Effect of antihypertensive treatment on the long-term outcome of patients discharged after acute ischemic stroke

References

• Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al.; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903–13.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein LB, Bushnell CD, Adams RJ, et al.; on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council for High Blood Pressure Research, Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011;42:517–84.
   Google Scholar
• Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al.; on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014;45:2160–236.
   Google Scholar
• Liu L, Wang Z, Gong L, et al. Blood pressure reduction for the secondary prevention of stroke: a Chinese trial and a systematic review of the literature. Hypertens Res 2009;32:1032–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ, et al. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009;338:b1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A, et al.; the MOSES Study Group. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke 2005;36:1218–26.
   Google Scholar
• Owen A. MOSES: superiority or noninferiority? Stroke 2006;37:337;author reply 338.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss MH, Verma S. MOSES raises questions. Stroke 2006;37: 338–9;author reply 339–340.
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al.; for the PROFESS Study Group. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1225–37.
   Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al.; Task Force Members. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2013;31:1281–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:461–70.
   Google Scholar
• Sandset EC, Bath PM, Boysen G, et al.; SCAST Study Group. The angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan for treatment of acute stroke (SCAST): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Lancet 2011;377:741–50.
   Google Scholar
• Bath PM, Martin RH, Palesch Y, et al.; PRoFESS Study Group. Effect of telmisartan on functional outcome, recurrence, and blood pressure in patients with acute mild ischemic stroke: a PRoFESS subgroup analysis. Stroke 2009;40:3541–6.
   Google Scholar
• Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A, et al.; Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors Study Group. The ACCESS study: evaluation of acute candesartan cilexetil therapy in stroke survivors. Stroke 2003;34:1699–703.
   Google Scholar
• He J, Zhang Y, Xu T, et al.; CATIS Investigators. Effects of immediate blood pressure reduction on death and major disability in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the CATIS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;311:479–89.
   Google Scholar
• The ENOS Trial Investigators. Efficacy of nitric oxide, with or without continuing antihypertensive treatment, for management of high blood pressure in acute stroke (ENOS): a partial-factorial randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385:617–28.
   Google Scholar
• Dowlatshahi D, Fang J, Kawaja M, et al. Use of calcium channel blockers after stroke is not associated with poor outcome: a cohort from the registry of the Canadian stroke network. J Neurol 2006;253:1478–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardie K, Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, et al. Ten-year survival after first-ever stroke in the Perth community stroke study. Stroke 2003;34:1842–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshminarayan K, Schissel C, Anderson DC, et al. Five-year rehospitalization outcomes in a cohort of patients with acute ischemic stroke: Medicare linkage study. Stroke 2011;42:1556–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, et al.; Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010) and the GBD Stroke Experts Group. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990–2010: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 2014;383:245–54.
   Google Scholar