Towards Fish Lipid Nutrigenomics: Current State and Prospects for Fin-Fish Aquaculture

REFERENCES

• Agaba , M. , Tocher , D. R. , Dickson , C. A. , Dick , J. R. and Teale , A. J. 2004 . Zebrafish cDNA encoding multifunctional fatty acid elongase involved in production of eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids . Mar. Biotechnol. , 6 : 251 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agaba , M. K. , Tocher , D. R. , Zheng , X. Z. , Dickson , C. A. , Dick , J. R. and Teale , A. J. 2005 . Cloning and functional characterisation of polyunsaturated fatty acid elongases of marine and freshwater teleost fish. Comp . Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 142 : 342 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahima , R. S. 2006 . Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ . Obesity , 14 : 242 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albalat , A. , Gomez-Requeni , P. , Rojas , P. , Medale , F. , Kaushik , S. , Vianen , G. J. , Van Den Thillart , G. , Gutierrez , J. , Perez-Sanchez , J. and Navarro , I. 2005a . Nutritional and hormonal control of lipolysis in isolated gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) adipocytes . Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. , 289 : R259 – R265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albalat , A. , Gutierrez , J. and Navarro , I. 2005b . Regulation of lipolysis in isolated adipocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): The role of insulin and glucagon . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol. , 142 : 347 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albalat , A. , Sanchez-Gurmaches , J. , Gutierrez , J. and Navarro , I. 2006 . Regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , 146 : 226 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allendorf , F. W. and Thorgaard , G. H. 1984 . “ Tetraploidy and the evolution of salmonid fishes ” . In Evolutionary Genetics of Salmonid Fishes , Edited by: Turner , B. J. 1 – 53 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez , M. J. , Diez , A. , Lopez-Bote , C. , Gallego , M. and Bautista , J. M. 2000 . Short-term modulation of lipogenesis by macronutrients in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes . Br. J Nutr. , 84 : 619 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , D. M. , Larsen , D. A. , Swanson , P. and Dickhoff , W. W. 2000 . Long-term peripheral treatment of immature coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with human leptin has no clear physiologic effect . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , 118 : 134 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barazzoni , R. , Bosutti , A. , Stebel , M. , Cattin , M. R. , Roder , E. , Visintin , L. , Cattin , L. , Biolo , G. , Zanetti , M. and Guarnieri , G. 2005 . Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in liver and skeletal muscle . Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. , 288 : E228 – E235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezard , J. , Blond , J. P. , Bernard , A. and Clouet , P. 1994 . The metabolism and availability of essential fatty acids in animal and human tissues . Reprod. Nutr. Dev. , 34 : 539 – 568 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bjornsson , B. T. 1997 . The biology of salmon growth hormone: From daylight to dominance . Fish Physiol. Biochem. , 17 : 9 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornsson , B. T. , Johansson , V. , Benedet , S. , Einarsdottir , I. E. , Hildahl , J. , Agustsson , T. and Jonsson , E. 2002 . Growth hormone endocrinology of salmonids: Regulatory mechanisms and mode of action . Fish Physiol. Biochem. , 27 : 227 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukouvala , E. , Antonopoulou , E. , Favre-Krey , L. , Diez , A. , Bautista , J. M. , Leaver , M. J. , Tocher , D. R. and Krey , G. 2004 . Molecular characterization of three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors from the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) . Lipids , 39 : 1085 – 1092 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt , J. M. , Djouadi , F. and Kelly , D. P. 1998 . Fatty acids activate transcription of the muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase i gene in cardiac myocytes via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha . J. Biol. Chem. , 273 : 23786 – 23792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremer , J. 1997 . “ The role of carnitine in cell metabolism ” . In Carnitine Today , Edited by: De Simine , C. and Famularo , G. 1 – 38 . Austin , TX : Landes Bioscience .
   Google Scholar
• Burdick , A. D. , Kim , D. J. , Peraza , M. A. , Gonzalez , F. J. and Peters , J. M. 2006 . The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta in epithelial cell growth and differentiation . Cell. Signal. , 18 : 9 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caballero , M. J. , Obach , A. , Rosenlund , G. , Montero , D. , Gisvold , M. and Izquierdo , M. S. 2002 . Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue fatty acid composition, and histology of rainbow trout . Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture , 214 : 253 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , C. B. and Cheng , C. H. K. 2004 . Identification and functional characterization of two alternatively spliced growth hormone secretagogue receptor transcripts from the pituitary of black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli . Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. , 214 : 81 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , G. X. , Liang , G. S. , Ou , J. F. , Goldstein , J. L. and Brown , M. S. 2004 . Central role for liver x receptor in insulin-mediated activation of SREBP-1c transcription and stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in liver . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 101 : 11245 – 11250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , W. , Guo , L. , Zhang , Z. H. , Soo , H. M. , Wen , C. M. , Wu , W. and Peng , J. R. 2006 . HNF factors form a network to regulate liver-enriched genes in zebrafish . Dev. Biol. , 294 : 482 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi , K. C. , Roh , S. G. , Hong , Y. H. , Shrestha , Y. B. , Hishikawa , D. , Chen , C. , Kojima , M. , Kangawa , K. and Sasaki , S. I. 2003 . The role of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagrogues receptor on rat adipogenesis . Endocrinology , 144 : 754 – 759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , S. D. 2004 . The multi-dimensional regulation of gene expression by fatty acids: Polyunsaturated fats as nutrient sensors . Curr. Opin. Lipidol. , 15 : 13 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe , N. R. and Bernlohr , D. A. 1998 . Physiological properties and functions of intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins . Biochim. Biophys. Acta: Lipids Lipid Metab. , 1391 : 287 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Company , R. , Astola , A. , Pendon , C. , Valdivia , M. M. and Perez-Sanchez , J. 2001 . Somatotropic regulation of fish growth and adiposity: Growth hormone (GH) and somatolactin (SL) relationship . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 130 : 435 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Company , R. , Calduch-Giner , J. A. , Kaushik , S. and Perez-Sanchez , J. 1999 . Growth performance and adiposity in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): Risks and benefits of high energy diets . Aquaculture , 171 : 279 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conlon , J. M. Evolution of the insulin molecule: insights into structure–activity and phylogenetic relationships . Peptides , 22 1183 – 1193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , H. W. 1996 . “ Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in eukaryotes ” . In Biochemistry of Lipids: Lipoproteins and Membranes. , Edited by: Vance , D. E. and Vance , J. E. 129 – 152 . Amsterdam : Elevier .
   Google Scholar
• Cowey , C. B. and Cho , C. Y. 1993 . Nutritional requirements of fish . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 52 : 417 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowey , C. B. and Walton , M. J. 1989 . “ Intermediary metabolism ” . In Fish Nutrition, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Halver , J. E. 259 – 329 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cowley , D. J. and Sheridan , M. A. 1993 . Insulin stimulates hepatic lipogenesis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss . Fish Physiol. Biochem. , 11 : 421 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockett , E. L. and Sidell , B. D. 1993 . Peroxisomal β -oxidation is a significant pathway for catabolism of fatty acids in a marine teleost . Am. J. Physiol. , 264 : R1004 – R1009 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Celis , S. V. R. , Gomez , P. , Calduch-Giner , J. A. , Medale , F. and Perez-Sanchez , J. 2003 . Expression and characterization of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) somatolactin: Assessment of in vivo metabolic effects . Mar. Biotechnol. , 5 : 92 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Celis , S. V. R. , Rojas , P. , Gomez-Requeni , P. , Albalat , A. , Gutierrez , J. , Medale , F. , Kaushik , S. J. , Navarro , I. and Perez-Sanchez , J. 2004 . Nutritional assessment of somatolactin function in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): Concurrent changes in somatotropic axis and pancreatic hormones . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol. , 138 : 533 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Pedro , N. and Björnsson , B. T. 2001 . “ Regulation of food intake by neuropeptides and hormones ” . In Food Intake in Fish , Edited by: Houlihan , D. , Boujard , T. and Jobling , M. 269 – 296 . Oxford : Blackwell Science .
   Google Scholar
• De Pedro , N. , Martinez-Alvarez , R. and Delgado , M. J. 2006 . Acute and chronic leptin reduces food intake and body weight in goldfish (Carassius auratus) . J. Endocrinol. , 188 : 513 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desvergne , B. , Michalik , L. and Wahli , W. 2004 . Be fit or be sick: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are down the road . Mol. Endocrinol. , 18 : 1321 – 1332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desvergne , B. and Wahli , W. 1999 . Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Nuclear control of metabolism . Endocr. Rev. , 20 : 649 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desvergne , B. A. , Michalik , L. and Wahli , W. 2006 . Transcriptional regulation of metabolism . Physiol. Rev. , 86 : 465 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhe-Paganon , S. , Duda , K. , Iwamoto , M. , Chi , Y. I. and Shoelson , S. E. 2002 . Crystal structure of the HNF4 alpha ligand binding domain in complex with endogenous fatty acid ligand . J. Biol. Chem. , 277 : 37973 – 37976 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez , A. , Menoyo , D. , Pérez-Benavente , S. , Calduch-Giner , J. A. , Vega-Rubin de Celis , S. , Obach , A. , Favre-Krey , L. , Boukouvala , E. , Leaver , M. J. , Tocher , D. R. , Pérez-Sanchez , J. , Krey , G. and Bautista , J. M. 2007 . Conjugated linoleic acid affects lipid composition, metabolism, and gene expression in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L) . J. Nutr. , 137 : 1363 – 1369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohue , M. , Baldwin , L. A. , Leonard , D. A. , Kostecki , P. T. and Calabrese , E. J. 1993 . Effect of hypolipidemic drugs gemfibrozil, ciprofibrate, and clofibric acid on peroxisomal β -oxidation in primary cultures of rainbow trout hepatocytes . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety , 26 : 127 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressel , U. , Allen , T. L. , Pippal , J. B. , Rohde , P. R. , Lau , P. and Muscat , G. E. O. 2003 . The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β /δ agonist, GW501516, regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism and energy uncoupling in skeletal muscle cells . Mol. Endocrinol. , 17 : 2477 – 2493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drewes , T. , Senkel , S. , Holewa , B. and Ryffel , G. U. 1996 . Human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 isoforms are encoded by distinct and differentially expressed genes . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 16 : 925 – 931 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , Z. Y. , Demizieux , L. , Degrace , P. , Gresti , J. , Moindrot , B. , Liu , Y. J. , Tian , L. X. , Cao , J. M. and Clouet , P. 2004 . Alteration of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 fat contents and liver peroxisomal activities in fenofibrate-treated rainbow trout . Lipids , 39 : 849 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escher , P. , Braissant , O. , Basu-Modak , S. , Michalik , L. , Wahli , W. and Desvergne , B. 2001 . Rat PPARs: Quantitative analysis in adult rat tissues and regulation in fasting and refeeding . Endocrinology , 142 : 4195 – 4202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajas , L. , Debril , M. B. and Auwerx , J. 2001 . Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma: From adipogenesis to carcinogenesis . J. Mol. Endocrinol. , 27 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO . 2006 . The state of world fisheries and agriculture 2006 1 – 180 . www.fao.org/sof/sofia/index_en.html
   Google Scholar
• Forman , B. M. , Chen , J. and Evans , R. M. 1997 . Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 94 : 4312 – 4317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohnert , B. I. and Bernlohr , D. A. 2000 . Regulation of fatty acid transporters in mammalian cells . Prog. Lipid Res. , 39 : 83 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froyland , L. , Helland , K. , Totland , G. K. , Kryvi , H. and Berge , R. K. 1996 . A hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferating fatty acid induces polydispersity of rat liver mitochondria . Biol. Cell , 87 : 105 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froyland , L. , Lie , O. and Berge , R. K. 2000 . Mitochondrial and peroxisomal β -oxidation capacities in various tissues from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar . Aquac. Nutr. , 6 : 85 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froyland , L. , Madsen , L. , Eckhoff , K. M. , Lie , O. and Berge , R. K. 1998 . Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, and acyl-CoA oxidase activities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Lipids , 33 : 923 – 930 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukada , H. , Ozaki , Y. , Pierce , A. L. , Adachi , S. , Yamauchi , K. , Hara , A. , Swanson , P. and Dickhoff , W. W. 2005 . Identification of the salmon somatolactin receptor, a new member of the cytokine receptor family . Endocrinology , 146 : 2354 – 2361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuhashi , M. , Ura , N. , Murakami , H. , Hyakukoku , M. , Yamaguchi , K. , Higashiura , K. and Shimamoto , K. 2002 . Fenofibrate improves insulin sensitivity by reducing muscle lipid content via increase of fatty acid binding protein and β -oxidation in muscle . J. Hypertens. , 20 : S56
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grove , T. J. and Sidell , B. D. 2004 . Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase from Antarctic notothenioid fishes may influence substrate specificity of fat oxidation . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 139 : 53 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutieres , S. , Damon , M. , Panserat , S. , Kaushik , S. and Medale , F. 2003 . Cloning and tissue distribution of a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 135 : 139 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , J. A. 1998 . Fatty acid transport: Difficult or easy? . J. Lipid Res. , 39 : 467 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon , J. S. , Eilertson , C. D. , Sheridan , M. A. and Plisetskaya , E. M. 1991 . Insulin suppression is associated with hypersomatostatinemia and hyperglucagonemia in glucose-injected rainbow trout . Am. J. Physiol. , 261 : R609 – R613 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harmon , J. S. , Rieniets , L. M. and Sheridan , M. A. 1993 . Glucagon and insulin regulate lipolysis in trout liver by altering phosphorylation of triacylglycerol lipase . Am. J. Physiol. , 265 : R255 – R260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon , J. S. and Sheridan , M. A. 1992a . Effects of nutritional state, insulin, and glucagon on lipid mobilization in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , 87 : 214 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon , J. S. and Sheridan , M. A. 1992b . Glucose-stimulated lipolysis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, liver . Fish Physiol. Biochem. , 10 : 189 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings , N. , Agaba , M. , Tocher , D. R. , Leaver , M. J. , Dick , J. R. , Sargent , J. R. and Teale , A. J. 2001 . A vertebrate fatty acid desaturase with delta 5 and delta 6 activities . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 98 : 14304 – 14309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings , N. , Agaba , M. K. , Tocher , D. R. , Zheng , X. Z. , Dickson , C. A. , Dick , J. R. and Teale , A. J. 2004 . Molecular cloning and functional characterization of fatty acyl desaturase and elongase cDNAs involved in the production of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from alpha-linolenic acid in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Mar. Biotechnol. , 6 : 463 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemre , G. I. and Sandnes , K. 1999 . Effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. . Aquac. Nutr. , 5 : 9 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , R. J. and Sargent , J. R. 1984 . Lipid metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) fed diets containing partially hydrogenated fish oil . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 78 : 557 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , R. J. and Tocher , D. R. 1987 . The lipid composition and biochemistry of fresh water fish . Prog. Lipid Res. , 26 : 281 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann , T. , Buchkremer , F. , Gosch , I. , Hall , A. M. , Bernlohr , D. A. and Stremmel , W. 2001 . Mouse fatty acid transport protein 4 (fatp4): Characterization of the gene and functional assessment as a very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase . Gene , 270 : 31 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertzel , A. V. and Bernlohr , D. A. 2000 . The mammalian fatty acid-binding protein multigene family: Molecular and genetic insights into function . Trends Endocrinol. Metab. , 11 : 175 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hihi , A. K. , Michalik , L. and Wahli , W. 2002 . PPARs: Transcriptional effectors of fatty acids and their derivatives . Cell. Mol. Life Sci. , 59 : 790 – 798 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huising , M. O. , Geven , E. J. W. , Kruiswijk , C. P. , Nabuurs , S. B. , Stolte , E. H. , Spanings , F. A. T. , Verburg-Van Kemenade , B. M. L. and Flik , G. 2006a . Increased leptin expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) after food intake but not after fasting or feeding to satiation . Endocrinology , 147 : 5786 – 5797 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huising , M. O. , Kruiswijk , C. P. and Flik , G. 2006b . Phylogeny and evolution of class-I helical cytokines . J. Endocrinol. , 189 : 1 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inestrosa , N. C. , Bronfman , M. and Leighton , F. 1979 . Properties of fatty acyl-CoA oxidase from rat liver, a peroxisomal flavoprotein . Life Sci. , 25 : 1127 – 1135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issemann , I. and Green , S. 1990 . Activation of a member of the steroid-hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators . Nature , 347 : 645 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izquierdo , M. S. , Obach , A. , Arantzamendi , L. , Montero , D. , Robaina , L. and Rosenlund , G. 2003 . Dietary lipid sources for sea bream and sea bass: Growth performance, tissue composition, and flesh quality . Aquac. Nutr. , 9 : 397 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson , A. , Westerberg , R. and Jacobsson , A. 2006 . Fatty acid elongases in mammals: Their regulation and roles in metabolism . Prog. Lipid Res. , 45 : 237 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , G. Q. , Nepomuceno , L. , Hopkins , K. and Sladek , F. M. 1995 . Exclusive homodimerization of the orphan receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 defines a new subclass of nuclear receptors . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 15 : 5131 – 5143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobling , M. and Johansen , S. J. S. 2003 . Fat distribution in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. In relation to body size and feeding regime . Aquac. Res. , 34 : 311 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , R. M. , Johnson , T. M. and Londraville , R. L. 2000 . Evidence for leptin expression in fishes . J. Exp. Zool. , 286 : 718 – 724 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordal , A. E. O. , Hordvik , I. , Pelsers , M. , Bemlohr , D. A. and Torstensen , B. E. 2006 . FABP3 and FABP10 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)—General effects of dietary fatty acid composition and life cycle variations . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 145 : 147 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordal , A. E. O. , Lie , O. and Torstensen , B. E. 2007 . Complete replacement of dietary fish oil with a vegetable oil blend effects liver and plasma lipoprotein levels in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Aquac. Nutr. , 13 : 114 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordal , A. E. O. , Torstensen , B. E. , Tsoi , S. , Tocher , D. R. , Lall , S. P. and Douglas , S. E. 2005 . Dietary rapeseed oil affects the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) . J. Nutr. , 135 : 2355 – 2361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jump , D. B. 2004 . Fatty acid regulation of gene transcription . Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. , 41 : 41 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jönsson , E. , Forsman , A. , Einarsdottir , I. E. , Kaiya , H. , Ruohonen , K. and Björnsson , B. T. 2007 . Plasma ghrelin levels in rainbow trout in response to fasting and food composition, and effects of ghrelin on voluntary food intake . Comp. Physiol. Biochem. A , 147 : 1116 – 1124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiya , H. , Kojima , M. , Hosoda , H. , Moriyama , S. , Takahashi , A. , Kawauchi , H. and Kangawa , K. 2003 . Peptide purification, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and genomic DNA cloning, and functional characterization of ghrelin in rainbow trout . Endocrinology , 144 : 5215 – 5226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kangawa , K. 2005 . Ghrelin: Discovery and physiological significance . J. Pharmacol. Sci. , 97 : 3P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavsan , V. M. , Koval , A. P. , Grebenjuk , V. A. , Chan , S. J. , Steiner , D. F. , Roberts , C. T. and Leroith , D. 1993 . Structure of the chum salmon insulin-like growth factor I gene . DNA Cell Biol. , 12 : 729 – 737 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleveland , E. J. , Ruyter , B. , Vegusdal , A. , Sundvold , H. , Berge , R. K. and Gjoen , T. 2006a . Effects of 3-thia fatty acids on expression of some lipid related genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 145 : 239 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleveland , E. J. , Syvertsen , B. L. , Ruyter , B. , Vegusdal , A. , Jorgensen , S. M. and Gjoen , T. 2006b . Characterization of scavenger receptor class b, type I in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) . Lipids , 41 : 1017 – 1027 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima , M. and Kangawa , K. 2005 . Ghrelin: Structure and function . Physiol. Rev. , 85 : 495 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurokawa , T. , Uji , S. and Suzuki , T. 2005 . Identification of cDNA coding for a homologue to mammalian leptin from pufferfish . Takifugu rubripes. Peptides , 26 : 745 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le , W. P. , Abbas , A. S. , Sprecher , H. , Vockley , J. and Schulz , H. 2000 . Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in the mitochondrial β -oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids . Biochim. Biophys. Acta: Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids , 1485 : 121 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaver , M. J. , Boukouvala , E. , Antonopoulou , E. , Diez , A. , Favre-Krey , L. , Ezaz , M. T. , Bautista , J. M. , Tocher , D. R. and Krey , G. 2005 . Three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isotypes from each of two species of marine fish . Endocrinology , 146 : 3150 – 3162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaver , M. J. , Ezaz , M. T. , Fontagne , S. , Tocher , D. R. , Boukouvala , E. and Krey , G. 2007 . Multiple peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β subtypes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . J. Mol. Endocrinol. , 38 : 391 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaver , M. J. , Tocher , D. R. , Obach , A. , Jensen , L. , Henderson , R. J. , Porter , A. R. and Krey , G. 2006 . Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid composition, metabolism, and gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol. , 145 : 258 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaver , M. J. , Wright , J. and George , S. G. 1998 . A peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gene from the marine flatfish, the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) . Mar. Environ. Res. , 46 : 75 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard , A. E. , Bobik , E. G. , Dorado , J. , Kroeger , P. E. , Chuang , L. T. , Thurmond , J. M. , Parker-Barnes , J. M. , Das , T. , Huang , Y. S. and Mukerji , P. 2000 . Cloning of a human cDNA encoding a novel enzyme involved in the elongation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids . Biochem. J. , 350 : 765 – 770 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard , A. E. , Kelder , B. , Bobik , E. G. , Chuang , L. T. , Lewis , C. J. , Kopchick , J. J. , Mukerji , P. and Huang , Y. S. 2002 . Identification and expression of mammalian long-chain PUFA elongation enzymes . Lipids , 37 : 733 – 740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone , T. C. , Weinheimer , C. J. and Kelly , D. P. 1999 . A critical role for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in the cellular fasting response: The PPARα -null mouse as a model of fatty acid oxidation disorders . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 96 : 7473 – 7478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang , X. F. , Ogata , H. Y. and Oku , H. 2002 . Effect of dietary fatty acids on lipoprotein lipase gene expression in the liver and visceral adipose tissue of fed and starved red sea bream Pagrus major . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol. , 132 : 913 – 919 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg , A. and Olivecrona , G. 2002 . Lipoprotein lipase from rainbow trout differs in several respects from the enzyme in mammals . Gene , 292 : 213 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londraville , R. L. and Duvall , C. S. 2002 . Murine leptin injections increase intracellular fatty acid-binding protein in green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , 129 : 56 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londraville , R. L. and Sidell , B. D. 1996 . Cold acclimation increases fatty acid-binding protein concentration in aerobic muscle of striped bass . Morone saxatilis. J. Exp. Zool. , 275 : 36 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Madsen , L. and Berge , R. K. 1999 . 3-thia fatty acid treatment, in contrast to eicosapentaenoic acid and starvation, induces gene expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II in rat liver . Lipids , 34 : 447 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maglich , J. M. , Caravella , J. A. , Lambert , M. H. , Willson , T. M. , Moore , J. T. and Ramamurthy , L. 2003 . The first completed genome sequence from a teleost fish (Fugu rubripes) adds significant diversity to the nuclear receptor superfamily . Nucl. Acids Res. , 31 : 4051 – 4058 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandard , S. , Muller , M. and Kersten , S. 2004 . Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha target genes . Cell. Mol. Life Sci. , 61 : 393 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquardt , A. , Stohr , H. , White , K. and Weber , B. H. F. 2000 . cDNA cloning, genomic structure, and chromosomal localization of three members of the human fatty acid desaturase family . Genomics , 66 : 175 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashek , D. G. and Coleman , R. A. 2006 . Cellular fatty acid uptake: The contribution of metabolism . Curr. Opin. Lipidol. , 17 : 274 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matarese , V. , Stone , R. L. , Waggoner , D. W. and Bernlohr , D. A. 1989 . Intracellular fatty-acid trafficking and the role of cytosolic lipid-binding proteins . Prog. Lipid Res. , 28 : 245 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell , K. N. , Soccio , R. E. , Duncan , E. M. , Schayek , E. and Breslow , J. L. 2003 . Novel putative SREBP and LXR target genes identified by microarray analysis in liver of cholesterol-fed mice . J. Lipid Res. , 44 : 2109 – 2119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcpherson , R. and Gauthier , A. 2004 . Molecular regulation of SREBP function: The INSIG-SCAP connection and isoform-specific modulation of lipid synthesis . Biochim. Biol Cell. , 82 : 201 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead , J. R. , Irvine , S. A. and Ramji , D. P. 2002 . Lipoprotein lipase: Structure, function, regulation, and role in disease . J. Mol. Med. , 80 : 753 – 769 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menoyo , D. , Diez , A. , Lopez-Bote , C. J. , Casado , S. , Obach , A. and Bautista , J. M. 2006 . Dietary fat type affects lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and differentially regulates glucose transporter glut4 expression in muscle . Aquaculture , 261 : 294 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menoyo , D. , Izquierdo , M. S. , Robaina , L. , Gines , R. , Lopez-Bote , C. J. and Bautista , J. M. 2004 . Adaptation of lipid metabolism, tissue composition, and flesh quality in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) to the replacement of dietary fish oil by linseed and soybean oils . Br. J. Nutr. , 92 : 41 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menoyo , D. , Lopez-Bote , C. J. , Bautista , J. M. and Obach , A. 2003 . Growth, digestibility, and fatty acid utilization in large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed varying levels of n-3 and saturated fatty acids . Aquaculture , 225 : 295 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menoyo , D. , Lopez-Bote , C. J. , Obach , A. and Bautista , J. M. 2005 . Effect of dietary fish oil substitution with linseed oil on the performance, tissue fatty acid profile, metabolism, and oxidative stability of Atlantic salmon . J. Anim. Sci. , 83 : 2853 – 2862 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , A. , Kirsch , H. , Domergue , F. , Abbadi , A. , Sperling , P. , Bauer , J. , Cirpus , P. , Zank , T. K. , Moreau , H. , Roscoe , T. J. , Zahringer , U. and Heinz , E. 2004 . Novel fatty acid elongases and their use for the reconstitution of docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis . J. Lipid Res. , 45 : 1899 – 1909 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , A. and Van , Y. 2005 . De Peer. From 2r to 3r: Evidence for a fish-specific genome duplication (FSGD) . Bioessays , 27 : 937 – 945 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalik , L. , Auwerx , J. , Berger , J. P. , Chatterjee , V. K. , Glass , C. K. , Gonzalez , F. J. , Grimaldi , P. A. , Kadowaki , T. , Lazar , M. A. , O'rahilly , S. , Palmer , C. N. A. , Plutzky , J. , Reddy , J. K. , Spiegelman , B. M. , Staels , B. and Wahli , W. 2006 . International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors . Pharmacol. Rev. , 58 : 726 – 741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mommsen , T. P. , Silverstein , J. T. , Plisetskaya , E. M. , Whittaker , L. J. , Whittaker , J. and Conlon , J. M. 2001 . Two insulins from channel catfish: Purification, structures, receptor-binding, and cDNA sequences . Fish Physiol. Biochem. , 25 : 61 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morais , S. , Knoll-Gellida , A. , Andre , M. , Barthe , C. and Babin , P. J. 2007 . Conserved expression of alternative splicing variants of peroxisomal acyl- CoA oxidase 1 in vertebrates and developmental and nutritional regulation in fish . Physiol. Genom. , 28 : 239 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , I. J. , Mccarthy , I. D. and Metcalfe , N. B. 2002 . The influence of life-history strategy on lipid metabolism in overwintering juvenile Atlantic salmon . J. Fish Biol. , 60 : 674 – 686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moya-Falcon , C. , Hvattum , E. , Tran , T. N. , Thomassen , M. S. , Skorve , J. and Ruyter , B. 2006 . Phospholipid molecular species, beta-oxidation, desaturation, and elongation of fatty acids in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes: Effects of temperature and 3-thia fatty acids . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 145 : 68 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanton , D. A. , Lall , S. P. , Ross , N. W. and Mcniven , M. A. 2003 . Effect of dietary lipid level on fatty acid beta-oxidation and lipid composition in various tissues of haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 135 : 95 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanton , D. A. , Vegusdal , A. , Benze-Roraa , A. M. , Ruyter , B. , Baeverfjord , G. and Torstensen , B. 2007 . Muscle lipid storage pattern, composition, and adipocyte distribution in different parts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed fish oil and vegetable oil . Aquaculture , 265 : 230 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro , I. , Rojas , P. , Capilla , E. , Albalat , A. , Castillo , J. , Montserrat , N. , Codina , M. and Gutierrez , J. 2002 . Insights into insulin and glucagon responses in fish . Fish Physiol. Biochem. , 27 : 205 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , L. E. and Sheridan , M. A. 2006 . Gastroenteropancreatic hormones and metabolism in fish . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , 148 : 116 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odom , D. T. , Zizlsperger , N. , Gordon , D. B. , Bell , G. W. , Rinaldi , N. J. , Murray , H. L. , Volkert , T. L. , Schreiber , J. , Rolfe , P. A. , Gifford , D. K. , Fraenkel , E. , Bell , G. I. and Young , R. A. 2004 . Control of pancreas and liver gene expression by HNF transcription factors . Science , 303 : 1378 – 1381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oku , H. , Koizumi , N. , Okumura , T. , Kobayashi , T. and Umino , T. 2006 . Molecular characterization of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and pancreatic lipase genes: Effects of fasting and refeeding on their gene expression in red sea bream Pagrus major . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 145 : 168 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oku , H. , Ogata , H. Y. and Liang , X. F. 2002 . Organization of the lipoprotein lipase gene of red sea bream Pagrus major . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 131 : 775 – 785 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papasani , M. R. , Robison , B. D. , Hardy , R. W. and Hill , R. A. 2006 . Early developmental expression of two insulins in zebrafish (Danio rerio) . Physiol. Genom. , 27 : 79 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Sanchez , J. , Calduch-Giner , J. A. , Mingarro , M. , De Celis , S. V. R. , Gomez-Requeni , P. , Saera-Vila , A. , Astola , A. and Valdivia , M. M. 2002 . Overview of fish growth hormone family. New insights in genomic organization and heterogeneity of growth hormone receptors . Fish Physiol. Biochem. , 27 : 243 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , J. M. , Lee , S. S. T. , Li , W. , Ward , J. M. , Gavrilova , O. , Everett , C. , Reitman , M. L. , Hudson , L. D. and Gonzalez , F. J. 2000 . Growth, adipose, brain, and skin alterations resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β (δ) . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 20 : 5119 – 5128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike , I. 2005 . Eco-efficiency in aquaculture: Global catch of wild fish used in aquaculture . Int. Aquafeed. , 8 : 38 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Planas , J. V. , Mendez , E. , Banos , N. , Capilla , E. , Navarro , I. and Gutierrez , J. 2000 . Insulin and IGF-I receptors in trout adipose tissue are physiologically regulated by circulating hormone levels . J. Exp. Biol. , 203 : 1153 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plisetskaya , E. M. 1998 . Some of my not so favorite things about insulin and insulin-like growth factors in fish . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 121 : 3 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plisetskaya , E. M. , Ottolenghi , C. , Sheridan , M. A. , Mommsen , T. P. and Gorbman , A. 1989 . Metabolic effects of salmon glucagon and glucagon-like peptide in coho and chinook salmon . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , 73 : 205 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , N. T. , Van Der Leij , F. R. , Jackson , V. N. , Corstorphine , C. G. , Thomson , R. , Sorensen , A. and Zammit , V. A. 2002 . A novel brain-expressed protein related to carnitine palmitoyltransferase I . Genomics , 80 : 433 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regost , C. , Arzel , J. , Robin , J. , Rosenlund , G. and Kaushik , S. J. 2003 . Total replacement of fish oil by soybean or linseed oil with a return to fish oil in turbot (Psetta maxima)—1. Growth performance, flesh fatty acid profile, and lipid metabolism . Aquaculture , 217 : 465 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard , N. , Kaushik , S. , Larroquet , L. , Panserat , S. and Corraze , G. 2006 . Replacing dietary fish oil by vegetable oils has little effect on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Br. J. Nutr. , 96 : 299 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , J. G. , Bonen , A. , Heigenhauser , G. J. F. and Wood , C. M. 2004 . Palmitate movement across red and white muscle membranes of rainbow trout . Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. , 286 : R46 – R53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley , L. G. , Fox , B. K. , Kaiya , H. , Hirano , T. and Grau , E. G. 2005 . Long-term treatment of ghrelin stimulates feeding, fat deposition, and alters the gh/igf-i axis in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , 142 : 234 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson-Rechavi , M. , Marchand , O. , Escriva , H. , Bardet , P. L. , Zelus , D. , Hughes , S. and Laudet , V. 2001 . Euteleost fish genomes are characterized by expansion of gene families . Genome Res. , 11 : 781 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollin , X. , Medale , F. , Gutieres , S. , Blanc , D. and Kaushik , S. J. 2003 . Short- and long-term nutritional modulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in selected tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Br. J. Nutr. , 89 : 803 – 810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen , E. D. , Sarraf , P. , Troy , A. E. , Bradwin , G. , Moore , K. , Milstone , D. S. , Spiegelman , B. M. and Mortensen , R. M. 1999 . PPAR gamma is required for the differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro . Mol. Cell , 4 : 611 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruyter , B. , Andersen , O. , Dehli , A. , Farrants , A. K. O. , Gjoen , T. and Thomassen , M. S. 1997 . Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Effects on ppar transcription and acyl-CoA oxidase activity in hepatocytes by peroxisome proliferators and fatty acids . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1348 : 331 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saera-Vila , A. , Calduch-Giner , J. A. , Gomez-Requeni , P. , Medale , F. , Kaushik , S. and Perez-Sanchez , J. 2005 . Molecular characterization of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) lipoprotein lipase. Transcriptional regulation by season and nutritional condition in skeletal muscle and fat storage tissues . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 142 : 224 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent , J. R. and Tacon , A. G. J. 1999 . Development of farmed fish: A nutritionally necessary alternative to meat . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 58 : 377 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent , J. R. , Tocher , D. R. and Bell , J. G. 2002 . “ The lipids ” . In Fish Nutrition, , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Halver , J. E. and Hardy , R. W. 181 – 257 . San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Seiliez , I. , Panserat , S. , Corraze , G. , Kaushik , S. and Bergot , R. 2003 . Cloning and nutritional regulation of a delta 6-desaturase-like enzyme in the marine teleost gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 135 : 449 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiliez , I. , Panserat , S. , Kaushik , S. and Bergot , P. 2001 . Cloning, tissue distribution and nutritional regulation of a delta 6-desaturase-like enzyme in rainbow trout . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 130 : 83 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearer , K. D. and Swanson , P. 2000 . The effect of whole body lipid on early sexual maturation of 1+age male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . Aquaculture , 190 : 343 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd , B. S. , Johnson , J. K. , Silverstein , J. T. , Parhar , I. S. , Vijayan , M. M. , Mcguire , A. and Weber , G. M. 2007 . Endocrine and orexigenic actions of growth hormone secretagogues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol. , 146 : 390 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan , M. A. 1994 . Regulation of lipid metabolism in poikilothermic vertebrates . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Bio. , 107 : 495 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher , H. 2000 . Metabolism of highly unsaturated n-3 and n-6 fatty acids . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1486 : 219 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubhaug , I. , Froyland , L. and Torstensen , B. E. 2005 . Beta-oxidation capacity of red and white muscle and liver in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Effects of increasing dietary rapeseed oil and olive oil to replace capelin oil . Lipids , 40 : 39 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubhaug , I. , Lie , O. and Torstensen , B. E. 2006 . Beta-oxidation capacity in liver increases during parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon fed vegetable oil and fish oil . J. Fish Biol. , 69 : 504 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubhaug , I. , Lie , O. and Torstensen , B. E. 2007 . Fatty acid retention and β -oxidation capacity in Atlantic salmon tissues (Salmo salar) fed different dietary fish or vegetable oils: A life cycle study . Aquac. Nutr. , 13 : 145 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachibana , K. , Kobayashi , Y. , Tanaka , T. , Tagami , M. , Sugiyama , A. , Katayama , T. , Ueda , C. , Yamasaki , D. , Ishimoto , K. , Sumitomo , M. , Uchiyama , Y. , Kohro , T. , Sakai , J. , Hamakubo , T. , Kodama , T. and Doi , T. 2005 . Gene expression profiling of potential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) target genes in human hepatoblastoma cell lines inducibly expressing different PPAR isoforms . Nucl. Recep. , 3 : 3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tacon , A. G. J. 2004 . Use of fish meal and fish oil in aquaculture . Aquatic Res.: Cult. Dev. , 1 : 3 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Tocher , D. R. 2003 . Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish . Rev. Fish. Sci. , 11 : 107 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocher , D. R. , Leaver , M. J. and Hodgson , P. A. 1998 . Recent advances in the biochemistry and molecular biology of fatty acyl desaturases . Prog. Lipid Res. , 37 : 73 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocher , D. R. , Zheng , X. Z. , Schlechtriem , C. , Hastings , N. , Dick , J. R. and Teale , A. J. 2006 . Highly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in marine fish: Cloning, functional characterization, and nutritional regulation of fatty acyl delta-6 desaturase of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) . Lipids , 41 : 1003 – 1016 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tontonoz , P. , Hu , E. , Graves , R. A. , Budavari , A. I. and Spiegelman , B. M. 1994 . mPPARγ 2 tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer . Genes Dev. , 8 : 1224 – 1234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torstensen , B. E. and Stubhaug , I. 2004 . Beta-oxidation of 18:3n-3 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) hepatocytes treated with different fatty acids . Lipids , 39 : 153 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschop , M. , Smiley , D. L. and Heiman , M. L. 2000 . Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents . Nature , 407 : 908 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Leij , F. R. , Huijkman , N. C. A. , Boomsma , C. , Kuipers , J. R. G. and Bartelds , B. 2000 . Genomics of the human carnitine acyltransferase genes . Mol. Genet. Metab. , 71 : 139 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veerkamp , J. H. and Vanmoerkerk , H. T. B. 1993 . Fatty-acid-binding protein and its relation to fatty-acid oxidation . Mol. Cell. Biochem. , 123 : 101 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkoff , H. , Eykelbosh , A. J. and Peter , R. E. 2003 . Role of leptin in the control of feeding of goldfish Carassius auratus: Interactions with cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and orexin A, and modulation by fasting . Brain Res. , 972 : 90 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendelaar Bonga , S. E. 1997 . The stress response in fish . Physiol. Rev. , 77 : 591 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willumsen , N. , Vaagenes , H. , Lie , O. , Rustan , A. C. and Berge , R. K. 1996 . Eicosapentaenoic acid, but not docosahexaenoic acid, increases mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and upregulates 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase gene expression in rats . Lipids , 31 : 579 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisely , G. B. , Miller , A. B. , Davis , R. G. , Thornquest , A. D. , Johnson , R. , Spitzer , T. , Sefler , A. , Shearer , B. , Moore , J. T. , Miller , A. B. , Willson , T. M. and Williams , S. P. 2002 . Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 is a transcription factor that constitutively binds fatty acids . Structure , 10 : 1225 – 1234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , I. G. , Wilson , C. , Friedlander , B. , Chang , P. , Reyes , D. K. , Nix , R. , Kelly , P. D. , Chu , F. , Postlethwait , J. H. and Talbot , W. S. 2005 . The zebrafish gene map defines ancestral vertebrate chromosomes . Genome Res. , 15 : 1307 – 1314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung , C. M. , Chan , C. B. , Woo , N. Y. S. and Cheng , C. H. K. 2006 . Sea bream ghrelin: cDNA cloning, genomic organization and promoter studies . J. Endocrinol. , 189 : 365 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. Y. , Proenca , R. , Maffei , M. , Barone , M. , Leopold , L. and Friedman , J. M. 1994 . Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homolog . Nature , 372 : 425 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. V. , Ren , P. G. , Avsian–Kretchmer , O. , Luo , C. W. , Rauch , R. , Klein , C. and Hsueh , A. J. W. Obstatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, oposes ghrelins' effects on food intake . Science , 310 996 – 999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , X. , Seiliez , I. , Hastings , N. , Tocher , D. R. , Panserat , S. , Dickson , C. A. , Bergot , P. and Teale , A. 2004a . Characterization and comparison of fatty acyl delta 6 desaturase cDNAs from freshwater and marine teleost fish species . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 139 : 269 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , X. Z. , Tocher , D. R. , Dickson , C. A. , Bell , J. G. and Teale , A. J. 2004b . Effects of diets containing vegetable oil on expression of genes involved in highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Aquaculture , 236 : 467 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , X. Z. , Tocher , D. R. , Dickson , C. A. , Bell , J. G. and Teale , A. J. 2005a . Highly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in vertebrates: New insights with the cloning and characterization of a delta 6 desaturase of Atlantic salmon . Lipids , 40 : 13 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , X. Z. , Torstensen , B. E. , Tocher , D. R. , Dick , J. R. , Henderson , R. J. and Bell , J. G. 2005b . Environmental and dietary influences on highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and expression of fatty acyl desaturase and elongase genes in liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1734 : 13 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , S. Y. , Ackman , R. G. and Morrison , C. 1995 . Storage of lipids in the myosepta of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Fish Physiol. Biochem. , 14 : 171 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar