138
Views
117
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Modeling microbial fate in the subsurface environment

, &
Pages 307-344 | Published online: 09 Jan 2009

References

  • Bitton , G. and Gerba , C. P. 1984 . “ Groundwater pollution microbiology: the emerging issue ” . In Ground‐water Pollution Microbiology , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Gerba , C. P. 1 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • DiNovo , F. and Jaffe , M. 1984 . Local Groundwater Protection, Midwest Region , 18 Chicago : American Planning Association .
  • U.S. Public Health Service . January 1 1963 . Statistical Summary of Municipal Water Facilities in the United States , Publ. No. 1039 January 1 , Washington, D.C. 1965
  • Craun , G. F. 1986 . “ Statistics of waterborne outbreaks in the U.S. (1920 to 1980) ” . In Waterborne Diseases in the United States , Edited by: Craun , G. F. Boca Raton, Ha. : CRC Press . chap. 5.
  • Craun , G. F. 1986 . “ Recent statistics of waterborne disease outbreaks (1981 to 1983) ” . In Waterborne Diseases in the United States , Edited by: Craun , G. F. Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press . chap. 6.
  • Craun , G. F. 1985 . A summary of waterborne illness transmitted through contaminated groundwater . J. Environ. Health , 48 : 122
  • Lippy , E. C. and Waltrip , S. C. 1984 . Waterbome disease outbreaks — 1946 to 1980: a thirty‐five‐year perspective . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 76 : 60
  • Kaplan , J. E. , Gary , G. W. , Baron , R. C. , Singh , W. , Schonberger , L. B. , Feldman , R. and Greenberg , H. 1982 . Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis . Ann. Intern. Med. , 96 : 756
  • Keswick , B. H. , Satterwhite , T. K. , Johnson , P. C. , DuPont , H. L. , Secor , S. L. , Bitsura , J. A. , Gary , G. W. and Hoff , J. C. 1985 . Inactivation of Norwalk virus in drinking water by chlorine . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 50 : 261
  • Gerba , C. P. 1984 . “ Strategies for the Control of Viruses in Drinking Water ” . In Rep. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Washington, D.C.
  • Melnick , J. L. and Gerba , C. P. 1980 . The ecology of enteroviruses in natural waters . CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control , 10 : 65
  • Tyrrell , D. A. and Kapikian , A. Z. , eds. 1982 . Virus Infections of the Gastro‐intestinal Tract , New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Gerba , C. P. 1981 . “ Virus survival in wastewater treatment ” . In Viruses and Wastewater Treatment , Edited by: Goddard , M. and Butler , M. 39 Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press .
  • Goyal , S. M. , Keswick , B. H. and Gerba , C. P. 1984 . Viruses in groundwater beneath sewage irrigated cropland . Water Res. , 18 : 299
  • Keswick , B. H. and Gerba , C. P. 1980 . Viruses in groundwater . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 14 : 1290
  • Vaughn , J. M. , Landry , E. F. , Baranosky , L. J. , Beckwith , C. A. , Dahl , M. C. and Delihas , N. C. 1978 . Survey of human virus occurrence in wastewater‐recharged groundwater on Long Island . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 36 : 47
  • Vaughn , J. M. and Landry , E. F. 1977 . Data report: An Assessment of the Occurrence of Human Viruses in Long Island Aquatic Systems , Upton, N.Y. : Department of Energy and Environment, Brookhaven National Laboratory .
  • Vaughn , J. M. and Landry , E. F. 1978 . “ The occurrence of human enteroviruses in a Long Island groundwater aquifer recharged with tertiary wastewater effluents ” . In State of Knowledge in Land Treatment of Wastewater , Vol. 2 , 233 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
  • Office of Technology Assessment . 1984 . Protecting the Nation's Groundwater from Contamination , Vol. 1 , Washington, D.C. : Office of Technology Assessment . U.S. Congress,
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1977 . The Report to Congress, Waste Disposal Practices and Their Effects on Ground Water Washington, D.C.
  • Yates , M. V. 1985 . Septic tank density and ground water contamination . Ground Water , 23 : 586
  • Craun , G. F. 1981 . Outbreaks of waterborne disease in the United States: 1971 to 1978 . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 73 : 360
  • Craun , G. F. 1979 . Waterborne disease — status report emphasizing outbreaks in ground‐water systems . Ground Water. , 17 : 183
  • Vogt , J. 1961 . Infectious hepatitis epidemic at Posen, Michigan . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 53 : 1238
  • McGinnis , J. A. and DeWalle , F. 1983 . The movement of typhoid organisms in saturated, permeable soil . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 75 : 266
  • Craun , G. F. 1984 . “ Health aspects of groundwater pollution ” . In Groundwater Pollution Microbiology , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Gerba , C. P. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 7.
  • Wellings , F. M. , Mountain , C. W. and Lewis , A. L. Virus in ground water . Proc. 2nd Natl. Conf. Individual Onsite Waste‐water Systems . Edited by: McClelland , N. I. Ann Arbor, Mich. : Ann Arbor Science Publishers .
  • Gerba , C. P. 1983 . Virus survival and transport in groundwater . Dev. Ind. Microbiol. , 24 : 247
  • Gerba , C. P. and Bitton , G. 1984 . “ Microbial pollutants: their survival and transport pattern to groundwater ” . In Groundwater Pollution Microbiology , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Gerba , C. P. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap.4.
  • Gerba , C. P. , Wallis , C. and Melnick , J. L. 1975 . Fate of wastewater bacteria and viruses in soil . J. Irrig. Drain. Div. ASCE , 101 : 157
  • Sobsey , M. D. 1983 . “ Transport and fate of viruses in soils ” . In Microbial Health Considerations of Soil Disposal of Domestic Wastewaters , Cincinnati : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
  • Beard , P. J. 1940 . Longevity of Eberthella typhosus in various soils . Am. J. Public Health , 30 : 1077
  • Houston , A. C. 1913 . Studies in Water Supply , London : Macmillan .
  • Jordan , E. O. 1926 . The changes in bacterial content of stored normal and typhoid feces . J. Infect. Dis. , 38 : 306
  • Ostrolenk , M. , Kramer , N. and Cleverdon , R. C. 1947 . Comparative studies of enterococci and Escherichia coli as indices of pollution . J. Bacteriol. , 53 : 197
  • Van Donsel , D. J. , Geldreich , E. E. and Clarke , N. A. 1967 . Seasonal variations in survival of indicator bacteria in soil and their contribution to storm‐water pollution . Appl. Microbiol. , 15 : 1362
  • Mirzoev , G. G. 1968 . Extent of survival of dysentery bacilli at low temperatures and self‐disinfection of soil and water in the far‐north . Hyg. Sanit. , 31 : 437
  • Rudolfs , W. , Falk , L. L. and Ragotzkie , R. A. 1950 . Literature review on the occurrence and survival of enteric, pathogenic, and relative organisms in soil, water, and sludges, and on vegetation . Sewage Ind. Wastes. , 22 : 1261
  • Jordan , E. O. , Russell , J. L. and Zeit , F. R. 1904 . The longevity of the typhoid bacillus in water . J. Infect. Dis. , 1 : 641
  • Kligler , I. J. 1921 . Investigations of Soil Pollution and the Relation of the Various Types of Privies to the Spread of Intestinal Infections , Monogr. No. 15 International Health Board, Rockefeller Inst. Med. Res. .
  • Tate , R. L. 1978 . Cultural and environmental factors affecting the longevity of Escherichia coli in Histosols . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 35 : 925
  • Wibaut , N. L. and Moens , S. 1927 . The disappearance of typhoid bacteria in water . Verslag. , 36 : 129
  • Young , C. C. and Greenfield , H. 1923 . Observations on the viability of the Bacterium coli group under natural and artificial conditions . Am. J. Public Health , 13 : 270
  • Bouma , J. , Ziebell , W. A. , Walker , W. G. , Olcott , P. G. , McCoy , E. and Hole , F. D. 1972 . Soil Adsorption of Septic Tank Effluent , Inf. Circular No. 20 Madison : University of Wisconsin Extension .
  • Tanner , F. W. 1935 . Public health significance of sewage sludge when used as a fertilizer . Sewage Works J. , 7 : 611
  • Plews , G. Management guidelines for conventional and alternative onsite sewage systems — Washington state . Proc. 3rd Natl. Conf. Individual Onsite Wastewater Systems . Edited by: McClelland , N. I. Ann Arbor, Mich. : Ann Arbor Science Publishers .
  • Bouma , J. 1975 . Unsaturated flow during soil treatment of septic tank effluent . J. Environ. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. , EE6 : 967
  • Viraraghavan , T. 1978 . Travel of microorganisms from a septic tile . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 9 : 355
  • Hagedorn , C. , McCoy , E. L. and Rahe , T. M. 1981 . The potential for ground water contamination from septic effluents . J. Environ. Qual. , 10 : 1
  • Canter , L. and Knox , R. C. 1984 . Evaluation of Septic System Effects on Ground Water Quality , U.S. EPA Publ. No. EPA‐600/2–84–107 Washington, D.C.
  • Cohen , B. 1922 . Disinfection studies . J. Bacteriol. , 7 : 183
  • Cuthbert , W. A. , Panes , J. J. and Hill , E. C. 1950 . Survival of Bacterium coli type 1 and Streptococcus faecalis in soil . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 18 : 408
  • Scott , R. D. and McClure , G. M. 1924 . The hydrogen‐ion concentration of lime treated water and its effect on bacteria of the colon‐typhoid group . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 11 : 578
  • Gilbert , R. G. , Gerba , C. P. , Rice , R. C. , Bouwer , H. , Wallis , C. and Melnick , J. L. 1976 . Virus and bacteria removal from wastewater by land treatment . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 32 : 333
  • Goldschmid , J. , Zohar , D. , Argamon , Y. and Kott , Y. 1973 . “ Effect of dissolved salts on the filtration of coliform bacteria in sand dunes ” . In Advances in Water Pollution Research , Edited by: Jenkins , S. H. 147 New York : Pergamon Press .
  • Allen , M. J. and Morrison , S. M. 1973 . Bacterial movement through fractured bedrock . Ground Water , 11 : 6
  • Dappert , A. F. 1932 . Tracing the travel and changes in composition of underground pollution . Water Works Sewerage , 79 : 265
  • Ditthorn , F. and Luersson , A. 1909 . Experiments on the passage of bacteria through soil . Eng. Rec. , 60 : 642
  • Marti , F. , Valle , G. D. , Krech , V. , Gees , R. A. and Baumgartner , E. 1979 . Tracing tests in ground‐water with dyes, bacteria, and viruses . Alimenta , 18 : 135
  • McGauhey , P. H. and Krone , R. B. 1954 . Report on the Investigation of Travel of Pollution , Publ. No. 11 State of California : State Water Pollution Control Board .
  • Merrell , J. C. Jr. 1967 . The Santee Recreaton Project, Santee, Calif. , Water Pollut. Res. Ser. Publ. No. WP‐20–7 Cincinnati, OH : Fed. Water Pollut. Control Admin. .
  • Sinton , L. W. 1980 . Investigations into the use of the bacterial species Bacillus stearothermophilus and Escherichia coli (H2S positive) as tracers of ground water movement , Water and Soil Tech. Publ. No. 17 Wellington, , N.Z. : Water Soil Div., Ministry of Works and Development .
  • Wesner , G. M. and Baier , D. C. 1970 . Injection of reclaimed wastewater into confined aquifers . J Am. Water Works Assoc. , 62 : 203
  • Young , R. H. F. 1973 . Effects on ground water . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 46 : 1296
  • Caldwell , E. L. 1938 . Pollution flow from a pit latrine when permeable soils of considerable depth exist below the pit . J. Infect. Dis. , 62 : 225
  • Anan'ev , N. I. and Demin , N. D. 1971 . On the spread of pollutants in subsurface waters . Hyg. Sanit. , 36 : 292
  • Butler , R. G. , Orlob , G. T. and McGauhey , P. H. 1954 . Underground movement of bacterial and chemical pollutants . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 46 : 97
  • Kudryavtseva , B. M. 1972 . An experimental approach to the establishment of zones of hygienic protection of underground water sources on the basis of sanitary‐bacteriological indices . J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. , 16 : 503
  • Malin , A. and Snellgrove , J. 1958 . The examination of sewage effluent and affected soils . Lab. Pract. , 7 : 219
  • Randall , A. D. 1970 . Movement of bacteria from a river to a municipal well — a case history . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 62 : 716
  • Reneau , R. B. and Pettry , D. E. 1975 . Movement of coliform bacteria from septic tank effluent through selected coastal plain soils of Virginia . J Environ. Qual. , 4 : 41
  • Baars , J. K. 1957 . Travel of pollution, and purification en route, in sandy soils . Bull. World Health Org. , 16 : 727
  • Caldwell , E. L. 1937 . Pollution flow from pit latrines when an impervious stratum closely underlies the flow . J Infect. Dis. , 62 : 270
  • Caldwell , E. L. 1938 . Studies of subsoil pollution in relation to possible contamination of the ground water from human excreta deposited in experimental latrines . J. Infect. Dis. , 62 : 272
  • Caldwell , E. L. and Parr , L. W. 1937 . Ground water pollution and the bored hole latrine . J. Infect. Dis. , 61 : 148
  • Hagedorn , C. , Hansen , D. T. and Simonson , G. H. 1978 . Survival and movement of fecal indicator bacteria in soil under conditions of saturated flow . J. Environ. Qual. , 7 : 55
  • Pyle , B. H. and Thorpe , H. R. Evaluation of the potential for microbiological contamination of an aquifer using a bacterial tracer . Proc. Groundwater Poltut. Conf. Perth, West Australia . pp. 213 Canberra : Australian Water Resources Council, Australian Government Publication Service .
  • Rahe , T. M. , Hagedorn , C. and McCoy , E. L. 1979 . A comparison of flourescein dye and antibiotic‐resistant Escherichia coli as indicators of pollution in groundwater . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 11 : 93
  • Stiles , C. W. and Crohurst , H. R. 1923 . Principles underlying the movement of E. coli in groundwater with the resultant pollution of wells . Public Health Rep. , 38 : 1350
  • Warrick , L. F. and Muegge , O. J. 1930 . Safeguarding Wisconsin's water supplies . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 22 : 516
  • Bouwer , H. , Lance , J. C. and Riggs , M. S. 1974 . High‐rate land treatment. II. Water quality and economic aspects of Rushing Meadows project . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 46 : 844
  • Martin , G. N. and Noonon , M. J. 1977 . Effects of domestic wastewater disposal by land irrigation on ground‐water quality of central Canterbury plains , Water Soil Tech. Publ. No. 7 Wellington, , N.Z. : Water and Soil Division, Ministry of Work and Development .
  • McMichael , F. C. and McKee , J. E. 1965 . Wastewater Reclamation at Whittier Narrows , Pub. No. 33 State of California : State Water Quality Control Board .
  • Sinton , L. W. 1986 . Microbial contamination of alluvial gravel aquifers by septic tank effluent . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 28 : 407
  • Brown , K. W. , Slowey , J. F. and Wolf , H. W. The movement of salts, nutrients, fecal coliform, and virus below septic leach fields in three soils . Pro. 2nd Natl. Home Sewage Treatment Symp. American Society of Agricultural Engineers .
  • Brown , K. W. , Wolf , H. W. , Donnelly , K. C. and Slowey , J. F. 1979 . The movement of fecal coliforms and coliphages below septic lines . J. Environ. Qual. , 8 : 121
  • Weaver , R. W. 1983 . “ Transport and fate — bacterial pathogens in soil ” . In Microbial Health Considerations of Soil Disposal of Domestic Wastewaters , Pub. No. EPA‐600/9–83–017 123 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
  • Kingston , S. P. 1943 . Contamination of water supplies in limestone formation . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 35 : 1450
  • Fournelle , H. J. , Day , E. K. and Page , W. B. 1957 . Experimental ground water pollution at Anchorage, Alaska . Public Health Rep. , 72 : 203
  • Bitton , G. 1980 . Introduction to Environmental Virology , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Krone , R. B. 1968 . “ The movement of disease producing organisms through soil ” . In Municipal Sewage Effluent for Irrigation , Edited by: Wilson , C. W. and Beckett , F. E. Ruston, La. : The Louisiana Tech Alumni Foundation . chap. 8.
  • Melick , C. O. 1917 . The possibility of typhoid infection through vegetables . J. Infect. Dis. , 21 : 28
  • Heukelekian , H. and Schulhoff , H. B. 1935 . Studies on the survival of B. typhosus in surface waters and sewage . N.J. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. ,
  • Winslow , E. E. A. and Brooke , O. R. 1927 . The viability of various species of bacteria in aqueous suspensions . J. Bacteriol. , 13 : 235
  • Krone , R. B. , Orlob , G. T. and Hodgkinson , C. 1958 . Movement of coliform bacteria through porous media . Sewage Ind. Wastes , 30 : 1
  • Bouma , J. 1979 . “ Subsurface applications of sewage effluent ” . In Planning the Uses and Management of Land , 665 Madison, Wis. : Am. Soc. Agron. .
  • Akin , E. W. , Benton , W. H. and Hill , W. F. Enteric viruses in ground and surface waters: a review of their occurrence and survival . Proc. 13th Water Qual. Conf. Virus Water Qual. Occurrence Control . Edited by: Snoeyink , V. pp. 59 Urbana : The University of Illinois .
  • Sattar , S. A. 1981 . “ Virus survival in receiving waters ” . In Viruses and Wastewater Treatment , Edited by: Goddard , M. and Butler , M. 91 New York : Pergamon Press .
  • Yates , M. V. , Gerba , C. P. and Kelley , L. M. 1985 . Virus persistence in groundwater . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 49 : 778
  • Lefler , E. and Kott , Y. 1974 . “ Virus retention and survival in sand ” . In Virus Survival in Water and Wastewater Systems , Edited by: Malina , J. F. and Sagik , B. P. 84 Austin, Tex. : Center for Research in Water Resources .
  • Yeager , J. G. and O'Brien , R. T. 1979 . Enterovirus inactivation in soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 694
  • Hurst , C. J. , Gerba , C. P. and Cech , I. 1980 . Effects of environmental variables and soil characteristics on virus survival in soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 40 : 1067
  • Larkin , E. P. and Fassolitis , A. C. 1967 . Viral heat resistance and infectious nucleic acid . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 650
  • Dimmock , N. J. 1967 . Differences between the thermal inactivation of picomaviruses at “high” and “low” temperatures . Virology , 31 : 338
  • Kapuscinski , R. B. and Mitchell , R. 1980 . Processes controlling virus inactivation in coastal waters . Water Res. , 14 : 363
  • Sobsey , M. D. , Dean , C. H. , Knuckles , M. E. and Wagner , R. A. 1980 . Interactions and survival of enteric viruses in soil materials . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 40 : 92
  • Lo , S. , Gilbert , J. and Hetrick , F. 1976 . Stability of human enteroviruses in estuarine and marine waters . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 32 : 245
  • Shuval , H. I. , Thompson , A. , Fattal , B. , Cumbalista , S. and Wiener , Y. 1971 . Natural virus inactivation processes in seawater . J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. , 97 : 587
  • Hetrick , F. M. 1978 . Survival of human pathogenic viruses in estuarine and marine waters . ASM News , 44 : 300
  • Herrmann , J. E. , Kostenbader , K. D. Jr. and Cliver , D. O. 1974 . Persistence of enteroviruses in lake water . Appl. Microbiol. , 28 : 895
  • Fujioka , R. S. , Loh , P. C. and Lau , L. S. 1980 . Survival of human enteroviruses in the Hawaiian ocean environment: evidence for virus‐inactivating microorganisms . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 39 : 1105
  • Akin , E. W. , Hill , W. F. Jr. , Cline , G. B. and Benton , W. H. 1976 . The loss of poliovims 1 infectivity in marine waters . Water Res. , 10 : 59
  • Matossian , A. M. and Garabedian , G. A. 1967 . Virucidal action of sea water . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 85 : 1
  • O'Brien , R. T. and Newman , J. S. 1977 . Inactivation of polioviruses and coxsackieviruses in surface water . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 33 : 334
  • Yates , M. V. 1984 . Virus Persistence in Ground Water , Tucson : University of Arizona . Ph.D. dissertation,
  • Cliver , D. O. and Herrmann , J. E. 1972 . Proteolytic and microbial inactivation of enteroviruses . Water Res. , 6 : 797
  • Fukada , T. , Hoshino , M. , Endo , H. , Mutai , M. and Shirota , M. 1968 . Photodynamic antiviral substance extracted from Chlorella cells . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 16 : 1809
  • Salo , R. J. and Cliver , D. O. 1978 . Inactivation of enteroviruses by ascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 36 : 68
  • Bagdasaryan , G. 1964 . Survival of viruses of the enterovirus group (poliomyelitis, echo, coxsackie) in soil and on vegetables . J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. , 8 : 497
  • Sagik , B. P. , Moore , B. E. and Sorber , G. A. 1978 . “ Infectious disease potential of land application of wastewater ” . In State of Knowledge of Land Treatment of Wastewater , Edited by: McKim , H. L. 35 Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory .
  • Hurst , C. J. , Gerba , C. P. , Lance , J. C. and Rice , R. C. 1980 . Survival of enteroviruses in rapid‐infiltration basins during the land application of wastewater . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 40 : 192
  • Yeager , J. G. and O'Brien , R. T. 1979 . Structural changes associated with poliovirus inactivation in soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 702
  • Lance , J. C. and Gerba , C. P. 1984 . Virus movement in soil during saturated and unsaturated flow . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 47 : 335
  • Murphy , W. J. Jr. , Eylaz , O. R. , Schmidt , E. L. and Sylverton , J. T. 1958 . Adsorption and translocation of mammalian viruses by plants. I. Survival of mouse encephalomyelitis and poliomyelitis viruses in soil and plant root environment . Virology , 6 : 612
  • Prage , L. , Patterson , V. , Hoglund , S. , Lonberg‐Holm , K. and Philipson , L. 1970 . Structural proteins of adenoviruses. IV. Sequential degradation of the adenovirus type 2 virion . Virology , 42 : 341
  • Goyal , S. M. and Gerba , C. P. 1979 . Comparative adsorption of human enteroviruses, simian rotavirus, and selected bacteriophages to soils . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 241
  • Gerba , C. P. , Goyal , S. M. , Cech , I. and Bogdan , G. F. 1981 . Quantitative assessment of the adsorptive behavior of viruses to soils . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 15 : 940
  • Burge , W. D. and Enkiri , N. K. 1978 . Virus adsorption by five soils . J. Environ. Qual. , 7 : 73
  • Schaub , S. A. and Sagik , B. P. 1975 . Association of enteroviruses with natural and artifically introduced colloidal solids in water and infectivity of solids‐associated virions . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 30 : 212
  • Moore , R. S. , Taylor , D. H. , Sturman , L. S. , Reddy , M. M. and Fuhs , G. W. 1981 . Poliovirus adsorption by 34 minerals and soils . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 42 : 963
  • Gerba , C. P. 1984 . Applied and theoretical aspects of virus adsorption to surfaces . Adv. Appl. Microbiol. , 30 : 133
  • Burnet , F. M. and McKie , M. 1930 . Balanced salt action as manifested in bacteriophage phenomena . Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. , 7 : 183
  • Wallis , C. and Melnick , J. L. 1961 . Stabilization of poliovirus by cations . Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. , 19 : 683
  • Dulbecco , R. and Ginsberg , H. S. 1980 . Virology , 1112 Philadelphia : Harper & Row .
  • Cords , C. E. , James , C. G. and McLaren , L. C. 1975 . Alteration of capsid proteins of coxsackievirus A13 by low ionic conditions . J. Virol. , 15 : 244
  • Taylor , D. H. , Moore , R. S. and Sturman , L. S. 1981 . Influence of pH and electrolyte composition on adsorption of poliovirus by soils and minerals . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 42 : 976
  • Gerba , C. P. and Lance , J. C. 1978 . Poliovirus removal from primary and secondary sewage effluent by soil filtration . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 36 : 247
  • Lance , J. C. , Gerba , C. P. and Melnick , J. L. 1976 . Virus movement in soil columns flooded with secondary sewage effluent . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 32 : 520
  • Landry , E. F. , Vaughn , J. M. , Thomas , M. Z. and Beckwith , C. A. 1979 . Adsorption of enteroviruses to soil cores and their subsequent elution by artificial rainwater . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 680
  • Landry , E. F. , Vaughn , J. M. and Penello , W. F. 1980 . Poliovirus retention in 75‐cm soil cores after sewage and rainwater application . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 40 : 1032
  • Wellings , F. M. , Lewis , A. C. , Mountain , C. W. and Pierce , L. V. 1975 . Demonstration of viruses in ground water after effluent discharge onto soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 29 : 751
  • Gerba , C. P. and Schaiberger , G. E. 1975 . Effect of particulates on virus survival in seawater . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 47 : 93
  • Murray , J. P. and Laband , S. J. 1979 . Degradation of poliovirus by adsorption onto inorganic surfaces . Appl. Environ. MicrobioL. , 37 : 480
  • Young , D. C. and Sharp , D. G. 1977 . Poliovirus aggregates and their survival in water . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 33 : 168
  • Aulenbach , D. B. 1979 . Long‐Term Recharge of Trickling Filter Effluent into Sand , Pub. No. EPA‐600/2–79–068 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
  • Martin , R. and Thomas , A. 1974 . An example of the use of bacteriophage as a ground water tracer . J. Hydrol. , 23 : 73
  • Shaub , S. A. and Sorber , C. A. 1977 . Virus and bacteria removal from wastewater by rapid infiltration through soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 33 : 609
  • Fletcher , M. W. and Myers , R. L. 1974 . Ground water tracing in karst terrain using phage T‐4 . Abstr. Annu. Mtg. Am. Soc. Microbiol. , 74 : 52
  • Hain , K. E. and O'Brien , R. T. 1979 . The Survival of Enteric Viruses in Septic Tanks and Septic Tank Drainfields , Rep. No. 108 Las Cruces, N.M. : New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute .
  • Green , K. M. and Cliver , D. O. Home Sewage Disposal, Proc. Natl. Home Sewage Disposal Symp. Removal of virus from septic tank effluent by sand columns , pp. 137 St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE .
  • Lance , J. C. and Gerga , C. P. 1980 . Poliovirus movement during high rate land filtration of sewage water . J. Environ. Qual. , 9 : 31
  • Strainer , S. L. 1984 . Fates of Poliovirus and Enteric Indicator Bacteria during Treatment in a Septic Tank System Including Septage Disinfection , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Ph.D. Dissertation,
  • Vaughn , J. M. , Landry , E. F. , Beckwith , C. A. and Thomas , M. Z. 1981 . Virus removal during groundwater recharge: effects of infiltration rate on adsorption of poliovirus to soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 41 : 139
  • Wellings , F. M. , Lewis , A. L. and Mountain , C. W. 1974 . “ Virus survival following wastewater spray irrigation of sandy soils ” . In Virus Survival in Water and Wastewater Systems , Edited by: Malina , J. F. and Sagik , B. P. 253 Austin, Tex. : Center for Research in Water Resources .
  • Koerner , E. L. and Haws , D. A. 1979 . Long‐Term Effects of Land Application of Domestic Wastewater: Vineland, N.J., Rapid Infiltration Site , Pub. No. EPA‐600/2–79–072 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
  • Sobsey , M. D. , Shields , P. A. , Hauchman , F. H. , Hazard , R. L. and Caton , L. W. in press . Survival and transport of hepatitis A virus in soils, groundwater, and wastewater . Water Sci. Technol. ,
  • Lance , J. C. , Gerba , C. P. and Wang , D.‐S. 1982 . Comparative movement of different enteroviruses in soil columns . J. Environ. Qual. , 11 : 347
  • Bixby , R. L. and O'Brien , D. J. 1979 . Influence of fulvic acid on bacteriophage adsorption and complexation in soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 840
  • Bitton , G. , Masterson , N. and Gifford , G. E. 1976 . Effect of a secondary treated effluent on the movement of viruses through a cypress dome soil . J. Environ. Qual. , 5 : 370
  • Scheuerman , P. R. , Bitton , G. , Overman , A. R. and Gifford , G. E. 1979 . Transport of viruses through organic soils and sediments . J. Environ. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. , 105 : 629
  • Berg , G. , Dean , R. B. and Dahling , D. R. 1968 . Removal of poliovirus‐1 from secondary effleunts by lime flocculation and rapid sand filtration . J Am. Water Works Assoc. , 60 : 193
  • Butler , R. G. , Orlob , G. T. and McGauhey , P. H. 1954 . Underground movement of bacterial and chemical pollutants . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 46 : 97
  • Drewry , W. A. and Eliasson , R. 1968 . Virus movement in groundwater . J Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 40 : R257
  • Kreissl , J. F. 1983 . “ Current practices — subsurface disposal ” . In Microbial Health Considerations of Soil Disposal of Domestic Wastewaters , Pub. No. EPA‐600/9–83–017 27 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
  • Robeck , G. G. , Clarke , N. A. and Dostal , K. A. 1962 . Effectiveness of water treatment processes in virus removal . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 54 : 1275
  • Wang , D. S. , Gerba , C. P. and Lance , J. C. 1981 . Effect of soil permeability on virus removal through soil columns . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 42 : 83
  • Young , R. H. F. and Burbank , N. C. 1973 . Virus removal in Hawaiian soils . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 65 : 598
  • Reddy , K. R. , Khaleel , R. and Overcash , M. R. 1981 . Behavior and transport of microbial pathogens in soils treated with organic wastes . J. Environ. Qual. , 10 : 255
  • Vilker , V. L. 1981 . “ Simulating virus movement in soils ” . In Modeling Wastewater Renovation: Land Treatment , Edited by: Iskandar , I. K. New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Hejkal , T. W. and Gerba , C. P. 1982 . A Model of Virus Die‐Off in Sea Water , Rockville, Md. : NOAA Office of Marine Pollution Assessment .
  • Matthess , G. and Pekdeger , A. 1981 . Concepts of a survival and transport model of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in groundwater . Sci. Total Environ. , 21 : 149
  • Grosser , P. W. 1984 . A one‐dimensional mathematical model of virus transport . Paper 2nd Int. Conf. Ground‐Water Qual. Res. 1984 , Tulsa, Okla..
  • Keswick , B. H. , Gerba , C. P. , Secor , S. L. and Cech , I. 1982 . Survival of enteric viruses and indicator bacteria in groundwater . J. Environ. Sci. Health , A17 : 903
  • Bitton , G. , Farrah , S. R. , Ruskin , R. H. , Butner , J. and Chou , Y. J. 1983 . Survival of pathogenic and indicator organisms in ground water . Ground Water , 21 : 405
  • Cookson , J. T. 1970 . Removal of submicron particles in packed beds . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 4 : 128
  • Corapcioglu , M. Y. and Haridas , A. 1984 . Transport and fate of microorganisms in porous media: a theoretical investigation . J. Hydrol. , 72 : 149
  • Corapcioglu , M. Y. and Haridas , A. 1985 . Microbial transport in soils and groundwater: a numerical model . Adv. Water Resour. , 8 : 188
  • Wollum , A. C. and Cassel , D. K. 1978 . Transport of microorganisms in sand columns . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 42 : 72
  • Smith , M. S. , Thomas , G. W. , White , R. E. and Ritonga , D. 1985 . Transport of Escherichia coli through intact and disturbed soil columns . J. Environ. Qual. , 14 : 87
  • White , R. E. 1985 . Transport of chloride and non‐diffusible solutes through soil . Irrig. Sci. , 6 : 3
  • Sears , F. W. and Zemansky , M. W. 1955 . University Physics , Reading, Mass. : Addison‐Wesley .
  • Bohn , H. , McNeal , B. and O'Connor , G. 1979 . Soil Chemistry , New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
  • Hendricks , D. W. 1972 . “ Sorption in flow‐through porous media ” . In Developments in Soil Science, Vol. 2, Fundamentals of Transport Phenomena in Porous Media , Vol. 2 , 384 New York : Elsevier .
  • Enfield , C. , Phan , T. and Walters , D. 1981 . Kinetic model for phosphate transport and transformation in calcareous soils. II. Laboratory and field transport . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 45 : 1064
  • Vilker , V. L. , Frommhagen , L. H. , Kamdar , R. and Sundarum , S. 1978 . Applications of ion exchange/adsorption models to virus transport in percolating beds . AIChE Symp. Ser. , 74 : 84
  • Cookson , J. T. and North , W. J. 1967 . Adsorption of viruses on activated carbon . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 1 : 46
  • Freeze , R. A. and Cherry , J. A. 1979 . Groundwater , Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice‐Hall .
  • Rao , P. S. C. and Jessup , R. E. 1983 . “ Sorption and movement of pesticides and other toxic substances in soil ” . In Chemical Mobility and Reactivity in Soil Systems , 183 Madison, Wis. : Am. Soc. Agron. .
  • Duboise , S. M. , Sagik , B. P. and Malina , J. F. Jr. 1974 . “ Virus migration through soils ” . In Virus Survival in Water and Wastewater Systems , Edited by: Malina , J. F. and Sagik , B. P. 233 Austin, Tex. : Center for Research in Water Resources .
  • Filmer , R. W. , Felton , M. and Yamamoto , T. Virus‐sized adsorption on soil. I. Rate of adsorption . Proc. 13th Water Qual. Conf. Virus Water Qual. Occurrence Control . Edited by: Snoeyink , V. pp. 171 Urbana : The University of Illinois .
  • Anderson , M. P. 1979 . Using models to simulate the movement of contaminants through groundwater flow systems . CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control , 9 : 97
  • Bear , J. 1979 . Hydraulics of Groundwater , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Liggett , J. A. and Liu , P. L‐F. 1983 . The Boundary Integral Equation Method for Porous Media Flow , Herts, , U.K. : George Allen & Unwin .
  • Jury , W. A. 1982 . Simulation of solute transport using a transfer function model . Water Resour. Res. , 18 : 363
  • Jury , W. A. , Stolzy , L. H. and Shouse , P. 1982 . A field test of the transfer function model for predicting solute transport . Water Resour. Res. , 18 : 369
  • Jury , W. A. 1983 . “ Chemical transport modeling: current approaches and unresolved problems ” . In Chemical Mobility and Reactivity in Soil Systems , Edited by: Nielson , D. W. , Elrick , D. E. and Tanji , K. K. 49 Madison, Wis. : Am. Soc. Agron. .
  • Jury , W. A. , Sposito , G. and White , R. E. 1986 . A transfer function model of solute transport through soil. I. Fundamental concepts . Water Resour. Res. , 22 : 243
  • Sposito , G. , White , R. E. , Darrah , P. R. and Jury , W. A. 1986 . A transfer function model of solute transport through soil. III. The convection‐dispersion equation . Water Resour. Res. , 22 : 255
  • van Genuchten , M. Th. and Alves , W. J. 1982 . Analytical Solutions of the One‐Dimensional Convective‐Dispersion Solute Transport Equation , USDA/ARS Tech. Bull. No. 1661 Riverside, Calif.
  • van Genuchten , M. Th. 1980 . Determining Transport Parameters from Solute Displacement Experiments , USDA Res. Rep. No. 118 Riverside, Calif.
  • van Genuchten , M. Th. 1981 . Non‐Equilibrium Transport Parameters from Miscible Displacement Experiments , USDA Res. Rep. No. 119 Riverside, Calif.
  • Lindstrom , F. T. , Hague , R. , Freed , V. H. and Boersma , L. 1967 . Theory on the movement of some herbicides in soils. Linear diffusion and convection of chemicals in soils . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 1 : 561
  • Marino , M. A. 1974 . Distribution of contaminants in porous media flow . Water Resour. Res. , 10 : 1013
  • Lapidus , L. and Amundson , N. R. 1952 . Mathematics of adsorption in beds. IV. The effect of longitudinal dispersion in ion exchange and Chromatographie columns . J. Phys. Chem. , 56 : 984
  • Hunt , B. 1978 . Dispersive sources in uniform ground‐water flow . Am. Soc. Civil Eng. J. Hydrol. Div. , HY4 ( 104 ) : 75
  • Wilson , J. L. and Miller , P. J. 1978 . Two‐dimensional plume in uniform ground‐water flow . Am. Soc. Civil Eng. J. Hydrol. Div. , HY4 ( 104 ) : 503
  • Yeh , G. T. and Tsai , Y. J. 1976 . Analytical three‐dimensional transient modeling of effluent discharges . Water Resour. Res. , 12 : 533
  • Kuo , E. Y. T. 1976 . Analytical model for 3‐D diffusion model . J. Environ. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. , EE4 ( 102 ) : 805
  • van Genuchten , M. Th. and Wierenga , P. J. 1976 . Mass transfer studies in sorbing porous media. I. Analytical solutions . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 40 : 473
  • van Genuchten , M. Th. , Tang , D. H. and Guehnelon , R. 1984 . Some exact solutions for solute transport through soils containing large cylindrical macropores . Water. Resour. Res. , 20 : 335
  • van Genuchten , M. Th. 1985 . A general approach for modeling solute transport in structured soils . Proc. 17th Int. Congr. Int. Assoc. Hydrogeol. Hydrol. Rocks Low Permeability . 1985 , Tucson, Ariz..
  • Warrick , A. W. , Biggar , J. W. and Nielson , D. R. 1971 . Simultaneous solute and water transfer in an unsaturated soil . Water Resour. Res. , 7 : 1216
  • Mercer , J. W. and Faust , C. R. 1981 . Groundwater Modeling , 60 Dublin, Ohio : National Water Well Association .
  • Wang , H. F. and Anderson , M. A. 1982 . Introduction to Groundwater Modeling, Finite Difference and Finite Element Methods , 237 San Francisco : W. H. Freeman & Co. .
  • Huyakorn , P. S. and Pinder , G. F. 1983 . Computational Methods in Subsurface Flow , 473 New York : Academic Press .
  • Remson , L. , Hornberger , G. M. and Molz , F. J. 1971 . Numerical Methods in Subsurface Hydrology , 389 New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
  • Vilker , V. L. and Burge , W. D. 1980 . Adsorption mass transfer model for virus transport in soils . Water Res. , 14 : 783
  • Vilker , V. L. 1981 . Virus Transport through Percolating Beds, Technical Completion Report , Calif. Office Water Res. Technol. Proj. No. B‐184‐CAL and Calif. Water Resour. Center Proj. UCAL‐WRC‐W‐523, NTIS PB81–21240–9 Los Angeles, Calif.
  • Grondin , G. H. and Gerba , C. P. 1986 . Virus dispersion in a coarse porous medium . Hydrol. Water Resour. Ariz. Southwest , : 16
  • Rifai , M. N. E. , Kaufman , W. J. and Todd , D. K. 1956 . Dispersion phenomena in laminar flow‐through porous media . Univ. Calif. I.E.R. Ser. , 90 : 3
  • Ogata , A. and Banks , R. B. 1961 . A Solution of the Differential Equation of Longitudinal Dispersion in Porous Media , Prof. Paper411‐A, U.S.G.S. Washington, D.C.
  • Enfield , C. G. and Bengtsson , G. Size exclusion chromatography in soils . Ground Water , submitted.
  • White , R. E. , Dyson , J. S. , Haigh , R. A. , Jury , W. A. and Sposito , G. 1986 . A transfer function model of solute transport through soil. II. Illustrative examples . Water Resour. Res. , 22 : 248

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.