.” Marine Geology 285 (1-4): 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.05.001.
  • Mollison, K. C., H. E. Power, S. L. Clarke, A. T. Baxter, and T. C. Hubble. 2020. “Sedimentology, Structure, and Age of the Wide Bay Canyon Submarine Landslide on the Southeast Australian Continental Slope.” Marine Geology 419: 106063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2019.106063.
  • Mollison, K. C., S. Bull, M. J. Arnot, and H. E. Power. 2022. “Preliminary Modelling of a Potentially Tsunamigenic Historic Submarine Landslide Identified along the West Coast of New Zealand’s North Island.” In Australasian Coasts & Ports 2021: Te Oranga Takutai, Adapt and Thrive: Te Oranga Takutai, Adapt and Thrive, 692–698. Christchurch, NZ: New Zealand Coastal Society.
  • Moragoda, N., and S. Cohen. 2020. “Climate-Induced Trends in Global Riverine Water Discharge and Suspended Sediment Dynamics in the 21st Century.” Global and Planetary Change 191: 103199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103199.
  • Morton, J. P., C. D. O'loughlin, and D. J. White. 2014. “Strength Assessment during Shallow Penetration of a Sphere in Clay.” Géotechnique Letters 4 (4): 262–266. https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.14.00049.
  • Mosher, D. C., L. Moscardelli, R. C. Shipp, J. D. Chaytor, C. D. Baxter, H. J. Lee, and R. Urgeles. 2010. Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, 1–8. Netherlands: Springer.
  • Nakamura, T., H. Takenaka, T. Okamoto, and Y. Kaneda. 2014. “Seismic Wavefields in the Deep Seafloor Area from a Submarine Landslide Source.” Pure and Applied Geophysics 171 (7): 1153–1167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-013-0717-3.
  • Napier, T. J., I. L. Hendy, M. F. Fahnestock, and J. G. Bryce. 2019. “Provenance of Detrital Sediments in Santa Barbara Basin, California, USA: Changes in Source Contributions between the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene.” GSA Bulletin 132 (1-2): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1130/B32035.1.
  • NEDECO (Netherlands Engineering Consultants). 1959. Rivers Studies and Recommendations on Improvement of Niger and Benue. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: NEDECO.
  • Neuzil, C. E. 1995. “Abnormal Pressures as Hydrodynamic Phenomena.” American Journal of Science 295 (6): 742–786. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.295.6.742.
  • Nian, T. K., X. S. Guo, D. F. Zheng, Z. X. Xiu, and Z. B. Jiang. 2019. “Susceptibility Assessment of Regional Submarine Landslides Triggered by Seismic Actions.” Applied Ocean Research 93: 101964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.101964.
  • Nian, T. K., X. S. Guo, N. Fan, H. B. Jiao, and D. Y. Li. 2018. “Impact Forces of Submarine Landslides on Suspended Pipelines considering the Low-Temperature Environment.” Applied Ocean Research 81: 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.09.016.
  • Nian, T. K., Y. Q. Shen, D. F. Zheng, and D. Y. Lei. 2021. “Research Advances on the Chain Disasters of Submarine Landslides (in Chinese).” Journal of Engineering Geology 29 (6): 1657–1675. https://doi.org/10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2021-0815.
  • Noda, A., T. TuZino, M. Joshima, and S. Goto. 2013. “Mass Transport‐Dominated Sedimentation in a Foreland Basin, the Hidaka Trough, Northern Japan.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14 (8): 2638–2660. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20169.
  • O’Leary, D. W. 1991. “Structure and Morphology of Submarine Slab Slides: Clues to Origin and Behaviour.” Marine Biotechnology 10 (1–2): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199109379882.
  • Obelcz, J., K. Xu, I. Y. Georgiou, J. Maloney, S. J. Bentley, and M. D. Miner. 2017. “Sub‐Decadal Submarine Landslides Are Important Drivers of Deltaic Sediment Flux: Insights from the Mississippi River Delta Front.” Geology 45 (8): G38688.1. https://doi.org/10.1130/G38688.1.
  • Okay, S., and S. Aydemir. 2016. “Control of Active Faults and Sea Level Changes on the Distribution of Shallow Gas Accumulations and Gas-Related Seismic Structures along the Central Branch of the North Anatolian Fault, Southern Marmara Shelf, Turkey.” Geodinamica Acta 28 (4): 328–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2016.1183445.
  • Owen, M. J., M. A. Maslin, S. J. Day, and D. Long. 2018. “Sediment Failures within the Peach Slide (Barra Fan, NE Atlantic Ocean) and Relation to the History of the British-Irish Ice Sheet.” Quaternary Science Reviews 187: 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.018.
  • Penrose, J. D., P. J. W. Siwabessy, A. Gavrilov, I. Parnum, L. J. Hamilton, A. Bickers, B. Brooke, D. A. Ryan, and P. Kennedy. 2005. “Acoustic Techniques for Seabed Classification.” Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone Estuary and Waterway Management Technical Report, 32: 11.
  • Philippsen, B. 2013. “The Freshwater Reservoir Effect in Radiocarbon Dating.” Heritage Science 1: 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-7445-1-24.
  • Piper, D. J., A. N. Shor, J. A. Farre, S. O'Connell, and R. Jacobi. 1985. “Sediment Slides and Turbidity Currents on the Laurentian Fan: Sidescan Sonar Investigations near the Epicenter of the 1929 Grand Banks Earthquake.” Geology 13 (8): 538–541. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<538:SSATCO>2.0.CO;2.
  • Pope, E. L., P. J. Talling, and L. Carter. 2017. “Which Earthquakes Trigger Damaging Submarine Mass Movements: Insights from a Global Record of Submarine Cable Breaks?” Marine Geology 384: 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.01.009.
  • Pope, E., P. J. Talling, M. Urlaub, J. E. Hunt, M. A. Clare, and P. Challenor. 2015. “Are Large Submarine Landslides Temporally Random or Do Uncertainties in Available Age Constraints Make It Impossible to Tell?” Marine Geology 369: 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.07.002.
  • Randolph, M. F., P. A. Hefer, J. M. Geise, and P. G. Watson. 1998. “Improved Seabed Strenght Profiling Using T-Bar Penetrometer.” SUT Offshore Site Investigation and Foundation Behaviour New Frontiers: Proceedings of an International Conference SUT, 1998: SUT-OSIFB-98-221.
  • Rimington, N. A. 1999. “Sands of the Amazon Fan.” Ph.D. Thesis, Cardiff University, 156.
  • Rodríguez-Ochoa, R., F. Nadim, and M. A. Hicks. 2015. “Influence of Weak Layers on Seismic Stability of Submarine Slopes.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 65: 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.04.007.
  • Roland, E., P. Haeussler, T. Parsons, and P. Hart. 2020. “Submarine Landslide Kinematics Derived from High‐Resolution Imaging in Port Valdez, Alaska.” Journal of Geophysical Research 125 (7): e2019JB018007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB018007.
  • Saleh, S., N. Z. Mohd Yunus, K. Ahmad, and K. N. Mat Said. 2021. “Numerical Simulation with Hardening Soil Model Parameters of Marine Clay Obtained from Conventional Tests.” SN Applied Sciences 3 (2): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04115-w.
  • Sammartini, M., Camerlenghi, A. Budillon, F. Insinga, D. D. Zugur, F. Conforti, A. Iori, M. Romeo, and R. Tonielli. 2019. “Open-Slope, Translational Submarine Landslide in a Tectonically Active Volcanic Continental Margin (Licosa Submarine Landslide, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea).” Geological Society, London, Special Publications 477(1):133–150. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP477.34.
  • Satyavani, N., and K. Sain. 2015. “Seismic Insights into Bottom Simulating Reflection (BSR) in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, Eastern Margin of India.” Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 33 (3): 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2013.797059.
  • Sawyer, D. E., R. S. Reece, S. P. Gulick, and B. L. Lenz. 2017. “Submarine Landslide and Tsunami Hazards Offshore Southern Alaska: Seismic Strengthening versus Rapid Sedimentation.” Geophysical Research Letters 44 (16): 8435–8442. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074537.
  • Schlünz, B. S. R. R., and R. R. Schneider. 2000. “Transport of Terrestrial Organic Carbon to the Oceans by Rivers: Re-Estimating Flux-and Burial Rates.” International Journal of Earth Sciences 88 (4): 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310050290.
  • Schmidt, C., S. Gupta, L. Rüpke, E. Burwicz-Galerne, and E. H. Hartz. 2022. “Sedimentation-Driven Cyclic Rebuilding of Gas Hydrates.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 140: 105628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105628.
  • Seibold, E., and K. Hinz. 1974. “Continental Slope Construction and Destruction, West Africa.” In The Geology of Continental Margins, editor by Burk, C. A., Drake, C. L.,179–196. New York, USA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01141-6_13.
  • Shan, Z. G., H. Wu, W. D. Ni, M. J. Sun, K. J. Wang, L. Y. Zhao, Y. H. Lou, et al. 2022. “Recent Technological and Methodological Advances for the Investigation of Submarine Landslides.” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10 (11): 1728. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111728.
  • Shimmield, G. B. 1992. “Can Sediment Geochemistry Record Changes in Coastal Upwelling Palaeoproductivity? Evidence from Northwest Africa and the Arabian Sea.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications 64 (1): 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.064.01.03.
  • Silva, C. C., A. T. Reis, R. J. Perovano, M. A. Gorini, M. V. Santos, I. K. Jeck, A. A. Tavares, and C. Gorini, dos. dos. 2016. “Multiple Megaslide Complexes and Their Significance for the Miocene Stratigraphic Evolution of the Offshore Amazon Basin.” In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences: 7th International Symposium, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20979-1_5.
  • Solheim, A., K. Berg, C. F. Forsberg, and P. Bryn. 2005. “The Storegga Slide Complex: Repetitive Large Scale Sliding with Similar Cause and Development.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 22 (1-2): 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.013.
  • Stegmann, S., M. Strasser, F. Anselmetti, and A. Kopf. 2007. “Geotechnical in Situ Characterization of Subaquatic Slopes: The Role of Pore Pressure Transients versus Frictional Strength in Landslide Initiation.” Geophysical Research Letters 34 (7): L07607. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL029122.
  • Sterling, G. H., and E. E. Strohbeck. 1973. “The Failure of the South Pass 70" B" Platform Hurricane Camille.” Offshore Technology Conference. OTC-1898. https://doi.org/10.4043/1898-MS.
  • Stigall, J., and B. Dugan. 2010. “Overpressure and Earthquake Initiated Slope Failure in the Ursa Region, Northern Gulf of Mexico.” Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (B4): B04101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006848.
  • Stoecklin, A., and A. M. Puzrin. 2023. “A Framework for Simulating the Evolution of Underwater Landslides and Its Application to Slope Failures in Swiss Lakes.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 149 (12): 04023119. https://doi.org/10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-11497.
  • Stoecklin, A., B. Friedli, and A. M. Puzrin. 2017. “Sedimentation as a Control for Large Submarine Landslides: Mechanical Modeling and Analysis of the Santa Barbara Basin.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 122 (11): 8645–8663. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014752.
  • Strout, J. M., and T. I. Tjelta. 2005. “In Situ Pore Pressure: What is Their Significance and How Can They Be Reliably Measured?” Marine and Petroleum Geology 22: 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.024.
  • Sultan, N., B. Savoye, G. Jouet, D. Leynaud, P. Cochonat, P. Henry, S. Stegmann, and A. Kopf. 2010. “Investigation of a Possible Submarine Landslide at the Var Delta Front (Nice Continental Slope, Southeast France).” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47 (4): 486–496. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-105.
  • Sun, Z. W., Y. G. Jia, Y. Z. Quan, T. Liu, Q. S. Meng, Z. Q. Sun, K. Li, Z. H. Fan, T. Chen, and H. R. Tang. 2022. “Development and Application of Long-Term in Situ Monitoring System for Complex Deep-Sea Engineering Geology(in Chinese).” Earth Science Frontiers 29 (5): 216–228. https://doi.org/10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.15.
  • Talling, P. J. 2014. “On the Triggers, Resulting Flow Types and Frequencies of Subaqueous Sediment Density Flows in Different Settings.” Marine Geology 352: 155–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.02.006.
  • Talling, P. J., C. K. Paull, and D. J. Piper. 2013. “How Are Subaqueous Sediment Density Flows Triggered, What is Their Internal Structure and How Does It Evolve? Direct Observations from Monitoring of Active Flows.” Earth-Science Reviews 125: 244–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.07.005.
  • Ten Brink, U. S., B. D. Andrews, and N. C. Miller. 2016. “Seismicity and Sedimentation Rate Effects on Submarine Slope Stability.” Geology 44 (7): 563–566. https://doi.org/10.1130/G37866.1.
  • Thornton, S. E. 1984. “Basin Model for Hemipelagic Sedimentation in a Tectonically Active Continental Margin: Santa Barbara Basin, California Continental Borderland.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications 15 (1): 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.015.01.25.
  • Tiedemann, R., M. Sarnthein, and N. J. Shackleton. 1994. “Astronomic Timescale for the Pliocene Atlantic d18O and Dust Flux Records of ODP Site 659.” Paleoceanography 9 (4): 619–638. https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA00208.
  • Toker, M., and H. Tur. 2021. “Shallow Seismic Characteristics and Distribution of Gas in Lacustrine Sediments at Lake Erçek, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, from High-Resolution Seismic Data.” Environmental Earth Sciences 80 (21): 727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-10039-4.
  • Urgeles, R., and A. Camerlenghi. 2013. “Submarine Landslides of the Mediterranean Sea: Trigger Mechanisms, Dynamics, and Frequency-Magnitude Distribution.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 118 (4): 2600–2618. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002720.
  • Urien, C. M. 1972. “Río de la Plata Estuary Environments.” Geological Society of America 133: 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM133-p213.
  • Urlaub, M., P. J. Talling, A. Zervos, and D. Masson. 2015. “What Causes Large Submarine Landslides on Low Gradient (<2°) Continental Slopes with Slow (∼0.15 m/Kyr) Sediment Accumulation?” Journal of Geophysical Research 120 (10): 6722–6739. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012347.
  • Urlaub, M., P. J. Talling, and D. G. Masson. 2013. “Timing and Frequency of Large Submarine Landslides: Implications for Understanding Triggers and Future Geohazard.” Quaternary Science Reviews 72: 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.020.
  • Vanneste, M., J. Mienert, and S. Bunz. 2006. “The Hinlopen Slide: A Giant, Submarine Slope Failure on the Northern Svalbard Margin, Arctic Ocean.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 245 (1-2): 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.045.
  • Vercruysse, K., R. C. Grabowski, and R. J. Rickson. 2017. “Suspended Sediment Transport Dynamics in Rivers: Multi-Scale Drivers of Temporal Variation.” Earth-Science Reviews 166: 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.016.
  • Viesca, R. C., and J. R. Rice. 2012. “Nucleation of Slip‐Weakening Rupture Instability in Landslides by Localized Increase of Pore Pressure.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 117 (B3): B03104 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008866.
  • Vorren, T. O., J. S. Laberg, F. Blaume, J. A. Dowdeswell, N. H. Kenyon, J. Mienert, J. Rumohr, and F. Werner. 1998. “The Norwegian-Greenland Sea Continental Margins: Morphology and Late Quaternary Sedimentary Processes and Environment.” Quaternary Science Reviews 17 (1-3): 273–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00072-3.
  • Wang, D., S. Wu, G. Yao, and W. Wang. 2015. “Architecture and Evolution of Deep-Water Cyclic Deposits in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea: Relationship with the Pleistocene Climate Events.” Marine Geology 370: 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.10.002.
  • Wang, L., S. G. Wu, Q. P. Li, D. W. Wang, and S. Y. Fu. 2014. “Architecture and Development of a Multi-Stage Baiyun Submarine Slide Complex in the Pearl River Canyon, Northern South China Sea.” Geo-Marine Letters 34 (4): 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-014-0372-4.
  • Wang, Z. H., D. F. Zheng, X. S. Guo, Z. D. Gu, Y. Q. Shen, and T. K. Nian. 2024a. “Investigation of Offshore Landslides Impact on Bucket Foundations Using a Coupled SPH–FEM Method.” Geoenvironmental Disasters 11 (1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-024-00266-9.
  • Wang, Z. H., D. F. Zheng, Z. D. Gu, X. S. Guo, and T. K. Nian. 2024b. “A Methodology to Evaluate the Real-Time Stability of Submarine Slopes under Rapid Sedimentation.” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12 (5): 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050823.
  • Warrick, J. A., K. L. Farnsworth, H. J. Lee, and W. R. Normark. 2009. “Sources of Sediment to the Coastal Waters of the Southern California Bight.” Geological Society of America Special Papers 454: 39–52.
  • Weaver, P. P. E., R. B. Wynn, N. H. Kenyon, and J. Evans. 2000. “Continental Margin Sedimentation, with Special Reference to the North-East Atlantic Margin.” Sedimentology 47 (s1): 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.0470s1239.x.
  • Wien, K., M. Kölling, and H. D. Schulz. 2007. “Age Models for the Cape Blanc Debris Flow and the Mauritania Slide Complex in the Atlantic Ocean off NW Africa.” Quaternary Science Reviews 26 (19-21): 2558–2573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.018.
  • Wilson, C. K., D. Long, and J. Bulat. 2004. “The Morphology, Setting and Processes of the Afen Slide.” Marine Geology 213 (1-4): 149–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.005.
  • Wu, S. G., L. W. Ma, J. Sun, Y. B. Guo, W. G. Zhang, S. W. Zhao, and Y. B. Wang. 2021. “Characteristic and Current Status of Some Large-Scale Geological Disasters along the Maritime Silk Road (in Chinese).” Progress in Geophysics 36 (1): 401–411. https://doi.org/10.6038/pg2021EE0316.
  • Xu, W., and L. N. Germanovich. 2006. “Excess Pore Pressure Resulting from Methane Hydrate Dissociation in Marine Sediments: A Theoretical Approach.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 111 (B1): B01104. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003600.
  • Yang, J. X., H. L. Wang, W. W. He, M. Wang, and S. F. Lu. 2017. “Study on the Seismic Characteristics of the Gas Hydrate System in the Niger Delta (in Chinese).” Chinese Journal of Geophysics 60 (6): 722–732. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.30081.
  • Yin, K. S., L. M. Zhang, H. J. Wang, H. F. Zou, and J. H. Li. 2021. “Marine Soil Behaviour Classification Using Piezocone Penetration Tests (CPTu) and Borehole Records.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 58 (2): 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0571.
  • Zhang, W., and A. M. Puzrin. 2022. “How Small Slip Surfaces Evolve into Large Submarine Landslides—Insight from 3D Numerical Modeling.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 127 (7): e2022JF006640. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JF006640.
  • Zhao, D. D., H. Y. Cheng, F. S. Lin, X. K. Qin, X. K. Zhu, X. C. Chen, and C. Zhang. 2020. “Triggering Factors of Submarine Landslide in the Yellow River Delta: Take the Chengdao Area as an Example[J].” Marine Geology Frontiers 36 (7): 25–30. https://doi.org/10.16028/j.1009-2722.2020.018.
  • Zheng, D. F., D. Y. Lei, C. L. Yan, Y. Q. Shen, and T. K. Nian. 2021. “Global Research Trends in Submarine Landslides: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on Web of Science Publications (in Chinese).” Journal of Engineering Geology 29 (6): 1805–1814. https://doi.org/10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2021-0712.
  • Zheng, D. F., T. K. Nian, B. Liu, M. Liu, P. Yin, and Y. D. Huo. 2019. “Investigation of the Stability of Submarine Sensitive Clay Slopes under Wave-Induced Pressure.” Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 37 (1): 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2018.1481470.
  • Zhou, M., M. S. Hossain, Y. Hu, and H. Liu. 2013. “Behaviour of Ball Penetrometer in Uniform Single-and Double-Layer Clays.” Géotechnique 63 (8): 682–694. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.026.
  • Zhu, C., J. Peng, and Y. Jia. 2023. “Marine Geohazards: Past, Present, and Future.” Engineering Geology 323: 107230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107230.
  • Zhu, Y. M., X. X. Lu, and Y. Zhou. 2008. “Sediment Flux Sensitivity to Climate Change: A Case Study in the Longchuanjiang Catchment of the Upper Yangtze River, China.” Global and Planetary Change 60 (3-4): 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.05.001.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.