Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 is associated with atherosclerosis in patients with Behcet’s disease

References

• Yildiz M, Haslak F, Adrovic A, Sahin S, Koker O, Barut K, Kasapcopur O. Pediatric Behçet’s disease. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:627192. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.627192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokturk A. Clinical and pathological manifestations with differential diagnosis in Behçet’s disease. Patholog Res Int. 2012;2012:690390. doi:10.1155/2012/690390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Türsen U. Pathophysiology of the Behçet’s disease. Patholog Res Int. 2012;2012:493015. doi:10.1155/2012/493015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ucar-Comlekoglu D, Fox A, Sen HN. Gender differences in Behçet’s disease associated uveitis. J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:820710. doi:10.1155/2014/820710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saur SJ, Schlögl A, Schmalen T, Krittian S, Pecher AC, Henes M, Xenitidis T, Henes J. 2022. Sexual dysfunction and depression in Behçet’s disease in comparison to healthy controls. Rheumatol Int. 42(1):121–26. doi:10.1007/s00296-021-05000-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzoni C, Scheggi V, Mariani T. 2021. Cardiac involvement in Behçet disease presenting as non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a case report. J Cardiol Cases. 24(4):157–60. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2021.03.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parvaz N, Jalali Z, Ruscica M. 2021. Molecular evolution of PCSK family: analysis of natural selection rate and gene loss. PLoS One. 16(10):e0259085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson AS, Fong LG, Young SG. 2008. PCSK9 function and physiology. J Lipid Res. 49(6):1152–56. doi:10.1194/jlr.E800008-JLR200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borén J, Williams KJ. 2016. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol. 27(5):473–83. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagace TA. 2014. PCSK9 and LDLR degradation: regulatory mechanisms in circulation and in cells. Curr Opin Lipidol. 25(5):387–93. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos C, Koutagiar I, Terentes-Printzios D, Skoumas I, Rigatou A, Miliou A, Skliros AN, Pantou S, Filis K, Tousoulis D. 2019. Relationship of PCSK9 levels with indices of vascular function and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with familial dyslipidemias. Hellenic J Cardiol. 60(2):124–28. doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2018.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozturk C, Balta S, Balta I, Demirkol S, Celik T, Turker T, Iyisoy A, Eksioglu M. 2015. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and carotid-intima media thickness in patients with Behçet disease without cardiovascular involvement. Angiology. 66(3):291–96. doi:10.1177/0003319714527638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozisler C, Kaplanoglu H. 2019. Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis by ultrasound radiofrequency data technology in patients with Behçet’s disease. Int J Rheum Dis. 22(5):781–88. doi:10.1111/1756-185X.13579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministrini S, Carbone F. 2022. PCSK9 and inflammation: their role in autoimmune diseases, with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Med Chem. 29(6):970–79. doi:10.2174/0929867328666210810150940
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sánchez-Pérez H, Quevedo-Abeledo JC, Tejera-Segura B, de Armas-rillo L, Rúa-Figueroa I, González-Gay MA, Ferraz-Amaro I. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 is related to disease activity and damage in patients with systemic erythematosus lupus. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020;12:1759720X20975904. doi:10.1177/1759720X20975904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu A, Rahman M, Hafström I, Ajeganova S, Frostegård J. 2020. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 is associated with disease activity and is implicated in immune activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 29(8):825–35. doi:10.1177/0961203320926253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraz-Amaro I, Delgado-Frías E, Hernández-Hernández V, Sánchez-Pérez H, de Armas-rillo L, García-Dopico JA, Díaz-González F. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38(3):18–24. Suppl 125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arida A, Legaki AI, Kravvariti E, Protogerou A, Sfikakis PP, Chatzigeorgiou A. PCSK9/LDLR system and rheumatoid arthritis-related atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:738764. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.738764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frostegård J, Ahmed S, Hafström I, Ajeganova S, Rahman M. 2021. Low levels of PCSK9 are associated with remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-α: potential underlying mechanisms. Arthritis Res Ther. 23(1):32. doi:10.1186/s13075-020-02386-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Study Group for Behcet's Disease. International Study Group for Behcet's Disease. Criteria for diagnosis of Behcet's disease. Lancet. 1990, 335 (8697), 1078–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhakta BB, Brennan P, James TE, Chamberlain MA, Noble BA, Silman AJ. 1999. Behçet’s disease: evaluation of a new instrument to measure clinical activity. Rheumatology (Oxford). 38(8):728–33. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/38.8.728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamuryudan V, Fresko I, Direskeneli H, Tenant MJ, Yurdakul S, Akoglu T, Yazici H. 1999. Evaluation of the Turkish translation of a disease activity form for Behçet’s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 38(8):734–36. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/38.8.734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francesco AB, Francesca M, Giovanni T, Carmine Z. Prognostic value of ultrasonographic measurement of carotid intima media thickness in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12(11):2458–64.doi:10.1681/ASN.V12112458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, Lonn E, Kendall CB, Mohler ER, Najjar SS, Rembold CM, Post WS. 2008. American society of echocardiography carotid intima-media thickness task force. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American society of echocardiography carotid intima-media thickness task force. Endorsed by the society for vascular medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 21(2):93–111; quiz 189–90. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez J, Wood JC, Dorey FJ, Wren TA, Gilsanz V. 2008. Reproducibility of carotid intima-media thickness measurements in young adults. Radiology. 247(2):465–71. doi:10.1148/radiol.2472070691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cure E, Icli A, Ugur Uslu A, Aydoğan Baykara R, Sakiz D, Ozucan M, Yavuz F, Arslan S, Cumhur Cure M, Kucuk A. 2017. Atherogenic index of plasma may be strong predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with Behçet disease. Z Rheumatol. 76(3):259–66. doi:10.1007/s00393-016-0141-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım A, Karakaş MS, Kılınç AY, Altekin RE, Yalçınkaya AS. 2016. Evaluation of arterial stiffness and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with Behçet’s disease without cardiovascular involvement. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 44(7):575–81. doi:10.5543/tkda.2016.06944
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uyar B, Solak A, Genç B, Akyıldız M, Şahin N, İS U, Saklamaz A. 2015. Evaluation of arterial stiffness in patients with Behçet’s disease by using noninvasive radiological methods such as intima-media thickness of the carotid, ankle-brachial pressure index, coronary artery calcium scoring, and their relation to serum fetuin-A levels: a case-control study. Ann Dermatol. 27(6):702–08. doi:10.5021/ad.2015.27.6.702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messedi M, Frigui M, Ben Mahfoudh K, Feki H, Ben Mahfoudh ST, Mnif J, Bahloul Z, Ayadi F. 2011. Intima-media thickness of carotid artery in patients with Behçet’s disease. Arch Med Res. 42(5):398–404. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oztürk MA, Oktar SO, Unverdi S, Ureten K, Göker B, Haznedaroglu S, Sungur G, Reis KA, Onat AM. 2006. Morphologic evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis obtained by carotid ultrasonography in patients with Behcet’s disease. Rheumatol Int. 26(10):867–72. doi:10.1007/s00296-005-0098-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong SN, Park JC, Yoon NS, Lee SR, Kim KH, Hong YJ, Park HW, Kim JH, Ahn Y, Jeong MH, et al. 2008. Carotid artery intima-media thickness in Behcet’s disease patients without significant cardiovascular involvement. Korean J Intern Med. 23(2):87–93. doi:10.3904/kjim.2008.23.2.87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaymaz S, Yilmaz H, Ufuk F, Ütebey AR, Çobankara V, Karasu U, Albayrak Yaşar C, Ulutaş F. 2021. Ultrasonographic measurement of the vascular wall thickness and intima-media thickness in patients with Behçet’s disease with symptoms or signs of vascular involvement: a cross-sectional study. Arch Rheumatol. 36(2):258–66. doi:10.46497/ArchRheumatol.2021.8423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammisotto V, Baratta F, Simeone PG, Barale C, Lupia E, Galardo G, Santilli F, Russo I, Pignatelli P. 2022. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) beyond lipids: the role in oxidative stress and thrombosis. Antioxidants (Basel). 11(3):569. doi:10.3390/antiox11030569
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macchi C, Ferri N, Sirtori CR, Corsini A, Banach M, Ruscica M. 2021. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9: a view beyond the canonical cholesterol-lowering impact. Am J Pathol. 191(8):1385–97. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidah NG, Prat A. The multifaceted biology of PCSK9. Endocr Rev. 2021. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu NQ, Shi HW, Li JJ. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and inflammation: an updated review. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:763516. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.763516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo W, Gong Y, Li J, Qin P, Lu J, Li X, Zhu W, Xu N, Zhou H, Zhang Q. 2019. Association of serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 with early atherosclerosis in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 29(8):815–21. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tóth Š, Fedačko J, Pekárová T, Hertelyová Z, Katz M, Mughees A, Kuzma J, Štefanič P, Kopolovets I, Pella D. 2017. Elevated circulating PCSK9 concentrations predict subclinical atherosclerotic changes in low risk obese and non-obese patients. Cardiol Ther. 6(2):281–89. doi:10.1007/s40119-017-0092-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SH, Du Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Xu RX, Zhu CG, Guo YL, Wu NQ, Dong Q, Sun J, et al. 2016. Plasma PCSK9 level is unrelated to blood pressure and not associated independently with carotid intima-media thickness in hypertensives. Hypertens Res. 39(8):598–605. doi:10.1038/hr.2016.38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggi D, Frigerio B, Bonomi A, Ruscica M, Ferri N, Sansaro D, Ravani A, Ferrante P, Damigella M, Veglia F, et al.; On Behalf Of The Improve Study Group. Relationship between circulating PCSK9 and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis-the improve study. Biomedicines. 2021;9(7):841. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9070841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosenko T, Golder M, Leblond G, Weng W, Lagace TA. 2013. Low density lipoprotein binds to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) in human plasma and inhibits PCSK9-mediated low density lipoprotein receptor degradation. J Biol Chem. 288(12):8279–88. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.421370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang C, Luo T, Chen X, Lin L. Elevated level of serum PCSK9 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2018;34(6):541–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fang C, Luo T, Lin L. 2018. Elevation of serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) concentrations and its possible atherogenic role in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Transl Med. 6(23):452. doi:10.21037/atm.2018.11.04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dounousi E, Tellis C, Pavlakou P, Duni A, Liakopoulos V, Mark PB, Papagianni A, Tselepis AD. Association between PCSK9 levels and markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in a population of nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:6677012. doi:10.1155/2021/6677012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurtseven E, Ural D, Baysal K, Tokgözoğlu L. 2020. An Update on the Role of PCSK9 in Atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb. 27(9):909–18. doi:10.5551/jat.55400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y, Li C, Yang J, Seery S, Qi Y, Wang W, Zhang K, Shao C, Tang YD. 2022. Atherogenic index of plasma for non-diabetic, coronary artery disease patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective study of the long-term outcomes in China. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 21(1):29. doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01459-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Wei TF, Zhao B, Yin Z, Shi QX, Liu PL, Liu LF, Liu L, Zhao JT, Mao S, et al. 2019. Sex differences associated with circulating PCSK9 in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Sci Rep. 9(1):3113. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35773-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macchi C, Ferri N, Favero C, Cantone L, Vigna L, Pesatori AC, Lupo MG, Sirtori CR, Corsini A, Bollati V, et al. 2019. Long-term exposure to air pollution raises circulating levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 in obese individuals. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 26(6):578–88. doi:10.1177/2047487318815320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Rifai N, Bradwin G, Rose L. 2016. Plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels and the risk of first cardiovascular events. Eur Heart J. 37(6):554–60. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricci C, Ruscica M, Camera M, Rossetti L, Macchi C, Colciago A, Zanotti I, Lupo MG, Adorni MP, Cicero AFG, et al. 2018. PCSK9 induces a pro-inflammatory response in macrophages. Sci Rep. 8(1):2267. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20425-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar