Low-Cost Adsorbents: Growing Approach to Wastewater Treatment—a Review

REFERENCES

• World Health Organization . Health in water resources development Available at: http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/vector/water_resources.htm(accessed October 3, 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Snoeyink , V. L. and Jenkins , D. 1980 . Water chemistry , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations World Water Development Report UNESCO . 2003 . Water for people water for life Available at: http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr1/pdf/chap9.pdf(accessed October 13, 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Lehr , J. H. , Gass , T. E. , Pettyjohn , W. A. and DeMarre , J. 1980 . Domestic water treatment , New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company .
   Google Scholar
• Nemerrow , N. L. 1978 . Industrial water pollution: Origins, characteristics, and treatment , Boston : Addison-Wesley Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Helmer , R. and Hespanhol , I. 1997 . Water pollution control—a guide to the use of water quality management principles , London : E & FN Spon .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations World Water Development Report UNESCO . 2003 . Water for people water for life Available at: http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr1/ex_summary/index.shtml(accessed October 13, 2007)
   Google Scholar
• World Water Council . Home WWC/Water at a glance/Water Crisis Available at: http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=25&L=0%5C(accessed October 17, 2007)
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization and UNICEF . Water for life: Making it happen Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2005/en/(accessed November 18, 2007)
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . Resolutions adopted by the Conference, resolution 1, annex II. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro, June 3–14 (United Nations publication, Sales N o . E.93.I.8 and corrigenda)
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . Resolutions adopted by the Conference, resolution 1, annex I Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro, June 3–14 (United Nations publication, Sales N o . E.93.I.8 and corrigenda)
   Google Scholar
• Koziorowski , B. and Kucharski , J. 1972 . Industrial waste disposal , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , C. 1975 . Environmental pollution by chemicals , London : Hutchinson & Co. Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• De Zuane , J. 1997 . Handbook of drinking water quality , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , R. A. and Ross , R. D. 1980 . Handbook of industrial waste disposal , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Kupchella , C. E. and Hyland , M. C. 1989 . Environmental science living within the system of nature , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Okamura , H. and Aoyama , I. 1994 . Interactive toxic effect and distribution of heavy metals in phytoplankton . Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. , 9 : 7
   Google Scholar
• Martin , T. R. and Holdich , D. M. 1986 . The acute lethal toxicity of heavy metals to percarid crustaceans (with particular reference to fresh-water asellids and gammarids) . Water Res. , 20 : 1137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , J. W. 1991 . Inorganic contaminants of surface water research and monitoring priorities , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Murti , C. R. K. and Viswanathan , P. 1991 . Toxic metals in the Indian environment , New Delhi : Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Venkataraman , K. 1965 . The chemistry of synthetic dyes , New York : Academic Press Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Nemerow , N. L. and Doby , T. A. 1958 . Color removal in waste-water treatment plants . Sew. Ind. Wastes , 30 : 1160
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , G. E. , Bahner , L. H. and Horning , W. B. 1980 . Toxicity of textile mill effluents to freshwater and estuarine algae, crustaceans and fishes . Environ. Pollut. Series A , 21 : 169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony , A. J. . Characterization of the impact of colored wastewaters on free-flowing streams . Proc. 32nd Industrial Waste Conference . West Lafayette, Indiana, , USA : Purdue University .
   Google Scholar
• Caturla , F. , Martin-Martinez , J. M. , Molina-Sabio , M. , Rodriguez-Reinoso , F. and Torregrosa , R. 1988 . Adsorption of substituted phenols on activated carbon . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 124 : 528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner , E. R. 2000 . Applications of environmental chemistry: A practical guide for environmental processional , Washington, DC : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Selassie , C. D. , Shusterman , A. J. , Kapur , S. , Verma , R. P. , Zhang , L. and Hansch , C. 1999 . On the toxicity of phenols to fast growing cells: A QSAR model for a radical-based toxicity . J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 , 12 : 2729
   Google Scholar
• Castillo , M. and Barcelo , D. 1999 . Identification of polar toxicants in industrial wastewaters using toxicity-based fractionation with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 71 : 3769
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fawell , J. K. and Hunt , S. 1988 . Environmental toxicology: Organic pollutants , Chichester, , England : Ellis Horwood Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Melnikov , N. N. 1971 . Chemistry of pesticides , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Zouboulis , A. I. , Lazaridis , N. K. and Grohmann , A. 2002 . Toxic metals removal from waste waters by upflow filtration with floating filter medium. I. The case of zinc . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi , S. and Wiesner , M. R. 1995 . Performance and cost modeling of ultrafiltration . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 121 : 874
   Google Scholar
• Tan , L. and Sudak , R. G. 1992 . Removing color from a groundwater source . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 84 : 79
   Google Scholar
• Applegate , L. E. 1984 . Membrane separation process . Chem. Eng. , 91 : 64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliassen , R. and Bennet , G. E. 1967 . Anion exchange and filtration techniques for waste water renovation . J. Water. Pollut. Control Fed. , 39, : R82
   Google Scholar
• Lee , D. W. , Hong , W. H. and Hwang , K. Y. 2000 . Removal of an organic dye from water using a predispersed solvent extraction . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 1951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snider , E. H. and Porter , J. J. 1974 . Ozone treatment of dye waste . J. Water. Pollut. Control Fed. , 46 : 886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hempfling , C. 1997 . Ultraviolet/oxidation treatment of explosive wastewaters using a commercial process . Environ. Prog. , 16 : 164
   Google Scholar
• Birchler , D. R. , Milke , M. W. , Marks , A. L. and Luthy , R. G. 1994 . Landfill leachate treatment by evaporation . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 120 : 1109
   Google Scholar
• Al-Degs , Y. , Khraisheh , M. A. M. , Allen , S. J. and Ahmad , M. N. 2000 . Effect of carbon surface chemistry on the removal of reactive dyes from textile effluent . Water Res. , 34 : 927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolet , L. and Rott , V. 1999 . Recirculation of powdered activated carbon for the adsorption of dyes in municipal wastewater treatment plants . Water Sci. Technol. , 40 : 191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judkins , J. F. and Hornsby , J. S. Jr. 1978 . Color removal from textile dye waste using magnesium carbonate . J. Water. Pollut. Control Fed. , 50 : 2446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , K. S. and Mueller , J. C. 1975 . Foam separation—a technique for water pollution abatement . Water Sew. Works , 122 : 48
   Google Scholar
• Fox , M. A. and Dulay , M. T. 1993 . Heterogeneous photocatalysis . Chem. Rev. , 93 : 341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromley-Challenor , K. C. A. , Knapp , J. S. , Zhang , Z. , Gray , N. C. C. , Hetheridge , M. J. and Evans , M. R. 2000 . Decolorization of an azo dye by unacclimated activated sludge under anaerobic conditions . Water Res. , 34 : 4410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , K. J. , Lu , J. and Mohn , W. W. 1992 . Biosorption of chlorophenols to anaerobic granular sludge . Water Res. , 26 : 1085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , J. , Plumb , J. J. , Buckley , C. A. and Stuckey , D. C. 2000 . Treatment and decolorization of dyes in an anaerobic baffled reactor . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 126 : 1026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• dos Santos , A. B. , Cervantes , F. J. and van Lier , J. B. 2007 . Review paper on current technologies for decolorisation of textile wastewaters: Perspectives for anaerobic biotechnology . Bioresour. Technol. , 98 : 2369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen , H. and Wang , Y.-T. 1994 . Biological reduction of chromium by E. Coli . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 120 : 560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPara , T. M. , Konopka , A. , Nakatsu , C. H. and Alleman , J. E. 2000 . Thermophilic aerobic wastewater treatment in continuous-flow bioreactors . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 126 : 739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rela , P. R. , Sampa , M. H. O. , Duarte , C. L. , Costa , F. E. and Sciani , V. 2000 . Development of an up-flow irradiation device for electron beam wastewater treatment . Radiat. Phys. Chem. , 57 : 657
   Google Scholar
• Basfar , A. A. and Abdel Rehim , F. 2002 . Disinfection of wastewater from a Riyadh wastewater treatment plant with ionizing radiation . Radiat. Phys. Chem. , 65 : 527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatchupong , T. and Murphy , R. T. 1996 . Model of electrodialysis process associated with organic adsorption . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 122 : 154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szpyrkowicz , L. , Naumczyk , J. and Zilio-Grandi , F. 1995 . Electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater using Ti/Pt and Ti/Pt/Ir electrodes . Water Res. , 29 : 517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki , Y. , Maezawa , A. and Uchida , S. 2000 . Utilization of ultrasonic energy in a photocatalytic oxidation process for treating waste water containing surfactants . Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , 39 : 2958
   Google Scholar
• Karapinar , N. 2003 . Magnetic separation of ferrihydrite from wastewater by magnetic seeding and high-gradient magnetic separation . Int. J. Miner. Proces. , 71 : 45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danis , T. G. , Albanis , T. A. , Petrakis , D. E. and Pomonis , P. J. 1998 . Removal of chlorinated phenols from aqueous solutions by adsorption on alumina pillared clays and mesoporous alumina aluminum phosphates . Water Res. , 32 : 295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quignon , F. , Thomas , F. , Gantzer , C. , Huyard , A. and Schwartzbrod , L. 1998 . Virus adsorption in a complex system: An experimentally designed study . Water Res. , 32 : 1222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirbazari , M. , Badriyha , B. N. and Miltner , R. J. 1991 . GAC adsorber design for removal of chlorinated pesticides . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 117 : 80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrott , P. J. M. , Ribeiro Carrott , M. M. L. , Cansado , I. P. P. and Nabais , J. M. V. 2000 . Reference data for the adsorption of benzene on carbon materials . Carbon , 38 : 465
   Google Scholar
• Imamura , K. , Ikeda , E. , Nagayasu , T. , Sakiyama , T. and Nakanishi , K. 2002 . Adsorption behavior of methylene blue and its congeners on a stainless steel surface . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 245 : 50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal , R. C. and Goyal , M. 2005 . Activated carbon adsorption , Boca Raton, Fla. : Taylor & Francis Group .
   Google Scholar
• Liapis , A. I. 1987 . Fundamentals of adsorption , New York : Engineering Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Mattson , J. S. and Mark , H. B. J. 1971 . Activated carbon surface chemistry and adsorption from solution , New York : Marcel Dekker, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Mantell , C. L. 1951 . Adsorption , New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Masschelein , W. J. 1992 . Unit processes in drinking water treatment , New York : Marcel Dekker, p. 322 .
   Google Scholar
• LeVan , M. D. , Carta , G. and Yon , C. M. 1997 . “ Adsorption and ion exchange ” . In Perry's chemical engineers' handbook. , Edited by: Perry , R. H. , Green , D. W. and Maloney , J. O. 1 – 66 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Clifford , D. A. 1999 . “ Ion exchange and inorganic adsorption ” . In Water quality and treatment. , Edited by: Letterman , R. D. 9.1 – 9.87 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Linsen , B. G. 1970 . Physical and chemical aspects of adsorbents and catalysts , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Do , D. D. 1998 . Adsorption analysis: Equilibria and kinetics , London : Imperial College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allingham , M. M. , Cullen , J. M. , Giles , C. H. , Jain , S. K. and Woods , J. S. 1958 . Adsorption at inorganic surfaces II: Adsorption of dyes and related compounds by silica . J. Appl. Chem. , 8 : 108
   Google Scholar
• Backhaus , W. K. , Klumpp , E. , Narres , H.-D. and Schwuger , M. J. 2001 . Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol on montmorillonite and silica: Influence of nonionic surfactants . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 242 : 6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesraouiouki , S. , Cheeseman , C. R. and Perry , R. 1994 . Natural zeolite utilization in pollution control—a review of applications to metals effluents . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 59 : 121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon , V. C. and Komarneni , S. 1998 . Porous adsorbents for vehicular natural gas storage: A review . J. Porous Mat. , 5 : 43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebajo , M. O. , Frost , R. L. , Kloprogge , J. T. , Carmody , O. and Kokot , S. 2003 . Porous materials for oil spill cleanup: A review of synthesis and absorbing properties . J. Porous Mat. , 10 : 159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curkovic , L. , Cerjan-Stefanovic , S. and Filipan , T. 1997 . Metal ion exchange by natural and modified zeolites . Water Res. , 31 : 1379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo , D. and Pepe , F. 2007 . Experiments and data processing of ion exchange equilibria involving Italian natural zeolites: A review . Microporous Mesoporous Mater. , 105 ( 3 ) : 222
   Google Scholar
• Auerbach , S. M. , Carrado , K. A. and Dutta , P. K. 2003 . Handbook of zeolite science and technology , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Handreck , G. P. and Smith , T. D. 1988 . Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by ZSM-5-type zeolites and related silica polymorphs . J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I , 84 : 4191
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , J. and Korth , W. 1993 . Removal of geosmin and methylisoborneol from drinking water by adsorption on ultrastable zeolite –Y . Water Res. , 27 : 535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okolo , B. , Park , C. and Keane , M. A. 2000 . Interaction of phenol and chlorophenols with activated carbon and synthetic zeolites in aqueous media . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 226 : 308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , Y. , Zhuang , Y.-Y. and Wang , Z.-H. 2001 . Adsorption of water-soluble dye onto functionalized resin . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 242 : 288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal , R. C. , Donet , J.-B. and Fritz , S. 1988 . Active carbon , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Hassler , J. W. 1963 . Activated carbon , New York : Chemical Publishing Company, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Carrott , P. J. M. , Ribeiro Carrott , M. M. L. , Mourão , P. A. M. and Lima , R. P. 2003 . Preparation of activated carbons from cork by physical activation in carbon dioxide . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 21 : 669
   Google Scholar
• Phan , N. H. , Rio , S. , Faur , C. , Le Coq , L. , Le Cloirec , P. and Nguyen , T. H. 2006 . Production of fibrous activated carbons from natural cellulose (jute, coconut) fibers for water treatment applications . Carbon , 44 : 2569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillo-Rodenas , M. A. , Marco-Lozar , J. P. , Cazorla-Amoros , D. and Linares-Solano , A. 2007 . Activated carbons prepared by pyrolysis of mixtures of carbon precursor/alkaline hydroxide . J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis , 80 : 166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrott , P. J. M. , Carrott , M. M. L. R. and Roberts , R. A. 1991 . Physical adsorption of gases by microporous carbons . Colloids Surf. , 58 : 385
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , H. M. 1989 . Standard handbook of hazardous waste treatment and disposal , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Smíšek , M. and Cerný , S. 1970 . Active carbon manufacture properties and applications , Amsterdam : Elsevier Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , W. J. Jr. , Hopkins , C. B. and Bloom , R. Jr. 1970 . Physicochemical treatment of wastewater . J. Water. Pollut. Control Fed. , 42 : 83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenzel , M. H. 1997 . “ Remove organics by activated carbon adsorption ” . In Practical engineering perspectives on the environment: Air, water and soil. , Edited by: Nalven , G. F. 237 New York : American Institute of Chemical Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Najm , I. N. , Snoeyink , V. L. , Lykins , B. W. J. and Adams , J. Q. 1991 . Using powdered activated carbon: A critical review . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 83 : 65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrott , P. J. M. , Carrott , M. M. L. R. and Nabais , J. M. V. 1998 . Influence of surface ionization on the adsorption of aqueous mercury chlorocomplexes by activated carbons . Carbon , 36 : 11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrott , P. J. M. , Carrott , M. M. L. R. , Nabais , J. M. V. and Ramalho , J. P. P. 1997 . Influence of surface ionization on the adsorption of aqueous zinc species by activated carbons . Carbon , 35 : 403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuennen , R. W. , Taylor , R. M. , Van Dyke , K. and Groenevelt , K. 1992 . Removing lead from drinking water with a point-of-use GAC fixed-bed adsorber . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 84 : 91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabaldón , C. , Marzal , P. , Seco , A. and Gonzalez , J. A. 2000 . Cadmium and copper removal by a granular activated carbon in laboratory column systems . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 1039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macias-Garcia , A. , Valenzuela-Calahorro , C. , Gomez-Serrano , V. and Espínosa-Mansilla , A. 1993 . Adsorption of Pb2+ by heat-treated acid sulfurized activated carbon . Carbon , 31 : 1249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zogorski , J. S. , Faust , S. D. and Haas , J. H. 1976 . The kinetics of adsorption of phenols by granular activated carbon . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 55 : 329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paprowicz , J. T. 1990 . Activated carbons for phenols removal from wastewaters . Environ. Technol. , 11 : 71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrott , P. J. M. , Mourao , P. A. M. , Ribeiro Carrott , M. M. L. and Goncalves , E. M. 2005 . Separating surface and solvent effects and the notion of critical adsorption energy in the adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbons . Langmuir , 21 : 11863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourao , P. A. M. , Carrott , P. J. M. and Ribeiro Carrott , M. M. L. 2006 . Application of different equations to adsorption isotherms of phenolic compounds on activated carbons prepared from cork . Carbon , 44 : 2422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiGiano , F. A. and Natter , A. S. 1977 . Disperse dye-carrier interactions on activated carbon . J. Water. Pollut. Control Fed. , 49 : 235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , G. M. and Weatherley , L. R. 1999 . Kinetics of acid dye adsorption on GAC . Water Res. , 33 : 1895
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelekani , C. and Snoeyink , V. L. 2000 . Competitive adsorption between atrazine and methylene blue on activated carbon: The importance of pore size distribution . Carbon , 38 : 1423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Degs , Y. , Khraisheh , M. A. M. , Allen , S. J. and Ahmad , M. N. A. 2001 . Sorption behaviour of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution on different types of activated carbons . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirbazari , M. and Weber , W. J. Jr. 1984 . Removal of dieldrin from water by activated carbon . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 110 : 656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , J. , Aizawa , T. , Ookubo , Y. , Morita , T. and Magara , Y. 1998 . Adsorptive characteristics of ionogenic aromatic pesticides in water on powdered activated carbon . Water Res. , 32 : 2593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urano , K. , Yamamoto , E. , Tonegawa , M. and Fujie , K. 1991 . Adsorption of chlorinated organic compounds on activated carbon from water . Water Res. , 25 : 1459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. C. , Crittenden , J. C. , Snoeyink , V. L. and Ari , M. 1983 . Design of carbon beds to remove humic substances . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 109 : 631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirbazari , M. , Badriyha , B. N. , Kim , S. H. and Miltner , R. J. 1992 . Evaluating GAC adsorbers for the removal of PCBs and toxaphene . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 84 : 83
   Google Scholar
• Bele , M. , Kodre , A. , Arëon , I. , Grdadolnik , J. , Pejovnik , S. and Besenhard , J. O. 1998 . Adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on carbon black from aqueous solution . Carbon , 36 : 1207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhas , A. N. , Abuknesha , R. A. and Price , R. G. 2002 . Removal of detergents from protein extracts using activated charcoal prior to immunological analysis . J. Immunol. Methods , 264 : 37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flentje , M. E. and Hager , D. G. 1964 . Reevaluation of granular-carbon filters for taste and odor control . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 56 : 191
   Google Scholar
• Lalezary , S. , Pirbazari , M. and McGuire , M. J. 1986 . Evaluating activated carbons for removing low concentrations of taste-and odor-producing organics . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 78 : 76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donati , C. , Drikas , M. , Hayes , R. and Newcombe , G. 1994 . Microcystin-LR adsorption by powdered activated carbon . Water Res. , 28 : 1735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giusti , D. M. , Conway , R. A. and Lawson , C. T. 1974 . Activated carbon adsorption of petrochemicals . J. Water. Pollut. Control Fed. , 46 : 947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , G. , Bino , M. J. and Altameni , A. R. 1985 . The adsorption of various pollutants from aqueous solutions on to activated carbon . Water Res. , 19 : 491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najm , I. N. , Snoeyink , V. L. and Richard , Y. 1993 . Removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and natural organic matter from water supplies using PAC in floc-blanket reactors . Water Res. , 27 : 551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. H. 1991 . Evaluation of multicomponent adsorption equilibiria for organic mixtures onto activated carbon . Water Res. , 25 : 125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annesini , M. C. , Gironi , F. , Ruzzi , M. and Tomei , C. 1987 . Adsorption of organic compounds onto activated carbon . Water Res. , 21 : 567
   Google Scholar
• Saito , I. 1984 . The removal of hexacyanoferrate (II) and (III) ions in dilute aqueous solution by activated carbon . Water Res. , 18 : 319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemphill , L. , Ramaiah , V. and Valentine , M. . Thermal regeneration of activated carbon . 32nd Purdue Industrial Waste Conference . pp. 116 West Lafayette, Indiana, , USA : Purdue University .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , R. J. and Ng , W. J. 1987 . The repeated exhaustion and regeneration of activated carbon . Water Res. , 21 : 961
   Google Scholar
• Newcombe , G. and Drikas , M. 1993 . Chemical regeneration of granular activated carbon from an operating water treatment plant . Water Res. , 27 : 161
   Google Scholar
• Kilduff , E. J. and King , C. J. 1997 . Effect of carbon adsorbent surface properties on the uptake and solvent regeneration of phenol . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 36 : 1603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollar , M. A. , Suidan , M. T. , Goss , W. H. and Vargo , S. A. 1982 . Regeneration of five activated carbon with methanol . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 108 : 1361
   Google Scholar
• Notthakum , S. , Crittenden , J. C. , Hand , D. W. , Perram , D. L. and Mullins , M. E. 1993 . Regeneration of adsorbents using hetrogeneous advanced oxidation . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 119 : 695
   Google Scholar
• Narbaitz , R. M. and Cen , J. 1994 . Electrochemical regeneration of granular activated carbon . Water Res. , 28 : 1771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , M. H. and Lei , L. C. 2005 . Electrochemical regeneration of activated carbon loaded with p-nitrophenol in a fluidized electrochemical reactor . Electrochim. Acta , 51 : 4489
   Google Scholar
• Taiwo , E. A. and Adesina , A. 2005 . Electrochemical regeneration of a native activated carbon . Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. , 19 : 269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali , I. and Gupta , V. K. 2007 . Advances in water treatment by adsorption technology . Nature Protocols , 1 : 2661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , V. K. and Ali , I. 2002 . “ Adsorbents for water treatment: Low cost alternatives to carbon ” . In Encyclopedia of surface and colloid science. , Edited by: Hubbard , A. New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , S. J. T. , Fowler , G. D. , Sollars , C. J. and Perry , R. 1992 . Low-cost adsorbents for waste and wastewater treatment: A review . Sci. Total Environ. , 116 : 31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , S. E. , Olin , T. J. , Bricka , R. M. and Adrian , D. D. 1999 . A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals . Water Res. , 33 : 2469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babel , S. and Kurniawan , T. A. 2003 . Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: A review . J. Hazard. Mater. , 97 : 219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahluwalia , S. S. and Goyal , D. 2007 . Microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater . Bioresour. Technol. , 98 : 2243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crini , G. 2006 . Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review . Bioresour. Technol. , 97 : 1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan , D. and Pittman , J. C. U. 2006 . Activated carbons and low cost adsorbents for remediation of tri- and hexavalent chromium from water . J. Hazard. Mater. , 137 : 762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla , A. , Zhang , Y.-H. , Dubey , P. , Margrave , J. L. and Shukla , S. S. 2002 . The role of sawdust in the removal of unwanted materials from water . J. Hazard. Mater. , 95 : 137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crini , G. 2005 . Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment . Prog. Polym. Sci. , 30 : 38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerente , C. , Lee , V. K. C. , Cloirec , P. L. and McKay , G. 2007 . Application of chitosan for the removal of metals from wastewaters by adsorption—mechanisms and models review . Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksu , Z. 2005 . Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review . Process Biochem. , 40 : 997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poots , V. J. P. , McKay , G. and Healy , J. J. 1976 . The removal of acid dye from effluent using natural adsorbents—II. Wood . Water Res. , 10 : 1067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poots , V. J. P. , McKay , G. and Healy , J. J. 1978 . Removal of basic dye from effluent using wood as an adsorbent . J. Water. Pollut. Control Fed. , 50 : 926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal , A. K. and Venkobachar , C. 1993 . Sorption and desorption of dyes by sulfonated coal . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 119 : 366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkata Mohan , S. , Chandrasekhar Rao , N. and Karthikeyan , J. 2002 . Adsorptive removal of direct azo dye from aqueous phase onto coal based sorbents: A kinetic and mechanistic study . J. Hazard. Mater. , 90 : 189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pehlivan , E. and Arslan , G. 2007 . Removal of metal ions using lignite in aqueous solution–Low cost biosorbents . Fuel Process. Technol. , 88 : 99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poots , V. J. P. , McKay , G. and Healy , J. J. 1976 . The removal of acid dye from effluent using natural adsorbents—I. Peat . Water Res. , 10 : 1061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , G. and Allen , S. J. 1980 . Surface mass transfer processes using peat as an adsorbent for dyestuffs . Can. J. Chem. Eng. , 58 : 521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couillard , D. 1994 . The use of peat in wastewater treatment . Water Res. , 28 : 1261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , Y. S. and McKay , G. 1999 . The sorption of lead (II) ions on peat . Water Res. , 33 : 578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , F. , Wen , B. , Shan , X. Q. , Xie , Y. N. , Liu , T. , Zhang , S. Z. and Khan , S. U. 2006 . Mechanisms of competitive adsorption of Pb, Cu, and Cd on peat . Environ. Pollut. , 144 : 669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chui , V. M. D. , Mok , K. W. , Ng , C. Y. , Luong , B. P. and Ma , K. K. 1996 . Removal and recovery of copper (II), chromium (III), and nickel (II) from solutions using crude shrimp chitin packed in small columns . Environ. Int. , 22 : 463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo , S. A. , Boaventura , R. A. and Loureiro , J. M. 2000 . Color removal with natural adsorbents: Modeling, simulation and experimental . Sep. Purif. Technol. , 20 : 129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo , S. A. , Loureiro , J. M. and Boaventura , R. A. 2005 . Natural waste materials containing chitin as adsorbents for textile dyestuffs: Batch and continuous studies . Water Res. , 39 : 4142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha , I. N. , Iyengar , L. and Rao , A. V. S. P. 1998 . Removal of cadmium using chitosan . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 114 : 962
   Google Scholar
• McKay , G. , Blair , H. S. and Findon , A. 1989 . Equilibrium studies for the sorption of metal ions onto chitosan . Indian J. Chem. , 28A : 356
   Google Scholar
• Udaybhaskar , P. , Iyengar , L. and Rao , A. 1990 . Hexavalent chromium interaction with chitosan . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 39 : 739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , F.-C. , Tseng , R.-L. and Juang , R.-S. 2000 . Comparative adsorption of metal and dye on flake- and bead-types of chitosans prepared from fishery wastes . J. Hazard. Mater. , 73 : 63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juang , R.-S. and Shao , H.-J. 2002 . A simplified equilibrium model for sorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions on chitosan . Water Res. , 36 : 2999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida , H. and Takemori , T. 1997 . Adsorption of direct dye on cross-linked chitosan fiber: Breakthrough curve . Water Sci. Technol. , 35 : 29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low , K. S. , Lee , C. K. and Tan , K. K. 1995 . Biosorption of basic dyes by water hyacinth roots . Bioresour. Technol. , 52 : 79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , C. K. , Low , K. S. and Kek , K. L. 1995 . Removal of chromium from aqueous solution . Bioresour. Technol. , 54 : 183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margarida Alves , M. , Gonzalez Beca , C. G. , de Carvalho , R. G. , Castanheira , J. M. , Sol Pereira , M. C. and Vasconcelos , L. A. T. 1993 . Chromium removal in tannery wastewaters “polishing” by Pinus sylvestris bark . Water Res. , 27 : 1333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan , T.-W. , Hu , B. and Su , H. 2004 . Adsorption of Ni2+ on amine-modified mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum . Enzyme Microb. Technol. , 35 : 508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USGS . 2007 . 2005 minerals handbook: Clay Available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/claysmyb05.pdf(accessed September 26, 2007)
   Google Scholar
• McKay , G. , Otterburn , M. S. and Aga , J. A. 1985 . Fullers earth and fired clay as adsorbents for dyestuffs—equilibrium and rate studies . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 24 : 307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadena , F. , Rizvi , R. and Peters , R. W. . Feasibility studies for the removal of heavy metals from solution using tailored bentonite, in hazardous and industrial wastes . Twenty-Second Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference . Philadelphia, Pa., , USA : Drexel University .
   Google Scholar
• Al-Ghouti , M. A. , Khraisheh , M. A. M. , Allen , S. J. and Ahmad , M. N. 2003 . The removal of dyes from textile wastewater: A study of the physical characteristics and adsorption mechanisms of diatomaceous earth . J. Environ. Manage. , 69 : 229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espantaleon , A. G. , Nieto , J. A. , Fernandez , M. and Marsal , A. 2003 . Use of activated clays in the removal of dyes and surfactants from tannery waste waters . Appl. Clay Sci. , 24 : 105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagane , M. and Guiza , S. 2000 . Elimination d'un colorant des effluents de l'industrie textile par adsorption . Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat. , 25 : 615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng , C.-H. , Tsai , C.-Z. , Chu , S.-H. and Sharma , Y. C. 2007 . Adsorption characteristics of copper (II) onto spent activated clay . Sep. Purif. Technol. , 54 : 187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradas , E. G. , Sanchez , M. V. , Cruz , F. C. , Viciana , M. S. and Perez , M. F. 1994 . Adsorption of cadmium and zinc from aqueous solution on natural and activated bentonite . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 59 : 289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J. H. , Song , D. I. and Jeon , Y. W. 1997 . Adsorption of organic phenols onto dual organic cation montmorillonite from water . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 1975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. S. , Song , D. I. , Jeon , J. W. and Choi , S. J. 1996 . Adsorption of organic phenols onto hexadecyltrimethylammonium-treated montmorillonite . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 2815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , P. X. , Liao , Z. W. , Zhang , H. F. and Guo , J. C. 2001 . Adsorption of phenol on inorganic-organic pillared montmorillonite in polluted water . Environ. Int. , 26 : 401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir , O. , Armagan , B. , Turan , M. and Celik , M. S. 2004 . Comparison of the adsorption characteristics of azo-reactive dyes on mezoporous minerals . Dyes Pigm. , 62 : 49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , L. and Wang , A. 2007 . Adsorption characteristics of Congo Red onto the chitosan/montmorillonite nanocomposite . J. Hazard. Mater. , 147 : 979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L.-M. and Chen , D.-Q. 2002 . An investigation of adsorption of lead (II) and copper (II) ions by water-insoluble starch graft copolymers . Colloid Surface. A , 205 : 231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delval , F. , Crini , G. , Vebrel , J. , Knorr , M. , Sauvin , G. and Conte , E. 2003 . Starch-modified filters used for the removal of dyes from waste water . Macromol. Symp. , 203 : 165
   Google Scholar
• Namasivayam , C. and Periasamy , K. 1993 . Bicarbonate-treated peanut hull carbon for mercury (II) removal from aqueous solution . Water Res. , 27 : 1663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periasamy , K. and Namasivayam , C. 1994 . Process development for removal and recovery of cadmium from wastewater by a low-cost adsorbent: Adsorption rates and equilibrium studies . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 33 : 317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periasamy , K. and Namasivayam , C. 1995 . Adsorption of Pb (II) by peanut hull carbon from aqueous solution . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 30 : 2223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamarthy , S. , Seo , C. W. and Marshall , W. E. 2001 . Adsorption of selected toxic metals by modified peanut shells . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 76 : 593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , P. , Atly Jefcoat , I. , Parrish , D. , Gill , S. and Graham , E. 2000 . Evaluation of the adsorptive capacity of peanut hull pellets for heavy metals in solution . Adv. Environ. Res. , 4 : 19
   Google Scholar
• Ferrero , F. 2007 . Dye removal by low cost adsorbents: Hazelnut shells in comparison with wood sawdust . J. Hazard. Mater. , 142 : 144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferro-Garcia , M. A. , Rivera-Utrilla , J. , Rodriguez-Gordillo , J. and Bautista-Toledo , I. 1988 . Adsorption of zinc, cadmium and copper on activated carbons obtained from agricultural byproducts . Carbon , 26 : 363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daifullah , A. A. M. and Girgis , B. S. 1998 . Removal of some substituted phenols by activated carbon obtained from agricultural waste . Water Res. , 32 : 1169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima , E. C. , Royer , B. , Vaghetti , J. C. P. , Brasil , J. L. , Simon , N. M. , dos Santos , J. A. A. , Pavan , F. A. , Dias , S. L. P. , Benvenutti , E. V. and Silva , E. A. D. 2007 . Adsorption of Cu (II) on Araucaria angustifolia wastes: Determination of the optimal conditions by statistic design of experiments . J. Hazard Mater. , 140 : 211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , G. and Shi , W. 1998 . Sunflower stalks as adsorbents for the removal of metal ions from wastewater . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 37 : 1324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , G. and Xu , X. 1997 . Sunflower stalk as adsorbents for color removal from textile wastewater . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 36 : 808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Geundi , M. S. 1991 . Color removal from textile effluents by adsorption techniques . Water Res. , 25 : 271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acemioglu , B. , Samil , A. , Alma , M. H. and Gundogan , R. 2003 . Copper (II) removal from aqueous solution by organosolv lignin and its recovery . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 89 : 1537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciban , M. and Klasnja , M. 2004 . Study of the adsorption of copper (II) ions from water onto wood sawdust, pulp and lignin . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 22 : 195
   Google Scholar
• Merdy , P. , Guillon , E. , Aplincourt , M. , Dumonceau , J. and Vezin , H. 2002 . Copper sorption on a straw lignin: Experiments and EPR characterization . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 245 : 24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demirbas , A. 2004 . Adsorption of lead and cadmium ions in aqueous solutions onto modified lignin from alkali glycerol delignication . J. Hazard. Mater. , 109 : 221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan , D. , Pittman , J. C. U. and Steele , P. H. 2006 . Single, binary and multi-component adsorption of copper and cadmium from aqueous solutions on Kraft lignin—a biosorbent . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 297 : 489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhas Carrott , P. J. M. and Ribeiro Carrott , M. M. L. 2007 . Lignin—from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: A review . Bioresour. Technol. , 98 : 2301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batzias , F. A. and Sidiras , D. K. 2004 . Dye adsorption by calcium chloride treated beech sawdust in batch and fixed-bed systems . J. Hazard Mater. , 114 : 167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batzias , F. A. and Sidiras , D. K. 2007 . Dye adsorption by prehydrolysed beech sawdust in batch and fixed-bed systems . Bioresour. Technol. , 98 : 1208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batzias , F. A. and Sidiras , D. K. 2007 . Simulation of dye adsorption by beech sawdust as affected by pH . J. Hazard Mater. , 141 : 668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parab , H. , Joshi , S. , Shenoy , N. , Lali , A. , Sarma , U. S. and Sudersanan , M. 2006 . Determination of kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the batch adsorption of Co (II), Cr (III) and Ni (II) onto coir pith . Process Biochem. , 41 : 609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajmal , M. , Khan , A. H. , Ahmad , S. and Ahmad , A. 1998 . Role of sawdust in the removal of copper (II) from industrial wastes . Water Res. , 32 : 3085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , F. C. , Tseng , R. L. and Juang , R. S. 2001 . Adsorption of dyes and phenols from water on the activated carbons prepared from corncob wastes . Environ. Technol. , 22 : 205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namasivayam , C. , Radhika , R. and Suba , S. 2001 . Uptake of dyes by a promising locally available agricultural solid waste: Coir pith . Waste Manage. , 21 : 381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , W. T. , Chang , C. Y. and Lee , S. L. 1998 . A low cost adsorbent from agricultural waste corn cob by zinc chloride activation . Bioresour. Technol. , 64 : 211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perineau , F. , Molinier , J. and Gaset , A. 1983 . Adsorption of ionic dyes on wool carbonizing waste . Water Res. , 17 : 559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rengaraj , S. , Moon , S.-H. , Sivabalan , R. , Arabindoo , B. and Murugesan , V. 2002 . Removal of phenol from aqueous solution and resin manufacturing industry wastewater using an agricultural waste: Rubber seed coat . J. Hazard. Mater. , 89 : 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada , H. , Kayama , M. , Saito , K. and Hara , M. 1986 . A fundamental research on phosphate removal by using slag . Water Res. , 20 : 547
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrova , S. V. 1996 . Metal sorption on blast-furnace slag . Water Res. , 30 : 228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrora , S. V. and Mehandgiev , D. R. 1998 . Lead removal from aqueous solutions by granulated blast-furnace slag . Water Res. , 32 : 3289
   Google Scholar
• Johansson , L. and Gustafsson , J. P. 2000 . Phosphate removal using blast furnace slags and opoka-mechanisms . Water Res. , 34 : 259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , S. K. , Gupta , V. K. and Mohan , D. 1997 . Removal of lead and chromium by activated slag—a blast-furnace waste . J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE , 123 : 461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , V. K. 1998 . Equilibrium uptake, sorption dynamics, process optimization, and column operations for the removal of copper and nickel from aqueous solution and wastewater using activated slag, a low-cost adsorbent . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 37 : 192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain , A. K. , Gupta , V. K. , Jain , S. and Suhas . 2004 . Removal of chlorophenols using industrial wastes . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 1195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jallan , G. and Pandey , G. S. 1992 . Blast furnace gas cleaning sludge as adsorbent of some toxic ions . Res. Ind. , 37 : 143
   Google Scholar
• López-Delgado , A. , Pérez , C. and López , F. A. 1998 . Sorption of heavy metals on blast furnace sludge . Water Res. , 32 : 989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain , A. K. , Gupta , V. K. , Bhatnagar , A. and Suhas . 2003 . Utilization of industrial waste products as adsorbents for the removal of dyes . J. Hazard. Mater. , 101 : 31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , M. , Parwate , A. V. and Bhole , A. G. 2002 . Removal of Cr6+ and Ni2+ from aqueous solution using bagasse and fly ash . Waste Management , 22 : 821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , G. , El Geundi , M. and Nassar , M. M. 1987 . Equilibrium studies during the removal of dyestuffs from aqueous solutions using bagasse pith . Water Res. , 21 : 1513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Duri , B. , McKay , G. , El-Geundi , M. S. and Wahab , M. Z. A. 1990 . Three-resistance transport model for dye onto bagasse pith . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 116 : 487
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava , S. K. , Gupta , V. K. , Johri , N. and Mohan , D. 1995 . Removal of 2,4,6,-trinitrophenol using bagasse fly ash a sugar industry waste material . Indian J. Chem. Technol. , 2 : 333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , S. K. , Gupta , V. K. , Yadav , I. S. and Mohan , D. 1995 . Removal of 2,4, dinitrophenol using bagasse fly ash—a sugar industry waste material . Fresenius Environ. Bull. , 4 : 550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , V. K. , Sharma , S. , Yadav , I. S. and Mohan , D. 1998 . Utilization of bagasse fly ash generated in the sugar industry for the removal and recovery of phenol and para-nitrophenol from wastewater . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 72 : 180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , V. K. , Jain , C. K. , Ali , I. , Chandra , S. and Agarwal , S. 2002 . Removal of lindane and malathion from wastewater using bagasse fly ash—a sugar industry waste . Water Res. , 36 : 2483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasnain Isa , M. , Siew Lang , L. , Asaari , F. A. H. , Aziz , H. A. , Azam Ramli , N. and Dhas , J. P. A. 2007 . Low cost removal of disperse dyes from aqueous solution using palm ash . Dyes Pigm. , 74 : 446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Qodah , Z. 2000 . Adsorption of dyes using shale oil ash . Water Res. , 34 : 4295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiao , S. J. and Akashi , K. 1977 . Phosphate removal from aqueous solution by activated red mud . J. Water. Pollut. Control Fed. , 49 : 280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genc , H. , Tjell , J. C. , McConchie , D. and Schuiling , O. 2003 . Adsorption of arsenate from water using neutralized red mud . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 264 : 327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cengeloglu , Y. , Kir , E. and Ersoz , M. 2002 . Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using red mud . Sep. Purif. Technol. , 28 : 81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tor , A. , Cengeloglu , Y. , Aydin , M. E. and Ersoz , M. 2006 . Removal of phenol from aqueous phase by using neutralized red mud . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 300 : 498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cengeloglu , Y. , Tor , A. , Ersoz , M. and Arslan , G. 2006 . Removal of nitrate from aqueous solution by using red mud . Sep. Purif. Technol. , 51 : 374 2006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tor , A. and Cengeloglu , Y. 2006 . Removal of congo red from aqueous solution by adsorption onto acid activated red mud . J. Hazard Mat. , 138 : 409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streat , M. , Patrick , J. W. and Comporro Perez , M. J. 1995 . Sorption of phenol and para-chlorophenol from water using conventional and novel activated carbons . Water Res. , 29 : 467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Miguel , G. , Fowler , G. D. and Sollars , C. J. 2002 . Adsorption of organic compounds from solution by activated carbons produced from waste tire rubber . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , S. K. , Tyagi , R. and Pant , N. 1989 . Adsorption of heavy metal ions on carbonaceous material developed from the waste slurry generated in local fertilizer plants . Water Res. , 23 : 1161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , S. K. and Tyagi , R. 1994 . Removal of substituted phenols by activated carbon (developed from fertilizer waste) and some thermodynamic aspects . Fresenius Environ. Bull. , 3 : 12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , S. K. and Tyagi , R. 1995 . Competitive adsorption of substituted phenols by activated carbon developed from the fertilizer waste slurry . Water Res. , 29 : 483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , V. K. , Ali , I. , Suhas and Saini , V. K. 2006 . Adsorption of 2,4-D and carbofuran pesticides using fertilizer and steel industry wastes . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 299 : 556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panday , K. K. , Prasad , G. and Singh , V. N. 1985 . Copper (II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Fly Ash . Water Res. , 19 : 869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haribabu , E. , Upadhya , Y. D. and Upadhyay , S. N. 1993 . Removal of Phenols from Effluents by Fly Ash . Int. J. Environ. Studies , 43 : 169
   Google Scholar
• Viraraghavan , T. and Ramakrishna , K. R. 1999 . Fly Ash for Color Removal from Synthetic Dye Solutions . Water Qual. Res. J. Can , 34 : 505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panday , K. K. , Prasad , G. and Singh , V. N. 1984 . Removal of Cr (VI) from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Fly Ash-Wollastonite . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 34 : 367
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , G. S. , Prasad , G. and Singh , V. N. 1990 . Removal of Chrome Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Mixed Adsorbents: Fly Ash and Coal . Water Res. , 24 : 45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janos , P. , Buchtova , H. and Ryznarova , M. 2003 . Sorption of dyes from aqueous solutions onto fly ash . Water Res. , 37 : 4938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada , M. , Hamabe , H. , Iida , T. , Kawarada , K. and Okayama , T. 1999 . The properties of activated carbon made from waste newsprint paper . J. Porous Mat. , 6 : 191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay , J. H. , Chen , X. G. , Jeyaseelan , S. and Graham , N. 2001 . Optimising the preparation of activated carbon from digested sewage sludge and coconut husk . Chemosphere , 44 : 45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rio , S. , Faur-Brasquet , C. , Coq , L. L. , Courcoux , P. and Cloirec , P. L. 2005 . Experimental design methodology for the preparation of carbonaceous sorbents from sewage sludge by chemical activation–application to air and water treatments . Chemosphere , 58 : 423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan , T. C. , Chia , C. K. and Teo , C. K. 1985 . Uptake of Metal Ions by Chemically Treated Human Hair . Water Res. , 19 : 157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakiky , M. , Khamis , M. , Manassra , A. and Mer'eb , M. 2002 . Selective adsorption of chromium(VI) in industrial wastewater using low-cost abundantly available adsorbents . Adv. Environ. Res. , 6 : 533
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , C. , Jiang , J. Q. and Ouki , S. 2002 . Preliminary evaluation of polymeric Fe- and Al-modified clays as adsorbents for heavy metal removal in water treatment . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 77 : 546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravi , V. , Bose , S. C. and Kumar , T. M. P. 2006 . Siddaramaiah Decolorization of distillery effluent using poly(vinyl chloride) and cellulose acetate phthalate as adsorbents . J. Macromol. Sci. Part A-Pure Appl. Chem. , 43 : 1247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J. C. and Huang , C. P. 1992 . Adsorption of Some Substituted Phenols Onto Hydrous ZnS(s) . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 153 : 167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard , S. , Chazal , P. and Mazet , M. 1997 . Removal of organic compounds by adsorption on pyrolusite ([beta]-MnO2) . Water Res. , 31 : 1216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain , M. A. , Kumita , M. , Michigami , Y. and Mori , S. 2005 . Kinetics of Cr(VI) adsorption on used black tea leaves . J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. , 38 : 402
   Google Scholar
• Ho , Y. S. , Chiang , T. H. and Hsueh , Y. M. 2005 . Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution using tree fern as a biosorbent . Process Biochem. , 40 : 119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozverdi , A. and Erdem , M. 2006 . Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ adsorption from aqueous solutions by pyrite and synthetic iron sulphide . J. Hazard. Mater. , 137 : 626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathy , S. S. , Bersillon , J. L. and Gopal , K. 2006 . Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto alum-impregnated activated alumina . Sep. Purif. Technol. , 50 : 310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan , S. S. M. , Awwad , N. S. and Aboterika , A. H. A. 2006 . Removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater using Sorel's cement . J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. , 269 : 135
   Google Scholar
• Tunali , S. , Ozcan , A. S. , Ozcan , A. and Gedikbey , T. 2006 . Kinetics and equilibrium studies for the adsorption of Acid Red 57 from aqueous solutions onto calcined-alunite . J. Hazard. Mater. , 135 : 141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unlu , N. and Ersoz , M. 2006 . Adsorption characteristics of heavy metal ions onto a low cost biopolymeric sorbent from aqueous solutions . J. Hazard. Mater. , 136 : 272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , Y. S. and Ofomaja , A. E. 2006 . Biosorption thermodynamics of cadmium on coconut copra meal as biosorbent . Biochem. Eng. J. , 30 : 117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panda , G. C. , Das , S. K. , Chatterjee , S. , Maity , P. B. , Bandopadhyay , T. S. and Guha , A. K. 2006 . Adsorption of cadmium on husk of Lathyrus sativus: Physico-chemical study . Colloid Surf. B-Biointerfaces , 50 : 49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalfamo , P. , Arrigo , I. , Primerano , P. and Corigliano , F. 2006 . Efficiency of a zeolitized pumice waste as a low-cost heavy metals adsorbent . J. Hazard. Mater. , 134 : 140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , W. T. and Lai , C. W. 2006 . Adsorption of herbicide paraquat by clay mineral regenerated from spent bleaching earth . J. Hazard. Mater. , 134 : 144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhurst , D. J. , Jones , G. B. , Clark , M. and McConchie , D. 2006 . Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions using neutralised bauxite refinery residues (Bauxsol (TM)) . Environ. Chem. , 3 : 65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurses , A. , Dogar , C. , Karaca , S. , Acikyildiz , M. and Bayrak , R. 2006 . Production of granular activated carbon from waste Rosa canina sp. seeds and its adsorption characteristics for dye . J. Hazard. Mater. , 131 : 254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain , S. , Aziz , H. A. , Isa , M. H. , Adlan , M. N. and Asaari , F. A. H. 2007 . Physico-chemical method for ammonia removal from synthetic wastewater using limestone and GAC in batch and column studies . Bioresour. Technol. , 98 : 874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , K. K. , Singh , A. K. and Hasan , S. H. 2006 . Low cost bio-sorbent ‘wheat bran’ for the removal of cadmium from wastewater: Kinetic and equilibrium studies . Bioresour. Technol. , 97 : 994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , E. W. , Karthikeyan , K. G. and Tshabalala , M. A. 2007 . Adsorption mechanism of cadmium on juniper bark and wood . Bioresour. Technol. , 98 : 588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshkar , A. M. , Bokade , S. S. and Dara , S. S. 1990 . Modified Hardwickia binata bark for adsorption of mercury (II) from water . Water Res. , 24 : 1011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Asheh , S. and Duvnjak , Z. 1997 . Sorption of cadmium and other heavy metals by pine bark . J. Hazard. Mater. , 56 : 35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarin , V. and Pant , K. K. 2006 . Removal of chromium from industrial waste by using eucalyptus bark . Bioresour. Technol. , 97 : 15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , G. S. and Shukla , S. P. 1996 . An inexpensive adsorption technique for the treatment of carpet effluents by low cost materials . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 13 : 15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmaruzzaman , M. and Sharma , D. K. 2005 . Adsorption of phenols from wastewater . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 287 : 14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pehlivan , E. and Arslan , G. 2007 . Removal of metal ions using lignite in aqueous solution—low cost biosorbents . Fuel Process. Technol. , 88 : 99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan , D. and Chander , S. 2006 . Single, binary, and multicomponent sorption of iron and manganese on lignite . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 299 : 76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , G. , Allen , S. J. , McConvey , I. F. and Otterburn , M. S. 1981 . Transport processes in the sorption of colored ions by peat particles . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 80 : 323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , Y. S. and McKay , G. 1998 . Kinetic model for lead (II) sorption on to peat . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 16 : 243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , Y. S. and McKay , G. 2000 . The kinetics of sorption of divalent metal ions onto sphagnum moss peat . Water Res. , 34 : 735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masri , M. S. , Reuter , F. W. and Friedman , M. 1974 . Binding of metal cations by natural substances . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 18 : 675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peniche Covas , C. , Alvarez , L. W. and Argulles Monal , W. 1992 . The adsorption of mercuric ions by chitosan . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 46 : 1147
   Google Scholar
• Chiou , M.-S. , Ho , P.-Y. and Li , H.-Y. 2004 . Adsorption of anionic dyes in acid solutions using chemically cross-linked chitosan beads . Dyes Pigm. , 60 : 69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraleedharan , D. R. , Venkobachar , C. and Leela , I. 1994 . Investigations of fungal fruiting bodies as biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals from industrial processing streams . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 29 : 1893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksu , Z. and Calik , A. 1999 . A comparative study of the biosorption of iron (III)-cynide complex anions to Rhizopus arrhizus Chlorella vulgaris . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , Q. and Kaewsarn , P. 1999 . Binary adsorption of copper (II) and cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions by biomass of marine alga, Durvillaea potatorum . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 1595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Z. , Li , Z. , Yaoting , Y. and Changzhi , C. 1998 . Removal of lead from aqueous solution by non-living Rhizopus nigricans . Water Res. , 32 : 1437
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava , S. K. , Tyagi , R. , Pant , N. and Pal , N. 1989 . Studies on the removal of some toxic metal ions, part II: Removal of lead and cadmium by montmorillonite and kaolinite . Environ. Technol. Letts. , 10 : 275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawash , S. , El-Abd , H. , El-Geundi , M. S. , Nassar , M. M. and Farah , J. Y. 1993 . Useful adsorption equilibriums by means of natural clay . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 10 : 231
   Google Scholar
• El-Guendi , M. S. , Ismail , H. M. and Attyia , K. M. E. 1995 . Activated clay as an adsorbent for cationic dyestuffs . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 12 : 109
   Google Scholar
• Khan , S. A. , Rehman , R. and Khan , M. A. 1995 . Adsorption of chromium (III), chromium (VI) and silver (I) on bentonite . Waste Manage. , 15 : 271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , G. S. and Shukla , S. P. 1996 . An inexpensive adsorption technique for the treatment of carpet effluents by low cost materials . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 13 : 15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavani , E. L. and Volzone , C. 1997 . Adsorption of chromium (III) from a tanning wastewater on kaolinite . J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. , 81 : 143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauf , N. , Ikram , M. and Tahir , S. S. 1999 . Adsorption studies of Cu (II) from aqueous/acidic solutions onto bentonite . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 17 : 431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozacar , M. and Sengil , I. A. 2006 . A two stage batch adsorber design for methylene blue removal to minimize contact time . J. Environ. Manage. , 80 : 372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , Q. H. , Qiao , S. Z. , Haghseresht , F. , Wilson , M. A. and Lu , G. Q. 2006 . Adsorption study for removal of basic red dye using bentonite . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 45 : 733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozacar , M. 2006 . Contact time optimization of two-stage batch adsorber design using second-order kinetic model for the adsorption of phosphate onto alunite . J. Hazard. Mater. , 137 : 218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khazali , O. , Abu-El-Halawa , R. and Al-Sou'od , K. 2007 . Removal of copper (II) from aqueous solution by Jordanian pottery materials . J. Hazard. Mater. , 139 : 67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimino , G. , Passerini , A. and Toscano , G. 2000 . Removal of toxic cations and Cr (VI) from aqueous solution by hazelnut shell . Water Res. , 34 : 2955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirbas , E. , Kobya , M. , Oncel , S. and Sencan , S. 2002 . Removal of Ni (II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto hazelnut shell activated carbon: Equilibrium studies . Bioresour. Technol. , 84 : 291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , A. , Rao , N. N. and Kaul , S. N. 2000 . Alkali-treated straw and insoluble straw xanthate as low cost adsorbents for heavy metal removal—preparation, characterization and application . Bioresour. Technol. , 71 : 133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osma , J. F. , Saravia , V. , Toca-Herrera , J. L. and Couto , S. R. 2007 . Sunflower seed shells: A novel and effective low-cost adsorbent for the removal of the diazo dye Reactive Black 5 from aqueous solutions . J. Hazard. Mater. , 147 : 900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arami , M. , Limaee , N. Y. , Mahmoodi , N. M. and Tabrizi , N. S. 2005 . Removal of dyes from colored textile wastewater by orange peel adsorbent: Equilibrium and kinetic studies . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 288 : 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Geundi , M. S. and Aly , I. H. 1992 . Equilibrium studies during the adsorption of acid dyestuffs onto maize cob . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 9 : 121
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorne-Costa , E. T. , Winkler-Hechenleitner , A. A. and Gomez-Pineda , E. A. 1995 . Removal of cupric ions from aqueous solutions by contact with corncobs . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 30 : 2593
   Google Scholar
• Guo , X. , Zhang , S. and Shan , X.-Q. 2008 . Adsorption of metal ions on lignin . J. Hazard. Mater. , 151 : 134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arami , M. , Limaee , N. Y. , Mahmoodi , N. M. and Tabrizi , N. S. 2006 . Equilibrium and kinetics studies for the adsorption of direct and acid dyes from aqueous solution by soy meal hull . J. Hazard. Mater. , 135 : 171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfour , H. M. , Fadali , O. A. , Nassar , M. M. and EI-Geundi , M. S. 1985 . Equilibrium studies on adsorption of basic dyes on hardwood . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 35A : 21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaishya , R. C. and Prasad , S. C. 1991 . Adsorption of copper (II) on sawdust . Indian J. Environ. Prot. , 11 : 284
   Google Scholar
• Zarraa , M. A. 1995 . A study on the removal of chromium (VI) from waste solutions by adsorption on to sawdust in stirred vessels . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 12 : 129
   Google Scholar
• Raji , C. and Anirudhanm , T. S. 1998 . Batch Cr (VI) removal by polyacrylamide-grafted sawdust: Kinetics and thermodynamics . Water Res. , 32 : 3772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdaoui , O. 2006 . Batch study of liquid-phase adsorption of methylene blue using cedar sawdust and crushed brick . J. Hazard. Mater. , 135 : 264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima , E. C. , Royer , B. , Vaghetti , J. C. P. , Brasil , J. L. , Simon , N. M. , dos Santos , J. A. A. , Pavan , F. A. , Dias , S. L. P. , Benvenutti , E. V. and Silva , E. A. D. 2007 . Adsorption of Cu (II) on Araucaria angustifolia wastes: Determination of the optimal conditions by statistic design of experiments . J. Hazard. Mater. , 140 : 211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S.-H. and Yang , J.-W. 1997 . Removal of copper in aqueous solution by apple wastes . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 1371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manju , G. N. , Raji , C. and Anirudhan , T. S. 1998 . Evaluation of coconut husk carbon for the removal of arsenic from water . Water Res. , 32 : 3062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan , D. , Singh , K. P. and Singh , V. K. 2006 . Trivalent chromium removal from wastewater using low cost activated carbon derived from agricultural waste material and activated carbon fabric cloth . J. Hazard. Mater. , 135 : 280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babel , S. and Kurniawan , T. A. 2004 . Cr (VI) removal from synthetic wastewater using coconut shell charcoal and commercial activated carbon modified with oxidizing agents and/or chitosan . Chemosphere , 54 : 951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalid , N. , Ahmad , S. , Kiani , S. N. and Ahmed , J. 1998 . Removal of lead from aqueous solutions using rice husk . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 2349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalid , N. , Ahmad , S. , Kiani , S. N. and Ahmed , J. 1999 . Removal of mercury from aqueous solutions by adsorption to rice husks . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 3139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari , D. P. , Singh , D. K. and Saksena , D. N. 1995 . Hg (II) adsorption from aqueous solutions using rice-husk ash . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 121 : 479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubey , S. P. and Gopal , K. 2007 . Adsorption of chromium (VI) on low cost adsorbents derived from agricultural waste material: A comparative study . J. Hazard. Mater. , 145 : 465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez , A. , Fernandez , F. and Gasco , G. 2007 . Removal of malachite green using carbon-based adsorbents . Desalination , 206 : 147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarasinghe , B. M. W. P. K. and Williams , R. A. 2007 . Tea waste as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb from wastewater . Chem. Eng. J. , 132 : 299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekaran , G. , Shanmughasundaram , K. A. , Mariaappan , M. and Raghavan , K. V. 1995 . Utilisation of a solid waste generated in leather industry for removal of dye in aqueous solution . Indian J. Chem. Technol. , 2 : 311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namasivayam , C. and Senthilkumar , S. 1999 . Adsorption of copper (II) by ‘waste’ Fe (III)/Cr (III) hydroxide from aqueous solution and radiator manufacturing industry wastewater . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuan , W.-H. , Lo , S.-L. , Wang , M. K. and Lin , C.-F. 1998 . Removal of Se (IV) and Se (VI) from water by aluminum-oxide-coated sand . Water Res. , 32 : 915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , Y.-H. , Hsueh , C.-L. , Cheng , H.-P. , Su , L.-C. and Chen , C.-Y. 2007 . Thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption of Cu (II) onto waste iron oxide . J. Hazard. Mater. , 144 : 406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , S. K. , Bhattacharjee , G. , Tyagi , R. , Pant , N. and Pal , N. 1988 . Studies on the removal of the some toxic metal ions from aqueous solutions and industrial waste, I: Removal of lead and cadmium by hydrous iron and aluminium oxide . Environ. Technol. Letts. , 9 : 1173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , V. K. , Rastogi , A. , Dwivedi , M. K. and Mohan , D. 1997 . Process development for the removal of zinc and cadmium from wastewater using slag—a blast-furnace waste material . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 2883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz , N. , Pires , M. A. F. and Bressiani , J. C. 2001 . Use of steel converter slag as nickel adsorber to wastewater treatment . Waste Manage. , 21 : 631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattri , S. D. and Singh , M. K. 1999 . Color removal from dye wastewater using sugar cane dust as an adsorbent . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 17 : 269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckay , G. , El-Geundi , M. and Nassar , M. M. 1997 . Equilibrium studies for the adsorption of dyes on bagasse pith . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 15 : 251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aly , H. M. and Daifullah , A. A. M. 1998 . Potential use of bagasse pith for the treatment of wastewater containing metals . Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. , 16 : 33
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farinella , N. V. , Matos , G. D. and Arruda , M. A. Z. 2007 . Grape bagasse as a potential biosorbent of metals in effluent treatments . Bioresour. Technol. , 98 : 1940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwish , N. A. , Halhouli , K. A. and Al-Dhoon , N. M. 1996 . Adsorption of phenol from aqueous systems onto spent oil shale . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez , E. , Soto , B. , Arias , M. , Nunez , A. , Rubinos , D. and Barral , T. 1998 . Adsorbent properties of red mud and its use for wastewater treatment . Water Res. , 32 : 1314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , V. K. , Gupta , M. and Sharma , S. 2001 . Process development for the removal of lead and chromium from aqueous solutions using red mud—an aluminium industry waste . Water Res. , 35 : 1125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , V. K. , Srivastava , S. K. and Mohan , D. 1997 . Equilibrium uptake, sorption dynamics, process optimization and column operations for the removal and recovery of malachite green from wastewater using activated carbon and activated slag . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 36 : 2207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , S. K. , Tyagi , R. , Pal , N. and Mohan , D. 1997 . Process development for removal of substituted phenol by carbonaceous adsorbent obtained from fertilizer waste . J. Environ. Eng. ASCE , 123 : 842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamadopoulos , E. , Ioannidis , S. and Sakellaropoulos , G. P. 1993 . As (V) removal from aqueous solutions by fly ash . Water Res. , 27 : 1773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , J. X. , Zhan , S. L. , Fang , M. H. , Qian , X. Q. and Yang , H. 2008 . Adsorption of basic dye from aqueous solution onto fly ash . J. Environ. Manage. , 87 : 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , S. , Li , L. , Wu , H. and Zhu , Z. H. 2005 . Unburned carbon as a low-cost adsorbent for treatment of methylene blue-containing wastewater . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 292 : 336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasnain Isa , M. , Siew Lang , L. , Asaari , F. A. H. , Aziz , H. A. , Azam Ramli , N. and Dhas , J. P. A. 2007 . Low cost removal of disperse dyes from aqueous solution using palm ash . Dyes Pigm. , 74 : 446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apak , R. , Atun , G. , Guclu , K. and Tutem , E. 1996 . Sorptive removal of cesium-137 and strontium-90 from water by unconventional sorbents, 2: Usage of coal fly ash . J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren , Z. and Acar , F. N. 2007 . Equilibrium and kinetic mechanism for Reactive Black 5 sorption onto high lime Soma fly ash . J. Hazard. Mater. , 143 : 226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , F.-S. and Itoh , H. 2003 . Adsorbents made from waste ashes and post-consumer PET and their potential utilization in wastewater treatment . J. Hazard. Mater. , 101 : 323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solari , P. , Zouboulis , A. I. , Matis , K. A. and Stalidis , G. A. 1996 . Removal of toxic metals by biosorption onto nonliving sewage sludge . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 1075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister , S. K. and Line , M. A. 2001 . Potential utilisation of sewage sludge and paper mill waste for biosorption of metals from polluted waterways . Bioresour. Technol. , 79 : 35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seredych , M. and Bandosz , T. J. 2007 . Removal of cationic and ionic dyes on industrial-municipal sludge based composite adsorbents . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 46 : 1786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atun , G. , Hisarli , G. , Sheldrick , W. S. and Muhler , M. 2003 . Adsorptive removal of methylene blue from colored effluents on fuller's earth . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 261 : 32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravarty , S. , Dureja , V. , Bhattacharyya , G. , Maity , S. and Bhattacharjee , S. 2002 . Removal of arsenic from groundwater using low cost ferruginous manganese ore . Water Res. , 36 : 625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , D. C. and Forster , C. F. 1993 . Removal of hexavalent chromium using sphagnum moss peat . Water Res. , 27 : 1201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tare , V. , Chaudhari , S. and Jawed , M. 1992 . Comparative evaluation of soluble and insoluble xanthate process for heavy metal removal from wastewaters . Water Sci. Technol. , 26 : 237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USGS . 2005 minerals yearbook: Peat Available at http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/peat/peat_myb05.pdf(accessed October 3, 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Mathialagan , T. and Viraraghavan , T. 2002 . Adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions by perlite . J. Hazard. Mater. , 94 : 291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toles , C. A. , Marshall , W. E. , Wartelle , L. H. and McAloon , A. 2000 . Steam- or carbon dioxide-activated carbons from almond shells: Physical, chemical and adsorptive properties and estimated cost of production . Bioresour. Technol. , 75 : 197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar