Treatment of severe hypertension during pregnancy: we still do not know what the best option is

References

• Gupta M, Greene N, Kilpatrick SJ. Timely treatment of severe maternal hypertension and reduction in severe maternal morbidity. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;14:55–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridharan K, Sequeira RP. Drugs for treating severe hypertension in pregnancy: a network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(9):1906–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duley L, Meher S, Jones L. Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD001449. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001449.pub3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):e127–e248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiz LC, Gorricho J, Garjon J, et al. Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;7:CD010315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, et al. R. American heart association council for high blood pressure, C. American heart association council on clinical, E. American heart association council on, prevention, treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American heart association council for high blood pressure research and the councils on clinical cardiology and epidemiology and prevention. Circulation. 2007;115(21):2761–2788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visintin C, Mugglestone MA, Almerie MQ, et al. Management of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2010;341:c2207. G. Guideline Development.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tranquilli AL, Dekker G, Magee L, et al. The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A revised statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2014;4(2):97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. International society for the study of hypertension in pregnancy, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis, and management recommendations for international practice. Hypertension. 2018;72(1):24–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of obstetricians and gynecologists. Task force on hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(5):1122–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe SA, Bowyer L, Lust K, et al. Society of obstetric medicine of Australia and New Zealand, the SOMANZ guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;55(1):11–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee LA, Abalos E, von Dadelszen P, et al. Chips study group, how to manage hypertension in pregnancy effectively. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72(3):394–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterling TR. Pharmacological management of hypertension in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 2014;38(8):487–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee LA, von Dadelszen P. State-of-the-art diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(11):1664–1677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Geijn HP, Lenglet JE, Bolte AC. Nifedipine trials: effectiveness and safety aspects. BJOG. 2005;112(Suppl 1):79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindow SW, Davies N, Davey DA, et al. The effect of sublingual nifedipine on uteroplacental blood flow in hypertensive pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95(12):1276–1281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puzey MS, Ackovic KL, Lindow SW, et al. The effect of nifedipine on fetal umbilical artery doppler waveforms in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. S Afr Med J. 1991;79(4):192–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee LA, Schick B, Donnenfeld AE, et al. The safety of calcium channel blockers in human pregnancy: a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(3):823–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox AG, Marshall SA, Palmer KR, et al. Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for emergency management of preeclampsia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20(6):701–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortolus R, Ricci E, Chatenoud L, et al. Nifedipine administered in pregnancy: effect on the development of children at 18 months. BJOG. 2000;107(6):792–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannubilo SR, Bezzeccheri V, Cecchi S, et al. Nifedipine versus labetalol in the treatment of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;286(3):637–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLASP. a randomised trial of low-dose aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among 9364 pregnant women. CLASP (collaborative low-dose aspirin study in pregnancy) collaborative group. Lancet. 1994;343(8898):619–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman BT, Patorno E, Desai RJ, et al. Late pregnancy blocker exposure and risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Pediatrics. 2016;138(3):e20160731-e20160731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;pub3(2):CD002252.
   Google Scholar
• Davis RL, Eastman D, McPhillips H, et al. Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to calcium channel and beta-blockers during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(2):138–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns CM, Rutherford MA, Boardman JP, et al. Patterns of cerebral injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes after symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan L, Ng A, Chen W, et al. Beta-blocker subtypes and risk of low birth weight in newborns. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018;20(11):1603–1609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggio MR, Martins WP, Calderon AC, et al. Changes in fetal and maternal Doppler parameters observed during acute severe hypertension treatment with hydralazine or labetalol: a randomized controlled trial. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011;37(1):53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee LA, Cham C, Waterman EJ, et al. Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003;327(7421):955–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudmundsson S, Gennser G, Marsal K. Effects of hydralazine on placental and renal circulation in pre-eclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995;74(6):415–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Rey E, et al. Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(5):407–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Singer J, et al. Chips study group*, the chips randomized controlled trial (control of hypertension in pregnancy study): is severe hypertension just an elevated blood pressure? Hypertension. 2016;68(5):1153–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musini VM, Lawrence KA, Fortin PM, et al. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4:CD007066.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin JN Jr., Thigpen BD, Moore RC, et al. Stroke and severe preeclampsia and eclampsia: a paradigm shift focusing on systolic blood pressure. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(2):246–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Muhammad M, Warrington JP. Cerebral blood flow regulation in pregnancy, hypertension, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Brain Sci. 2019;9(9):224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Dadelszen P, Magee LA. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: an updated metaregression analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002;24(12):941–945.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arulkumaran N, Lightstone L. Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;27(6):877–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butalia S, Audibert F, Cote AM, et al. Hypertension Canada’s 2018 guidelines for the management of hypertension in pregnancy. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(5):526–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACOG Committee Opinion No. 767 Summary. Emergent therapy for acute-onset, severe hypertension during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(2):409–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G, et al. Saving mothers’ lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006–2008. The eighth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG. 2011;118(Suppl 1):1–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203 Summary. Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):215–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chahine KM, Sibai BM. Chronic hypertension in pregnancy: new concepts for classification and management. Am J Perinatol. 2019;36(2):161–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell CJ, Tita A, Anderson SB, et al. Adverse outcomes with maternal blood pressure less than 140/90 in pregnancy complicated by hypertension. Am J Perinatol. 2019. DOI:10.1055/s-0038-1677474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzelu D, Dumitrascu-Biris D, Kay P, et al. Severe hypertension, preeclampsia and small for gestational age in women with chronic hypertension diagnosed before and during pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;14:200–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy J, Hirsch M, Pealing L, et al. International collaboration to Harmonise Outcomes in Pre-eclampsia (HOPE), inadequate safety reporting in pre-eclampsia trials: a systematic evaluation. BJOG. 2018;125(7):795–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy J, Hirsch M, Kawsar A, et al. International collaboration to Harmonise Outcomes in Pre-Eclampsia (HOPE), outcome reporting across randomised controlled trials evaluating therapeutic interventions for pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2017;124(12):1829–1839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong F, Rogozinska E, Allotey J, et al. Development of maternal and neonatal composite outcomes for trials evaluating management of late-onset pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2014;33(2):115–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy JM, van ‘t Hooft J, Gale C, et al. International collaboration to Harmonise Outcomes for Pre-eclampsia (HOPE), A protocol for developing, disseminating, and implementing a core outcome set for pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2016;6(4):274–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar