The Effects of Norm Beliefs and Age on Responses to Comedic Violence Advertising

References

• Aiken, Leona S., and Stephen G. West. 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Alden, Dana L., Ashesh Mukherjee, and Wayne D. Hoyer. 2000. “The Effects of Incongruity, Surprise and Positive Moderators on Perceived Humor in Television Advertising.” Journal of Advertising 29 (2): 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alreck, Pamela L. 2000. “Consumer Age Role Norms, Then and Now.” Psychology and Marketing 17 (10): 891–909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Craig A., and Brad J. Bushman. 2002. “Media Violence and the American Public Revisited.” American Psychologist 57: 448–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashworth, Laurence, Martin Pyle, and Ethan Pancer. 2010. “The Role of Dominance in the Appeal of Violent Media Depictions.” Journal of Advertising 39 (4): 121–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, Robert S., Norber L. Kerr, and Norman Miller. 1992. Group Process, Group Decision, Group Action. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blackford, Blackford J., James W. Gentry, R. L. Harrison, and Les Carlson. 2011. “The Prevalence and Influence of the Combination of Humor and Violence in Super Bowl Commercials.” Journal of Advertising 40 (4): 123–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, Mark R., Roop K. Bhadury, and Nigel K. Pope. 2010. “The Impact of Comedic Violence on Viral Advertising Effectiveness.” Journal of Advertising 39 (1): 49–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, Hwiman, and Xinshu Zhao. 2003. “Humor Effect on Memory and Attitude: Moderating Role of Product Involvement.” International Journal of Advertising 22 (1): 117–44.
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, Robert B. 2001. Influence: Science and Practice, 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, Robert B., Linda J. Demaine, Brad J. Sagarin, Daniel W. Barrett, Kelton Rhoads, and Patricia L. Winter. 2006. “Managing Social Norms for Persuasive Impact.” Social Influence 1 (1): 3–15.
   Google Scholar
• Cline, Thomas W., Moses B. Altsech, and James J. Kellaris. 2003. “When Does Humor Enhance or Inhibit Ad Responses?” Journal of Advertising 32 (3): 31–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl, Darren W., Kristina D. Frankenberger, and Rajesh. V. Manchanda. 2003. “Does It Pay to Shock? Reactions to Shocking and Nonshocking Advertising Content Among University Students.” Journal of Advertising Research 43 (3): 268–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohew, Lewis, Rick S. Zimmerman, Pamela S. Cupp, Scott Novak, Susan Colon, and Ritta Abell. 2000. “Sensation Seeking, Impulsive Decision-Making, and Risky Sex: Implications for Risk-Taking and Design of Interventions.” Personality and Individual Differences 28 (6): 1079–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dsilva, Margaret U. 1999. “Individual Differences and Choice of Information Source: Sensation Seeking in Drug Abuse Prevention.” Communication Reports 12 (1): 51–57.
   Google Scholar
• Eckler, Petya, and Paul Bolls. 2011. “Spreading the Virus: Emotional Tone of Viral Advertising and Its Effect on Forwarding Intentions and Attitudes.” Journal of Interactive Advertising 11 (2): 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Eron, Leonard D., L. Rowell Huesmann, Monroe M. Lefkowitz, and Leopold O. Walder. 1972. “Does Television Violence Cause Aggression?” American Psychologist 27:253–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, Robert J., and David Ackerman. 1998. “The Effects of Recognition and Group Need on Volunteerism: A Social Norm Perspective.” Journal of Consumer Research 25 (3): 262–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, Thomas E., and Mark A. Ferguson. 2004. “Social Consequences of Disparagement Humor: A Prejudiced Norm Theory.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 8 (1): 79–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, John. 1991. Regression Diagnostics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, Jeanne B., Heidi B. Baldacci, Tracie Pasold, and Jennifer Baumgardner. 2004. “Violence Exposure in Real-Life, Video Games, Television, Movies, and the Internet: Is There Desensitization?” Journal of Adolescence 27 (1): 23–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. 1980. “The ‘Mainstreaming’ of America: Violence Profile No. 11.” Journal of Communication, 30 (3): 10–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner, Gerbner, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, Nartty Signorielli, and James Shanahan. 2002. “Growing Up With Television: Cultivation Processes.” In Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, 2nd ed., edited by B. Jennings and D. Zillman, 43–67. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, Noah J., Robert B. Cialdini, and Vladas Griskevicius. 2008. “A Room With a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels.” Journal of Consumer Research 35 (3): 472–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, Kathryn, and Marina Krcmar. 2005. “Redicting Exposure to and Liking of Media Violence: A Uses and Gratifications Approach.” Communication Studies 56 (56): 71–93.
   Google Scholar
• Gulas, Charles S., Kim K. McKeage, and Marc G. Weinberger. 2010. “It's Just a Joke: Violence Against Males in Humorous Advertising.” Journal of Advertising 39 (4): 109–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, Joseph F., William C. Black, Barry J. Babin, and Rolph E. Anderson. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th ed. London, UK: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, Andrew F. 2005. Statistical Methods for Communication Science. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, Andrew F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huesmann, L. Rowell, Jessica Moise-Titus, Cheryl-Lynn Podolski, and Leonard D. Eron. 2003. “Longitudinal Relations between Childhood Exposure to Media Violence and Adult Aggression and Violence: 1977–1992.” Developmental Psychology 39 (2): 201–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalafatis, Stavros P., Michael Pollard, Robert East, and Markos H. Tsogas. 1999. “Green Marketing and Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior: A Cross-Market Examination.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 16 (5): 441–60.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Min-Sun, and John E. Hunter. 1993. “Attitude-Behavior Relations: A Meta-Analysis of Attitudinal Relevance and Topic.” Journal of Communication 43 (1): 101–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleemans, Mariska, Paul G. H. Vettehen, Johannes W. Beentjes, and Rob Eisinga. 2012. “The Influence of Age And Gender on Preferences for Negative Content and Tabloid Packaging in Television News Stories.” Communication Research 39 (5): 679–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, Amelia J. 2003. Humor in Children's Lives: A Guidebook for Practitioners. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Krcmar, Marina, and Linda G. Kean. 2005. “Uses and Gratifications of Media Violence: Personality Correlates of Viewing and Liking Violent Genres.” Media Psychology 7 (4): 399–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Fave, Lawrence. 1972. “Humor Judgments as a Function of Reference Groups and Identification Classes.” In The Psychology of Humor: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Issues, edited by J. H. Goldstein and J. H. McGhee, 195–210. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lapinski, Maria K., and Rajiv N. Rimal. 2005. “An Explication of Social Norms.” Communication Theory 15 (2): 127–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, Scott B., Richard J. Lutz, and George E. Belch. 1986. “The Role of Attitude toward the Ad as a Mediator of Advertising Effectiveness: A Test of Competing Explanations.” Journal of Marketing Research 23 (2): 130–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahalanobis, Prasanta C. 1936. “On the Generalized Distance in Statistics.” Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India 2(1): 49–55.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, Rod A. 2007. The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Mathur, Anil, Elanie Sherman, and Leon G. Schiffman. 1998. “Opportunities for Marketing Travel Services to New-Age Elderly.” Journal of Services Marketing 12 (4): 265–77.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae, Robert R., Paul T. Costa, Margarida Pedroso de Lima, António Simões, Fritz Ostendorf, Alois Angleitner, Iris Marušić, Denis Bratko, Gian Vittorio Caprara, Claudio Barbaranelli, Joon-Ho Chae, and Ralph L. Piedmont. 1999. “Age Differences in Personality Across the Adult Life Span: Parallels in Five Cultures.” Developmental Psychology 35 (2): 466–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGraw, Peter, and Caleb Warren. 2010. “Benign Violations: Making Immoral Behavior Funny.” Psychological Science 21 (8): 1141–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, Linda, and Mary E. Ballard. 1999. “Resting Arousal, Sensation Seeking and Music Preference.” Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 125 (3): 229–50.
   Google Scholar
• Mischel, Walter. 1966. “A Social-Learning View of Sex Differences in Behavior.” In The Development of Sex Differences, edited by E. E. Maccoby, 56–81. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nocella, Giuseppe, Andreas Boecker, Lionel Hubbard, and Riccardo Scarpa. 2012. “Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Certified Animal-Friendly Foods: Can Elements of the Theory of Planned Behavior Improve Choice Experiment Analysis?” Psychology and Marketing 29 (11): 850–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olds, R. Scott, and Dennis L. Thombs. 2001. “The Relationship of Adolescent Perceptions of Peer Norms and Parent Involvement to Cigarette and Alcohol Use.” Journal of School Health 71 (6): 223–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostveen, Ton, Ronald Knibbe, and Hein De Vries. 1996. “Social Influences on Young Adults' Alcohol Consumption: Norms, Modeling, Pressure, Socializing, and Conformity.” Addictive Behaviors 21 (2): 187–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palda, Kristian S. 1966. “The Hypothesis of a Hierarchy of Effects: A Partial Evaluation.” Journal of Marketing Research 3 (1): 13–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peracchio, Laura A., and Joan Meyers-Levy. 1994. “How Ambiguous Cropped Objects in Ad Photos Can Affect Product Evaluations.” Journal of Consumer Research 21 (1): 190–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps, Joseph E., Regina Lewis, Lynne Mobilio, David Perry, and Niranjan Raman. 2004. “Viral marketing or electronic word-of-mouth advertising: Examiningconsumer responses and motivations to pass along email.” Journal of Advertising Research 44 (4): 333–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, Rajiv N., and Kevin Real. 2006. “Understanding the Influence of Perceived Norms on Behaviors.” Communication Theory 13 (2): 184–203.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, Lee, David Greene, and Pamela House. 1977. “The ‘False-Consensus Effect’: An Egocentric Bias in Social Perception and Attribution Processes.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13: 279–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbane, Lalla I., Tina M. Lowrey, and Jean-Charles C. Chebat. 2009. “The Effectiveness of Cigarette Warning Label Threats on Nonsmoking Adolescents.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 43 (2): 332–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharrer, Erica, Andrea Bergstrom, Angela Paradise, and Qianqing Ren. 2006. “Laughing to Keep From Crying: Humor and Aggression in Television Commercial Content.” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 50 (4): 615–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schierman, Michale J., and Guy L. Rowland. 1985. “Sensation Seeking and Selection of Entertainment.” Personality and Individual Differences 6 (5): 599–603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosser, Lewis Z., and Charles J. Gelso. 2005. “The Advisory Working Alliance Inventory-Advisor Version: Scale Development and Validation.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 52 (4): 650–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, Fuyuan. 2001. “Effects of Violence and Brand Familiarity on Responses to Television Commercials.” International Journal of Advertising 20 (3): 381–97.
   Google Scholar
• Silver, Cary. 1997. “Smashing Old Stereotypes of 50-Plus America.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 14 (4): 303–9.
   Google Scholar
• Simons, Jeffrey S., and Kate B. Carey. 2006. “An Affective and Cognitive Model of Marijuana and Alcohol Problems.” Addictive Behaviors 31 (9): 1578–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speck, Paul S. 1991. “The Humorous Message Taxonomy: A Framework for the Study of Humorous Ads.” Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising 13 (1–2): 1–44.
   Google Scholar
• Stavrova, Olga, Thomas Schlösser, and Detlef Fetchenhauer. 2011. “Are the Unemployed Equally Unhappy All Around the World? The Role of The Social Norms to Work and Welfare State Provision in 28 OECD Countries.” Journal of Economic Psychology 32 (1): 159–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swani, Kunal, Marc G. Weinberger, and Charles S. Gulas. 2013. “The Impact of Violent Humor on Advertising Success: A Gender Perspective.” Journal of Advertising 42 (4): 308–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamborini, Ron, Allison Eden, Nicholas D. Bowman, Matthew Grizzard, and Kenneth A. Lachlan. 2012. “The Influence of Morality Subcultures on the Acceptance and Appeal of Violence.” Journal of Communication 62 (1): 136–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorson, James A., and F. C. Powell. 1996. “Women, Aging, and Sense of Humor.” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 9, 2: 169–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkat, Ramesh, and Nora Abi-Hanna. 1995. “Effectiveness of Visually Shocking Advertisements: Is It Context Dependent?” In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada Marketing Division, Vol. 16, edited by H. J. Ogden, 139–46. Windsor, ON: Administrative Sciences Association of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Vettehen, Paul H., Koos Nuijten, and Allerd Peeters. 2008. “Explaining Effects of Sensationalism on Liking of Television News Stories: The Role of Emotional Arousal.” Communication Research 35 (3): 319–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Xiao. 2011. “The Role of Anticipated Guilt in Intentions to Register as Organ Donors and to Discuss Organ Donation with Family.” Health Communication 26 (8): 683–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weimann, Gabriel. 1984. “Images of Life in America: The Impact of American T.V. in Israel.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 8 (2): 185–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanovitzky, Itzhak, and Jo Stryker. 2001. “Mass Media, Social Norms, and Health Promotion Efforts: A Longitudinal Study of Media Effects on Youth Binge Drinking.” Communication Research 28 (2): 208–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, Hye Jin, and Yeuseung Kim. 2014. “The Moderating Role of Gender Identity in Responses to Comedic Violence in Advertising.” Journal of Advertising 43 (4): 382--96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann, Dolf, and Joanne R. Cantor. 1996. “A Disposition Theory of Humor and Mirth.” In Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research and Applications, edited by A. J. Chapman and H. C. Foot, 93–116. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, Marvin. 1994. Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking. New York, NY: Cambridge Press.
   Google Scholar