63
Views
72
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The biology and prediction of representative red tides associated with fish kills in Japan

Pages 225-253 | Published online: 23 Dec 2008

References

  • Biecheler , B. 1936 . Sur une chloromonadine novelle d'eau saumatre Chattonella subsalsa n. gen. n. sp . Arch. Zool. Expel. Gen. , 78 : 79 – 83 .
  • Carter , N. 1937 . New or interesting algae from brackish water . Arch. Protistenk. , 90 : 1 – 68 .
  • Chang , H. F. , Anderson , C. and Boustead , N. C. 1990 . First record of a Heterosigma (Raphidophyceae) bloom with associated mortality of cage‐reared salmon in Big Glory Bay, New Zealand . N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. , 24 : 461 – 469 .
  • Chisholm , S. W. 1981 . Temporal patterns of cell division in unicellular algae . Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 210 : 150 – 181 . In: Physiological Bases of Phytoplankton Ecology
  • Cho , C.‐H. 1981 . On the Gymnodinium red tide in Jinhae Bay . Bull. Korean Fish. Soc. , 14 : 227 – 232 .
  • Conrad , W. and Kufferath , H. 1954 . Recherches sur les eau saumatres des environs de Lilloo. II. Descrictive . Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. Mem. , 127 : 1 – 346 .
  • Fukami , K. , Yuzawa , A. , Nishijima , T. and Hata , Y. 1992 . Isolation and properties of a bacterium inhibiting the growth of Gymnodinium nagasakiense . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 58 : 1073 – 1077 .
  • Fukase , S. 1992 . Oceanographical condition in Harima Nada and its influence of the blooming of Chattonella antiqua . Scientific Forum of the Seto Inland Sea (Setouchi Kagaku) , 4 : 258 – 262 .
  • Gaines , G. and Taylor , F. J. R. 1986 . A mariculturist's guide to potentially harmful marine phytoplankton of the Pacific Coast of North America , Information Report No. 10 1 – 54 . Marine Resources Section, Fisheries Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment .
  • Hada , Y. 1967 . Protozoan plankton of the Inland Sea, Setonaikai. I. The Mastigophora . Bull. Suzugamine Women's Coll. Nat. Sci. , 13 : 1 – 26 .
  • Hada , Y. 1968 . Protozoan plankton of the Inland Sea, Setonaikai. II. The Mastigophora and Sarcodina . Bull. Suzugamine Women's Coll. Nat. Sci. , 14 : 1 – 28 .
  • Hada , Y. 1974 . The flagellata examined from polluted water of the Inland Sea, Setonaikai . Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan , 20 : 112 – 125 .
  • Hallegraeff , G. M. 1991 . Aquacultures’ guide to harmful Australian microalgae 111
  • Hanaoka , T. 1972 . “ Introduction ” . In The Cause of Red‐Tide in Neritic Waters , Vol. 23 , 2 – 4 . Suisan Kenkyu Sosho .
  • Hara , Y. and Chihara , M. 1987 . Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of the raphidophycean alga Heterosigma akashiivo . Bot. Mag. Tokyo , 100 : 151 – 163 .
  • Hirayama , K. and Numaguchi , K. 1972 . Growth of Gymnodinium type‐'65, causative organism of red tide in Omura Bay, in medium supplied with bottom mud extract . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 19 : 13 – 21 .
  • Hiroishi , S. , Uchida , A. , Nagasaki , K. and Ishida , Y. 1988 . A new method for identification of inter‐and intra‐species of the red tide algae Chattonella antiqua Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) by means of monoclonal antibodies . J. Phycol. , 24 : 442 – 444 .
  • Hollande , A. and Enjumet , M. 1956 . Sur une invasion des eaux du Port d'Algen pan Chattonella subsalsa (Hornellia marina Sub.) Biecheler. Remarques sur la toxicite de cette Chloromonadine . Bull. Trav. Publ. Stat. Aquaculture Peche Castiglione N. S. , 8 : 273 – 280 .
  • Honjo , T. 1974 . Studies on the mechanisms of red tide occurrence in Hakata Bay. IV. Environmental conditions during the blooming season and essential factors of red tide occurrence . Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. , 79 : 77 – 121 .
  • Honjo , T. 1987 . Growth potential of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) collected in Gokasho Bay, central Japan . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 34 : 119 – 124 .
  • Honjo , T. and Hanaoka , T. 1972 . Studies on the mechanisms of red tide occurrence in Hakata Bay. I. On the regional distribution of organic matter in bottom mud . Sci. Bull. Fac. Kyushu Univ. , 26 : 191 – 196 .
  • Honjo , T. and Hanaoka , T. 1973 . Studies on the mechanisms of red tide occurrence in Hakata Bay. II. General features of red tide flagellate, Heterosigma sp . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 19 : 75 – 81 .
  • Honjo , T. and Hanaoka , T. 1974 . Studies on the mechanisms of red tide occurrence in Hakata Bay. III. The characteristics of effective bottom mud and its geographical distribution pattern . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 20 : 126 – 130 .
  • Honjo , T. , Shimouse , S. and Hanaoka , T. 1978a . A red tide occurred at the Hakozaki fishing port, Hakata Bay, in 1973: the growth process and the chlorophyll content . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 25 : 7 – 12 .
  • Honjo , T. , Shimouse , T. , Ueda , N. and Hanaoka , T. 1978b . Changes of phytoplankton composition and its characteristics during red tide season . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 25 : 13 – 19 .
  • Honjo , T. and Tabata , K. 1985 . Growth dynamics of Olisthodiscus luteus in outdoor tanks with flowing coastal water and in small vessels . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 30 : 653 – 664 .
  • Honjo , T. , Yamamoto , S. , Nakamura , O. and Yamaguchi , M. 1990 . “ Annual cycle of motile cells of Gymnodinium nagasakiense and ecological features during the period of red tide development ” . In Toxic Marine Phytoplankton , Edited by: Granéli , E. , Sundström , B. , Elder , L. and Anderson , D. M. 165 – 170 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Honjo , T. , Yamaguchi , M. , Nakamura , O. , Yamamoto , S. , Ouchi , A. and Ohwada , K. 1991 . A relationship between winter water temperature and timing of summer Gymnodinium nagasakiense rea tides in Gokasho Bay . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 57 : 1679 – 1682 .
  • Hosaka , M. 1990 . The occurrence of Gymnodinium nagasakiense Takayama et Adachi in Tokyo Bay, Japan . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 37 : 69 – 75 .
  • Hosaka , M. 1992 . Growth characteristics of a strain of Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada isolated from Tokyo Bay, Japan . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 39 : 49 – 58 .
  • Hughes , R. C. 1975 . The complex carbohydrates of mammalian cell surfaces and their biological roles . Essays Biochem. , 11 : 1 – 36 .
  • Iizuka , S. 1972 . Gymnodinium type‐'65 red tide occurring in anoxic environment of Omura Bay . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 19 : 22 – 33 .
  • Iizuka , S. 1979 . “ Maximum growth rate of natural population of a Gymnodinium red tide ” . In Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms , Edited by: Taylor , D. L. and Seliger , H. H. 111 – 114 . North‐Holland : Elsevier .
  • Iizuka , S. and Irie , H. 1966 . The hydrographic conditions and the fisheries damages by the red tide occurred in Omura Bay in summer 1965. II . Bull. Fac. Fish. Nagasaki Univ. , 21 : 67 – 101 .
  • Iizuka , S. and Irie , H. 1968 . Discoloration phenomena caused by microalgae in Nagasaki Pref. In 1966 and ecology of causative organisms, Olisthodiscus . Bull. Fac. Fish. Nagasaki Univ. , 26 : 25 – 35 .
  • Iizuka , S. and Irie , H. 1969 . Anoxic status of bottom waters and occurrences of Gymnodinium red water in Omura Bay . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 16 : 99 – 115 .
  • Iizuka , S. and Mine , K. 1983 . Maximum growth rate of Gymnodinium sp. (Type‐'65), a red tide dinoflagellate, expected under culture conditions . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 30 : 139 – 146 .
  • Iizuka , S. and Nakajima , T. 1975 . Response of red tide organisms to sulphide . Bull. Plankton Soc. jpn. , 22 : 27 – 32 .
  • Iizuka , S. , Sugiyama , H. and Hirayama , K. 1989 . “ Population growth of Gymnodinium nagasakiense red tide in Omura Bay ” . In Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 269 – 272 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Imai , T. 1989 . Cyst formation of the noxious red tide flagellate Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) in culture . Mar. Biol. , 103 : 235 – 239 .
  • Imai , I. 1990 . Physiology, morphology, and ecology of cysts of Chattonella (Raphidophyceae), causative flagellates of noxious red tides in the Inland Sea of Japan . Bull. Nansei Natl. Fish. Res. Inst. , 23 : 63 – 166 .
  • Imai , I. , Ishida , Y. , Sawayama , S. and Hata , Y. 1991a . Isolation of a marine gliding bacterium that kills Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae) . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 57 : 1409
  • Imai , I. and Itakura , S. 1991 . Densities of dormant cells of the red tide flagellate Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) in bottom sediments of northern Hiroshima Bay, Japan . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Microbial. Ecol. , 6 : 1 – 7 .
  • Imai , I. , Itakura , S. and Itoh , K. 1991b . Life cycle strategies of the red tide causing flagellates Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) in the Seto Inland Sea . Mar. Poll. Bull. (EMECS'90) , 23 : 165 – 170 .
  • Imai , I. and Itoh , K. 1986 . A preliminary note on the cysts of Chattonella (Raphidophyceae), red tide flagellates, found in bottom sediment in Suo‐Nada, western Seto Inland Sea, Japan . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 33 : 61 – 63 .
  • Imai , I. and Itoh , K. 1987 . Annual life cycle of Chattonella spp., causative flagellates of noxious red tides in the Inland Sea of Japan . Mar. Biol. , 94 : 287 – 292 .
  • Imai , I. and Itoh , K. 1988 . Cyst of Chattonella antiqua C. marina (Raphidophyceae) in sediments of the Seto Inland Sea of Japan . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 35 : 35 – 44 .
  • Imai , I. , Itoh , K. and Anraku , T. 1984a . Distribution of dormant cells of Chattonella in Harima‐Nada, eastern Seto Inland Sea, and temperature characteristics of germination . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 31 : 35 – 42 .
  • Imai , I. , Itoh , K. and Anraku , T. 1984b . Extinction dilution method for enumeration of dormant cells of red tide organisms in marine sediments . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 31 : 123 – 124 .
  • Imai , I. , Itoh , K. and Anraku , M. 1989 . “ Dormancy and maturation in the cysts of Chattonella spp. (Raphidophyceae), red tide flagellates in the Inland Sea of Japan ” . In Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 289 – 292 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Imai , I. , Itoh , K. , Terada , K. and Kamizono , M. 1986 . Distribution of dormant cells of Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) and occurrence of summer red tide in Suo‐Nada, western Seto Inland Sea . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. , 52 : 1665 – 1671 .
  • Ishimaru , T. , Takeuchi , T. , Fukuyo , Y. and Kodama , M. 1989 . “ The selenium requirement of Gymnodinium nagasakiense ” . In Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 357 – 360 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Itakura , S. , Imai , I. and Itoh , K. 1990 . Seasonal occurrence of the noxious red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium nagasakiense in Hiroshima Bay, Seto Inland Sea . Bull. Nansei Natl. Fish. Res. Inst. , 23 : 27 – 33 .
  • Itakura , S. , Imai , I. and Itoh , K. 1991 . Spatial distribution of cysts of the noxious red tide flagellates Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) in sediments of the eastern Seto Inland Sea, Japan . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 57 : 1079 – 1088 .
  • Iwasaki , H. 1971 . Studies on the red tide flagellates. VI. On Eutreptiella sp. and Exuviella sp. appeared in Bingo‐Nada, 1970 . J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. , 27 : 152 – 157 .
  • Iwasaki , H. 1979 . “ Physiological ecology of red tide flagellates ” . In Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa , Edited by: Levandowsky , M. and Hutner , S. H. 357 – 393 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Iwasaki , H. , Fujiyama , T. and Yamashita , E. 1968 . Studies on the red tide dinoflagellates. I. On Entomosigma sp. appeared in coastal area of Fukuyama . J. Fac. Fish. Anim. Hush. Hiroshima Univ. , 7 : 259 – 267 .
  • Iwasaki , H. , Kim , C.‐H. and Tsuchiya , M. 1990 . Growth characteristics of a dinoflagellate Gymnodinium nagasakiense Takayama et Adachi . Jpn. J. Phycol. (Sorui) , 38 : 155 – 161 .
  • Iwasaki , H. and Sasada , K. 1969 . Studies on the red tide dinoflagellates. II. On Heterosigma inlandica appeared in Gokasho Bay, Shima Peninsula . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. , 35 : 943 – 947 .
  • Iwata , Y. , Ishida , M. , Uchiyama , M. and Okuzawa , A. 1989 . “ Relationship between vertical stability and the occurrence of Chattonella red tides in Harima Nada, Setonaikai ” . In Red Tide: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 145 – 148 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Kim , H. G. 1989 . Characteristics of flagellate red tide and environmental conditions in Masan Bay . Bull. Nat. Fish. Res. Dev. Agency , 43 : 1 – 40 .
  • Kohata , K. , Watanabe , M. M. , Nakamura , Y. and Watanabe , M. 1982 . Growth and phosphate kinetics in Olisthodiscus luteus grown on synchronized batch cultures . Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. , 30 : 95 – 111 .
  • Lackey , J. B. and Clendenning , K. A. 1965 . Ecology of the microbiota of San Diego Bay, California . Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hisat. , 14 : 9 – 40 .
  • Lackey , J. B. and Lackey , E. 1963 . Microscopic algae and protozoa in the waters near Plymouth in August 1962 . J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK , 43 : 797 – 805 .
  • Lam , C. W. Y. and Ho , K. C. 1989 . “ Red tides in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong ” . In Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 49 – 52 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Lee , J. H. and Kwak , H. S. 1986 . A study on the Gymnodinium nagasakiense red‐tide in Jinhae Bay of Korea . Korean J. Ecol. , 9 : 149 – 160 .
  • Matsuoka , K. , Iizuka , S. , Takayama , H. , Honjo , T. , Fukuyo , Y. and Ishimaru , T. 1989 . “ Geographic distribution of Gymnodinium nagasakiense Takayama et Adachi around West Japan ” . In Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 101 – 104 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Mori , S. , Nakamura , Y. , Watanabe , M. M. , Yamochi , S. and Watanabe , M. 1982 . The effect of various environmental factors on the growth yield of red tide algae. II. Olisthodiscus luteus . Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. , 30 : 71 – 86 .
  • Murphy , T. R. , Lean , D. R. S. and Nalewajko , C. 1976 . Blue‐green algae; their excretion of iron‐selective chelators enables them to dominate other algae . Science , 192 : 900 – 902 .
  • Nagasaki , K. , Uchida , A. , Hiroishi , S. and Ishida , Y. 1989 . “ Identification of red tide algae Chattonella marina Chattonella antiqua by means of monoclonal antibodies ” . In Current Topics in Marine Biotechnology , Edited by: Miyachi , S. , Karube , I. and Ishida , Y. 161 – 164 . Tokyo : Fuji Technology Press .
  • Nagasaki , K. , Uchida , A. and Ishida , Y. 1991a . A monoclonal antibody which recognizes the cell surface of red tide alga Gymnodinium nagasakiense . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 57 : 1211 – 1214 .
  • Nagasaki , K. , Uchida , A. , Hiroishi , S. and Ishida , Y. 1991b . An epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody MR‐21 which is reactive with the cell surface of Chattonella marina Type II . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 57 : 885 – 890 .
  • Nakamura , Y. 1985a . Ammonium uptake kinetics and interactions between nitrate and ammonium uptake in Chattonella antiqua . J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. , 41 : 33 – 38 .
  • Nakamura , Y. 1985b . Alkaline phosphatase activity of Chattonella antiqua Heterosigma akashiwo . Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Jpn. , 80 : 67 – 72 .
  • Nakamura , Y. 1985c . Kinetics of nitrogen‐ or phosphorus‐limited growth and effects of growth conditions on nutrient uptake in Chattonella antiqua . J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. , 41 : 381 – 387 .
  • Nakamura , Y. , Takashima , J. and Watanabe , M. 1988 . Chemical environment for red tides due to Chattonella antiqua in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. I. Growth bioassay of the seawater and dependence of growth rate on nutrient concentrations . J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. , 44 : 113 – 124 .
  • Nakamura , Y. and Umemori , T. 1991 . Encystment of the red tide flagellate Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae): cyst yield in batch cultures and cyst flux in the field . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 78 : 273 – 284 .
  • Nakamura , Y. , Umemori , T. and Watanabe , M. 1989 . Chemical environment of red tides due to Chattonella antiqua. II. Daily monitoring of the marine environment throughout the outbreak period . J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. , 45 : 116 – 127 .
  • Nakamura , Y. , Umemori , T. , Watanabe , M. , Kulis , D. M. and Anderson , D. M. 1990 . Encystment of Chattonella antiqua in laboratory cultures . J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. , 46 : 35 – 43 .
  • Nakamura , Y. and Watanabe , M. M. 1983a . Growth characteristics of Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae). I. Effects of temperature, salinity, light intensity and pH on growth . J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. , 39 : 110 – 114 .
  • Nakamura , Y. and Watanabe , M. M. 1983b . Growth characteristics of Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae). II. Effects of nutrients on growth . J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. , 39 : 151 – 155 .
  • Nakamura , Y. and Watanabe , M. 1983c . Nitrate and phosphate uptake kinetics of Chattonella antiqua grown in light/dark cycles . J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. , 39 : 167 – 170 .
  • Nakamura , Y. and Watanabe , M. M. 1984 . Diurnal vertical migration of a red tide flagellate, Chattonella antiqua with special reference to ecological role . Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., Jpn. , 63 : 97 – 102 .
  • Nakamura , Y. , Watanabe , M. M. and Watanabe , M. 1982 . The effect of various environmental factors on the growth yield of red tide algae. I. Chattonella antiqua . Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. , 30 : 53 – 70 .
  • Nakamura , Y. , Yamazaki , Y. and Hiromi , J. 1992 . Growth and grazing of a heterotrophic dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium dominans, feeding on a red tide flagellate, Chattonella antiqua . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 82 : 275 – 279 .
  • Nakata , K. and Iizuka , S. 1987 . A note on overwintering of a red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium nagasakiense (Dinophyceae) in Omura Bay, Kyushu . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 34 : 199 – 201 .
  • Nishikawa , T. 1900 . Akashio‐ni‐tsuite . Zool. Mag. , 12 : 127 – 133 .
  • Nishikawa , T. 1903 . Futatabi‐Akashio‐ni‐tsuite . Zool. Mag. , 15 : 147 – 153 .
  • Nishimura , A. 1982 . Effects of organic matters produced in fish farms on the growth of red tide algae Gymnodinium type‐'65 and Chattonella antiqua . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 29 : 1 – 7 .
  • Ogston , A. G. 1970 . “ The biological functions of the glycosaminoglycans ” . In Chemistry and Molecular Biology of the Intercellular Matrix , Edited by: Balazs , E. A. 1231 – 1240 . London : Academic Press .
  • Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 1989 . Red Tide: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology , New York : Elsevier .
  • Okamura , K. 1911 . On “Akashiwo” . Plant. Mag. , 25 : 1 – 9 .
  • Ono , C. 1989 . “ Cell cycle and growth rate of Chattonella antiqua (HADA) ONO during red tides ” . In Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 313 – 314 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Ono , C. and Takano , H. 1980 . Chattonella antiqua (HADA) ONO comb. nov. and its occurrence on the Japanese coast . Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. , 102 : 93 – 100 .
  • Park , J. S. 1991 . “ Red tide occurrence and countermeasure in Korea ” . In Recent Approaches on Red Tide , Edited by: Park , J. S. and Kim , H. G. 1 – 24 . Bull. Natl. Fish. Res. Dev. Agency .
  • Pratt , C. M. 1966 . Competition between Skeletonema costatum Olisthodiscus luteus in Narragansett Bay and in culture . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 11 : 447 – 455 .
  • Puiseux‐Dao , S. 1981 . “ Cell‐cycle events in unicellular algae ” . In Physiological Bases of Phytoplankton Ecology , Can. Bull. Fish Aquat. Sci. Edited by: Platt , T. 130 – 149 . 210
  • Sako , Y. , Uchida , A. and Ishida , Y. 1989 . “ Electrophoretic analysis of isozymes in red tide dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium nagasakiense, Protogonyaulax catenella, Peridinium bipes) ” . In Red Tide: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 325 – 328 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Sakshaug , E. 1977 . Limiting nutrients and maximum growth rates for diatoms in Narragansett Bay . J. Exp. Biol. Ecol. , 28 : 109 – 123 .
  • Shinohara , H. 1977 . On glycoproteins . Seikagaku , 49 : 1219 – 1237 .
  • Shirota , A. 1989a . Red tide problem and countermeasures. I . Int. J. Aq. Fish. Technol. , 1 : 25 – 38 .
  • Shirota , A. 1989b . Red tide problem and countermeasures. n . Int. J. Aq. Fish. Technol. , 1 : 195 – 223 .
  • Simpson , F. B. and Neiland , J. B. 1976 . Siderophores in Cyanophyceae: isolation and characterization of schizokinen from Anabaena sp . J. Phycol. , 12 : 44 – 48 .
  • Smayda , T. J. 1990 . “ Novel and nuisance phytoplankton blooms in the sea: evidence for a global epidemic ” . In Toxic Marine Phytoplankton , Edited by: Granéli , E. , Sundström , B. , Edler , L. and Anderson , D. M. 29 – 40 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Stuart , M. 1972 . The effect of Olisthodiscus luteus Carter upon the growth of Skeletonema costatum , Kingston : Univ. Rhode Island . (Grev.) Cleve. M.S. Thesis,
  • Subrahmanyan , R. 1954 . On the life‐history and ecology of Homellia marina gen. et sp. nov., (Chloromonadinae), causing green discoloration of the sea and mortality among organisms off the Malabar coast . Ind. J. Fish. , 1 : 182 – 203 .
  • Tabata , K. and Honjo , T. 1981 . Culture of flagellates in an outdoor continuous‐flow system . Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. , 104 : 9 – 25 .
  • Tabata , K. and Honjo , T. 1983 . Culture of marine flagellates in outdoor concrete tanks with continuous flow . Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. , 112 : 67 – 76 .
  • Takano , H. 1987 . “ Akashio ” . In A Guide for Studies of Red Tide Organisms , Edited by: Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association . 14 – 18 . Tokyo : Shuwa .
  • Takayama , H. and Adachi , R. 1984 . Gymnodinium nagasakiense sp. nov., a red‐tide forming dinophyte in the adjacent waters of Japan . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 31 : 7 – 14 .
  • Takayama , H. and Matsuoka , M. 1991 . A reassessment of the specific characters of Gymnodinium mikimotoi Miyake et Kominami ex Oda and Gymnodinium nagasakiense Takayama et Adachi . Bull Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 38 : 53 – 68 .
  • Tamori , H. , Iwao , T. , Kamizono , M. , Yoshida , M. , Ikeda , T. , Baba , T. , Koizumi , Y. , Uchima , M. , Miura , H. and Yanuma , T. 1991 . Elucidation of the area where Gymnodinium nagasakiense initially appeared and its environmental features in western Seto Inland Sea . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 57 : 2179 – 2186 .
  • Taylor , F. J. R. 1990 . “ Red tides, brown tides and other harmful algal blooms: the view into the 1990s ” . In Toxic Marine Phytoplankton , Edited by: Granéli , E. , Sundström , B. , Edler , L. and Anderson , D. M. 527 – 533 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Terada , K. , Ikeuchi , H. and Takayama , H. 1987 . Winter distribution of Gymnodinium nagasakiense (Dinophyceae) in coastal waters of Suo‐Nada, Inland Sea of Japan . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 34 : 201 – 204 .
  • Toda , S. , Sugiyama , M. , Honjo , T. , Ohwada , K. , Asakawa , A. , Tanaka , N. , Sako , H. , Kitamura , S. , Awaji , M. , Iikura , T. , Kumada , H. and Yamamoto , S. 1990 . Seasonal change of water exchange in Gokasho Bay and its branch inlets . Bull. Natl. Res. Inst. Aquacult. , 18 : 13 – 29 .
  • Tomas , C. R. 1978a . Olisthodiscus luteus (Chrysophyceae). I. Effects of salinity and temperature on growth, motility and survival . J. Phycol. , 14 : 309 – 313 .
  • Tomas , C. R. 1978b . Olisthodiscus luteus (Chrysophyceae). II. Formation and survival of a benthic stage . J. Phycol. , 14 : 314 – 319 .
  • Tomas , C. R. 1982 . Olisthodiscus luteus (Chrysophyceae). V. Its occurrence, abundance and dynamics in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island . J. Phycol. , 16 : 157 – 166 .
  • Tomas , C. R. and Deason , E. E. 1981 . The influence of grazing by two Acartia species on Olisthodiscus luteus Carter . P. S. Z. N. I. Mar. Ecol. , 2 : 359 – 374 .
  • Uye , S. and Takamatsu , K. 1990 . Feeding interactions between planktonic copepods and red‐tide flagellates from Japanese coastal waters . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 59 : 97 – 107 .
  • Watanabe , M. M. and Nakamura , Y. 1984a . Growth characteristics of a red tide flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo Hada. I. The effects of temperature, salinity, light intensity and pH on growth . Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Jpn. , 63 : 51 – 58 .
  • Watanabe , M. M. and Nakamura , Y. 1984b . Growth characteristics of a red tide flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo Hada. II. The utilization of nutrients . Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Jpn. , 63 : 59 – 68 .
  • Watanabe , M. M. , Kohata , K. , Nakamura , Y. and Watanabe , M. 1982a . Phosphate‐limited continued culture of a red tide flagellate, Olisthodiscus luteus: establishment of its method and the analysis of growth kinetics . Res. Rep. Natl. Environ. Stud. , 30 : 113 – 130 .
  • Watanabe , M. M. , Nakamura , Y. and Kohata , K. 1984 . Diurnal vertical migration of a red tide flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo Hada, with special reference to the ecological role . Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Jpn. , 63 : 69 – 77 .
  • Watanabe , M. M. , Yamochi , S. , Kohata , K. and Watanabe , M. 1982b . Vertical migration and diel periodicity of phosphate uptake in a red tide flagellate, Olisthodiscus luteus . Res. Rep. Nail. Inst. Environ. Stud. , 30 : 131 – 141 .
  • Wong , P. S. 1989 . “ The occurrence and distribution of red tides in Hong Kong — applications in red tide management ” . In Red Tide: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 125 – 128 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Yamaguchi , M. 1992 . DNA synthesis and the cell cycle in the noxious red‐tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium nagasakiense . Mar. Biol. , 112 : 191 – 198 .
  • Yamaguchi , M. and Honjo , T. 1989 . Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the noxious red tide flagellate Gymnodinium nagasakiense (Dinophyceae) . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 55 : 2029 – 2036 .
  • Yamaguchi , M. and Honjo , T. 1990 . Phased cell division in the noxious red tide flagellate Gymnodinium nagasakiense (Dinophyceae) and application of frequency of dividing cells technique for the determination of growth rate . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 37 : 3 – 18 .
  • Yamaguchi , M. , Imai , I. and Honjo , T. 1991 . Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth rates of the noxious red tide flagellates Chattonella antiqua C. marina (Raphidophyceae) . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. , 57 : 1277 – 1284 .
  • Yamochi , S. 1984 . Effects of temperature on the growth of six species of red‐tide flagellates occurring in Osaka Bay . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn. , 31 : 15 – 22 .
  • Yamochi , S. 1989 . Mechanisms for outbreak of Heterosigma akashiwo red tide in Osaka Bay, Japan . Bull. Osaka Pref. Fish. Exp. Stat. , 8 : 1 – 110 .
  • Yamochi , S. , Abe , T. and Joh , H. 1982 . Study of the mechanisms of red tide water blooms by Olisthodiscus luteus at Tanigawa fishing port, Osaka Bay — characteristics in occurrence of O. luteus and its diurnal vertical migration . Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. , 30 : 191 – 214 .
  • Yanagi , T. 1989 . “ Physical parameters of forecasting red tide in Harima‐Nada, Japan ” . In Red Tide: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 149 – 152 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Yokote , M. and Honjo , T. 1985 . Morphological and histochemical demonstration of a glycocalyx on the cell surface of Chattonella antiqua, a naked flagellate . Experientia , 41 : 1143 – 1145 .
  • Yokote , M. , Honjo , T. and Asakawa , M. 1985 . Histochemical demonstration of a glycocalyx on the cell surface of Heterosigma akashiwo . Mar. Biol. , 88 : 295 – 299 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.