Fumarate exerted an antihypertensive effect and reduced kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 expression in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension

References

• Ehret GB, Caulfield MJ. Genes for blood pressure: an opportunity to understand hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(13):951–61. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowley AW. The genetic dissection of essential hypertension. Nat Rev Genet. 2006;7(11):829–40. doi:10.1038/nrg1967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small HY, Migliarino S, Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, et al. Hypertension: focus on autoimmunity and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018;125:104–15. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page IH. The mosaic theory of arterial hypertension—: its interpretation. Perspect Biol Med. 1967;10(3):325–33. doi:10.1353/pbm.1967.0031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison DG. The mosaic theory revisited: common molecular mechanisms coordinating diverse organ and cellular events in hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2013;7:68–74. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2012.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzik TJ, Touyz RM. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular aging in hypertension. Hypertension. 2017;70(4):660–67. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.07802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo M, Wilcox CS. Oxidative stress in hypertension: role of the kidney. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20:74–101. doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genestra M. Oxyl radicals, redox-sensitive signalling cascades and antioxidants. Cell Signal. 2007;19:1807–19. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.04.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Z, Greene AS, Usa K, et al. Renal regional proteomes in young Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension. 2008;51(4):899–904. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.109173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salahudeen AK, Reckelhoff JF, Morrow JD, Roberts LJ.. F2-Isoprostanes and the kidney. Drug News Perspect. 1998;11(5):287. doi:10.1358/dnp.1998.11.5.863674.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liang M. Hypertension as a mitochondrial and metabolic disease. Kidney Int. 2011;80(1):15–16. doi:10.1038/ki.2011.84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Z, Liu Y, Usa K, et al. Novel role of fumarate metabolism in Dahl-salt sensitive hypertension. Hypertension. 2009;54(2):255–60. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.129528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou E, Sun N, Zhang F, Zhao C, Usa K, Liang M, Tian Z. Malate and aspartate increase L-arginine and nitric oxide and attenuate hypertension. Cell Rep. 2017;19(8):1631–39. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Sun Q, Sun N, Liang M, Tian Z. Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered renal metabolism in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2017;42(3):587–97. doi:10.1159/000479846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lifton RP, Gharavi AG, Geller DS. Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell. 2001;104(4):545–56. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00241-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margoshes M, Vallee BL. Flame photometry and spectrometry principles and applications. Methods Biochem Anal. 2006;3:353–407. doi:10.1002/9780470110195.ch12.
   Google Scholar
• Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem. 1972;247(10):3170–75. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45228-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aebi H. [13] Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984;105:121–26. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyamu EW, Asakura T, Woods GM. 2008. A colorimetric microplate assay method for high-throughput analysis of arginase activity in vitro. Anal Biochem. 383(2):332–34. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2008.08.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JSTS, Tannenbaum SR. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N] nitrate and nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem. 1982;126(1):131–38. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(82)90118-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkkan JS, Goldstein DS. Production and reversal of doca-salt hypertension inbaboons. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1987;9:125–40. doi:10.3109/10641968709160034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer A, Chan V, Brown BL. The DOCA-salt hypertensive rat as a model of cardiovascular oxidative and inflammatory stress. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2010;6(4):291–97. doi:10.2174/157340310793566109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basting T, Lazartigues E. DOCA-salt hypertension: an update HHS public access. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19(4):32. doi:10.1007/s11906-017-0731-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahera V, Navarro-cid J, Cachofeiro V, Garcia-Estan J, Ruilope LM. Nitric oxide, the kidney, and hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2018;1:129–40.
   Google Scholar
• Zou A-P, Cowley AW. Role of nitric oxide in the control of renal function and salt sensitivity. Curr Hypertens Rep. 1999;1(2):178–86. doi:10.1007/s11906-999-0016-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Connor PM, Cowley AW. Modulation of pressure-natriuresis by renal medullary reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2010;12(2):86–92. doi:10.1007/s11906-010-0094-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell RB, Toque HA, Narayanan SP, Caldwell RW. Arginase: an old enzyme with new tricks. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015;36(6):395–405. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2015.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou E, Zheng X, Yang Z, Xian L, Liu Z, Meng Chenx L, MingyuLiang ZT. Insufficient fumarase contributes to generating reactive oxygen species in Dahl salt sensitive rats. BioRxiv. 2016;9:1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor NE, Cowley AW. Effect of renal medullary H2O2 on salt-induced hypertension and renal injury. Am J Physio Int Comp Physio. 2005;289:1573–79. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00525.2005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sureshbabu A, Muhsin SA, Choi METGF-Β. 2016. TGF-β signaling in the kidney: profibrotic and protective effects. Am J Physiol Physiol. 310(7):596–606. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00365.2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng XM, Huang XR, Chung ACK, Qin W, Shao X, Igarashi P, Ju W, Bottinger EP, Lan HY.Smad2 protects against TGF-β/Smad3-mediated renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(9):1477–87. doi:10.1681/ASN.2009121244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JH, Zhu HJ, Huang XR, Lai KN, Johnson RJ, Lan HY. Smad7 inhibits fibrotic effect of TGF-β on renal tubular epithelial cells by blocking Smad2 activation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(6):1464–72. doi:10.1097/01.ASN.0000014252.37680.E4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Castro Fonseca M, Aguiar CJ, Da Rocha Franco JA, Gingold RN, Leite MF. GPR91: expanding the frontiers of Krebs cycle intermediates. Cell Commun Signal. 2016;14(1). doi:10.1186/s12964-016-0126-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allegri G, Fernandes MJ, Scalco FB, Correia P, Simoni RE, Llerena JC, De Oliveira MLC. Fumaric aciduria: an overview and the firstBrazilian case report. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010;33(4):411–19. doi:10.1007/s10545-010-9134-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyton AC. Renal function curve–a key to understanding the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hypertension. 1987;10(1):1–6. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.10.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley SD, Coffman TM. The inextricable role of the kidney in hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2014;124. doi:10.1172/JCI72274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashrafian H, Czibik G, Bellahcene M, Aksentijević D, Smith A, Mitchell S, Dodd M, Kirwan J, Byrne J, Ludwig C, et al. Fumarate is cardioprotective via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Cell Metab. 2012;15(3):361–71. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar