3,595
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

How Sex in Advertising Varies by Product Category: An Analysis of Three Decades of Visual Sexual Imagery in Magazine Advertising

, &
Pages 1-19 | Published online: 18 May 2012

REFERENCES

  • Baker , Michael J. , & Gilbert A. Churchill . 1977 . “The Impact of Physically Attractive Models on Advertising Evaluations.” Journal of Marketing Research 24 ( November ): 538 – 55 .
  • Bandura , Albert. 1994 . “Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication.” . In Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research , edited by Jennings Bryant , & Dolf Zillmann , 61 – 90 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Bello , Daniel C. , Robert E. Pitts , and Michael J. Etzell . 1983 . “The Communication Effects of Controversial Sexual Content in Television Programs and Commercials.” Journal of Advertising 12 ( Fall ): 32 – 42 .
  • Biswas , Abhijit , Janeen E. Olsen , and Valerie Carlet . 1992 . “A Comparison of Print Advertisements from the United States and France.” Journal of Advertising 21 ( December ): 73 – 81 .
  • Brown , Jane D. 2002 . “Mass Media Influences on Sexuality.” Journal of Sex Research 39 ( February ): 42 – 45 .
  • Busby , Linda J. , & Greg Leichty . 1993 . “Feminism and Advertising in Traditional and Nontraditional Women's Magazines 1950s-1980s,” Journalism Quarterly 70 ( Summer ): 247 – 64 .
  • Carlson , Les. 2008 . “Use, Misuse, and Abuse of Content Analysis for Research on the Consumer Interest.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 42 ( 1 ): 100 – 5 .
  • Courtney , Alice E. , & Thomas W. Whipple . 1983 . Sex Stereotyping in Advertising . Lexington , MA : Heath .
  • Dudley , Sid C. 1999 . “Consumer Attitudes Toward Nudity in Advertising.” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 7 ( Winter ): 89 – 96 .
  • Eagly , Alice H. , & Shelly Chaiken . 1993 . The Psychology of Attitudes . Fort Worth , TX : HBJ .
  • Elliot , Stuart. 2003 . “Advertising,” New York Times February 24: C9 .
  • Farrar , K. , Dale Kunkel , Erica Biely , Keren Eyal , and Edward Donnerstein . 2003 . “Sexual Messages During Prime-Time Programming.” Sexuality & Culture , 7 ( Summer ): 7 – 37 .
  • Ferguson , Jill Hicks , Peggy J. Kreshel , and Spencer F. Tinkham . 1990 . “In the Pages of Ms.: Sex Role Portrayals of Women in Advertising.” Journal of Advertising 19 ( Spring ): 40 – 51 .
  • Fisher , Deborah A. , Douglas L. Hill , Joel W. Grube , and Enid L. Gruber . 2004 . “Sex on American Television: An Analysis Across Program Genres and Network Types.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 48 ( December ): 529 – 53 .
  • Gould , Stephen J. 1994 . “Sexuality and Ethics in Advertising: A Research Agenda and Policy Guideline Perspective.” Journal of Advertising 23 ( September ): 73 – 80 .
  • Gould , Stephen J. 2003 . “Toward a Theory of Advertising Lovemaps in Marketing Communications: Overdetermination, Postmodern Thought and the Advertising Hermeneutic Circle.” . In Sex in Advertising: Perspectives on the Erotic Appeal , edited by Tom Reichert , & Jacqueline Lambiase , 151 – 70 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 151–70 .
  • Grazer , William F. , & Garland Keesling . 1995 . “The Effect of Print Advertising's Use of Sexual Themes on Brand Recall and Purchase Intention: A Product Specific Investigation of Male Responses.” Journal of Applied Business Research 11 ( Summer ): 47 – 58 .
  • Heckler , Susan E. , & Terry L. Childers . 1992 . “The Role of Expectancy and Relevancy in Memory for Verbal and Visual Information: What Is Incongruency?” Journal of Consumer Research 18 ( March ): 475 – 92 .
  • Hetsroni , Amir. 2007 . “Sexual Content on Mainstream TV Advertising: A Cross-Cultural Comparison.” Sex Roles 57 : 201 – 10 .
  • Jaccard , James , & Michael A. Becker . 1997 . Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences . Pacific Grove , CA : Brooks/Cole .
  • Lacy , Stephen , & Dan Riffe . 1996 . “Sampling Error and Selecting Intercoder Reliability Sample for Nominal Content Categories.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 73 ( 4 ): 963 – 73 .
  • Lambiase , Jacqueline , & Tom Reichert . 2003 . “Promises, Promises: Exploring Erotic Rhetoric in Sexually Oriented Advertising.” . In Persuasive Imagery: A Consumer Perspective , edited by Linda Scott , & Rajeev Batra , 247 – 66 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • LaTour , Michael S. 1990. “Female Nudity in Print Advertising: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Arousal and Ad Response.” Psychology and Marketing 7 (Spring): 65–81.
  • LaTour , Michael S. , & Tony L. Henthorne . 1994 . “Ethical Judgments of Sexual Appeals in Print Advertising.” Journal of Advertising 13 ( September ): 81 – 90 .
  • Latour , Michael S. , & Tony L. Henthorne . 2003 . “Nudity and Sexual Appeals: Understanding the Arousal Process and Advertising Response.” . In Sex in Advertising: Perspectives on the Erotic Appeal , edited by Tom Reichert , & Jacqueline Lambiase , 91 – 106 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Laskey , Henry A. , Ellen Day , and Melvin R. Crask . 1989 . “Typology of Main Message Strategies for Television Commercials.” Journal of Advertising 18 ( Spring ): 36 – 41 .
  • Lin , Carolyn A. 1998 . “Uses of Sex Appeals in Prime-Time Television Commercials.” Sex Roles 38 ( March ): 461 – 75 .
  • Lloyd , John. 2001 . “Come On: Look At Me!” New Statesman (January 29) : 13 – 15 .
  • MacInnis , Deborah J. , Christine Moorman , and Bernard J. Jaworski . 1991 . “Enhancing and Measuring Consumers’ Motivation, Opportunity, and Ability to Process Brand Information From Ads.” Journal of Marketing 55 ( October ): 32 – 53 .
  • Mediamark Research, Inc. 2006 . “Magazine Pocketpiece.” http://www.mriplus.com .
  • Nelson , Michelle R. , & Hye-Jin Paek . 2005 . “Cross-Cultural Differences in Sexual Advertising Content in a Transnational Women's Magazine.” Sex Roles 53 ( September ): 371 – 83 .
  • Paek , Hye-Jin , and Michelle R. Nelson . 2007 . “A Cross-Cultural and Cross-Media Comparison of Female Nudity in Advertising.” Journal of Promotion Management 13 ( Spring/Summer ): 145 – 67 .
  • Pardun , Carol J. , & Kathy Roberts Forde . 2006 . “Sexual Content of Television Commercials Watched by Early Adolescents.” . In Sex in Consumer Culture: The Erotic Content of Media and Marketing , edited by Tom Reichert , & Jacqueline Lambiase , 125 – 39 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Pardun , Carol J. , Kelly Ladin L'Engle , and Jane D. Brown . 2005 . “Linking Exposure to Outcomes: Early Adolescents' Consumption of Sexual Content in Six Media.” Mass Communication & Society 8 ( Spring ): 75 – 91 .
  • Percy , Larry , and John Rossiter . 1992a . “A Model of Brand Awareness and Brand Attitude Advertising Strategies.” Psychology & Marketing 9 ( July/August ): 59 – 63 .
  • Percy , Larry , and John Rossiter . 1992b . “Advertising Stimulus Effects: A Review.” Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising 14 ( Spring ): 75 – 90 .
  • Percy , Larry , & Richard Elliott . 2005 . Strategic Advertising Management . Oxford , UK : Oxford .
  • Perreault , William D. , & Laurence E. Leigh . 1989 . “Reliability of nominal data based on qualitative judgments.” Journal of Marketing Research 26 ( May ): 135 – 48 .
  • Peterson , Robert A. , & Roger A. Kerin . 1977 . “The Female Role in Advertisements: Some Experimental Evidence.” Journal of Marketing 41 ( October ): 59 – 63 .
  • Petty , Richard E. , & John T. Cacioppo . 1983 . “Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion: Application to Advertising,” . In Advertising and Consumer Psychology , edited by Larry Percy , & Arch Woodside , 3 – 23 . Lexington , MA : Lexington Books .
  • Petty , Richard E. 1986 . Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change . New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Pierce , Kate. 1993 . “Socialization of Teenage Girls Through Teen-Magazine Fiction: The Making of a New Woman or an Old Lady?” Sex Roles 29 ( July ): 59 – 68 .
  • Putrevu , Sanjay. 2008 . “Consumer Responses toward Sexual and Nonsexual Appeals: The Influence of Involvement, Need for Cognition (NFC), and Gender.” Journal of Advertising 37 ( Summer ): 57 – 69 .
  • Reichert , Tom . 2002 . “Sex in Advertising: A Review of Content, Effects, and Functions of Sexual Information in Consumer Advertising Research.” Annual Review of Sex Research , 13 , 241 – 73 .
  • Reichert , Tom. 2003 . The Erotic History of Advertising . Amherst , NY : Prometheus .
  • Reichert , Tom , & Art Ramirez . 2000 . “Defining Sexually Oriented Appeals in Advertising: A Grounded Theory Investigation.” . In Advances in Consumer Research , edited by Stephen J. Hoch , & Robert J. Meyer , Vol . 27 , 267–73. Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research .
  • Reichert , Tom , & Courtney Carpenter . 2004 . “An Update on Sex in Magazine Advertising, 1983 to 2003.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 81 ( Winter ): 823 – 37 .
  • Reichert , Tom , & Jacqueline Lambiase . 2003 . “How to Get ‘Kissably Close': Examining How Advertisers Appeal to Consumers’ Sexual Needs and Desires.” Sexuality and Culture 7 ( Summer ): 120 – 36 .
  • Reichert , Tom , Jacque Lambiase , Susan Morgan , Meta Carstarphen , and Susan Zavoina . 1999 . “Beefcake or Cheesecake? No Matter How You Slice It, Sexual Explicitness in Advertising Continues to Increase.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 ( Spring ): 7 – 20 .
  • Reichert , Tom , Susan E. Heckler , and Sally Jackson . 2001. “The Effects of Sexual Social Marketing Appeals on Cognitive Processing and Persuasion.” Journal of Advertising 30 (Spring): 13–27.
  • Reid , Leonard N. , & Lawrence C. Soley . 1981 . “Another Look at the ‘Decorative’ Female Model: The Recognition of Visual and Verbal Ad Components.” . In Current Issues and Research in Advertising , edited by James H. Leigh , & Claude R. Martin , 122 – 33 . Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan .
  • Reid , Leonard N. and Lawrence C. Soley . 1983 . “Decorative Models and the Readership of Magazine Ads.” Journal of Advertising Research 23 ( April/May ): 27 – 32 .
  • Richmond , David , and Timothy P. Hartman . 1982 . “An Exploratory Study of Sex Appeal in Advertising.” Journal of Advertising Research 22 ( October/November ): 53 – 61 .
  • Rossiter , John , Larry Percy , and Robert J. Donovan . 1991 . “A Better Advertising Planning Grid.” Journal of Advertising Research 31 ( October/November ): 11 – 21 .
  • Sasser , Sheila L. 2000 . “Using Drama Creatively Within a Seduction and Relationship Marketing Theoretical Framework: Coffee or Liquid Love?” In Proceedings of the American Academy of Advertising , edited by Mary Alice Shaver , 119 – 25 . Newport , RI .
  • Schroeder , Jonathan , & Pierre McDonagh . 2006 . “The Logic of Pornography in Digital Camera Promotion.” . In Sex in Consumer Culture: The Erotic Content of Media and Marketing , edited by Tom Reichert , & Jacqueline Lambiase , 219 – 42 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Severn , Jessica , and George E. Belch , and Michael A. Belch . 1990 . “The Effects of Sexual and Non-sexual Advertising Appeals and Information Level on Cognitive Processing and Communication Effectiveness.” Journal of Advertising 19 ( Spring ): 14 – 22 .
  • Simpson , Penny , Steve Horton , and Gene Brown . 1996 . “Male Nudity in Advertisements: A Modified Replication and Extension of Gender and Product Effects.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences 24 ( Summer ): 257 – 62 .
  • Singh , Sonoo . 2002 . “Vodafone Under ASA Fire for ‘Flirting’ Ads.” Marketing Week (UK) (October 17): 7 .
  • Soley , Lawrence , and Gary Kurzbard . 1986 . “Sex in Advertising: A Comparison of 1964 and 1984 Magazine Advertisements.” Journal of Advertising 15 ( Fall ): 46–54, 64 .
  • Soley , Lawrence , & Leonard Reid . 1988 . “Taking it Off: Are Models in Magazine Ads Wearing Less?” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 65 ( Winter ): 960 – 66 .
  • Sullivan , Gary L. , & P. J. O'Connor . 1988 . “Women's Role Portrayals in Magazine Advertising: 1958–1983.” Sex Roles 18 ( February ): 181 – 88 .
  • Walker , James R. 2000 . “Sex and Violence in Program Promotion.” . In Research in Media Promotion , edited by Susan T. Eastman , 101 – 26 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Walsh-Childers , Kim , Alyse Gotthoffer , and Carolyn Ringer Lepre . 2002 . “From ‘Just the Facts’ to ‘Downright Salacious': Teens’ and Women's Magazine Coverage of Sex and Sexual Health.” . In Sexual Teens, Sexual Media , edited by Jane D. Brown , Jeanne R. Steele , & Kim Walsh-Childers , 153 – 71 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.