1,007
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Constructed Marshes for Nitrate Removal

Pages 934-1005 | Published online: 05 Mar 2012

REFERENCES

  • Ahlgren , I. , Sörensson , F. , Waara , T. and Vrede , K. 1994 . Nitrogen budgets in relation to microbial transformations in lakes . Ambi , 23 : 367 – 377 .
  • Ahn , C. and Mitsch , W. J. 2002 . Scaling considerations of mesocosm wetlands in simulating large created freshwater marshes . Ecol. Eng. , 18 : 327 – 342 .
  • Alexander , R. B. , Smith , R. A. , Schwartz , G. E. , Boyer , E. W. , Nolan , J. V. and Brakebill , J. W. 2008 . Differences in phosphorus and nitrogen delivery to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River basin . Environ. Sci. Tech. , 42 : 822 – 830 .
  • Altor , A. E. and Mitsch , W. J. 2008 . Pulsing hydrology, methane emissions and carbon dioxide fluxes in created marshes: A 2-year ecosystem study . Wetlands , 28 : 423 – 438 .
  • Anderson , C. J. and Mitsch , W. J. 2006 . Sediment, carbon and nutrient accumulation at two 10-year-old created riverine marshes . Wetlands , 26 : 779 – 792 .
  • Andersson , J. L. , Bastviken , S. K. and Tonderski , K. S. 2005 . Free water surface wetlands For wastewater treatment in Sweden—nitrogen and phosphorus removal . Water Sci. Technol. , 51 ( 9 ) : 39 – 46 .
  • Andrews , H. O. and Barnard , J. L. 2006 . An innovative approach to nitrate removal: making a dent in the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia , Paper presented at Session 51 of the Water Environment Federation .
  • Alan Plummer and Associates . 1994 . Pilot-scale constructed wetlands demonstration project: Phase I report , Fort Worth , Texas : For Tarrant County Water Control and Improvement District .
  • Arheimer , B. and Wittgren , H. B. 1994 . Modelling the effects of wetlands on regional nitrogen transport . Ambio , 23 : 378 – 386 .
  • Arheimer , B. and Wittgren , H. B. 2002 . Modelling nitrogen retention in potential wetlands at the catchment scale . Ecol. Eng. , 19 ( 1 ) : 63 – 80 .
  • Bachand , P. A.M. and Horne , A. J. 2000a . Denitrification in constructed free-water surface wetlands. I. Very high nitrate removal rates in macrocosm study . Ecol. Eng. , 14 ( 1–2 ) : 9 – 15 .
  • Bachand , P. A.M. and Horne , A. J. 2000b . Denitrification in constructed free-water surface wetlands. II. Effects of vegetation and temperature . Ecol. Eng. , 14 ( 1–2 ) : 17 – 32 .
  • Baker , L. A. 1998 . Design considerations and applications for wetland treatment of high-nitrate waters . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 38 ( 1 ) : 389 – 395 .
  • Barber , T. R. , Burke , R. A. and Sackett , W. M. 1988 . Diffusive flux of methane from warm wetlands . Global Biogeochemical Cycles GBCYEP , 2 : 411 – 425 .
  • Bastviken , S. K. , Eriksson , P. G. , Martins , I. , Neto , J. M. , Leonardson , L. and Tonderski , K. 2003 . Potential nitrification and denitrification on different surfaces in a constructed treatment wetland . J. Environ. Qual. , 32 : 2414 – 2420 .
  • Bastviken , S. K. , Eriksson , P. G. , Premrov , A. and Tonderski , K. 2005 . Potential denitrification in wetland sediments with different plant species detritus . Ecol. Eng. , 25 : 183 – 190 .
  • Bastviken , S. K. , Weisner , S. E.B. , Thiere , G. , Svensson , J. M. , Ehde , P. M. and Tonderski , K. S. 2009 . Effects of vegetation and hydraulic load on seasonal nitrate removal in treatment wetlands . Ecol. Eng. , 35 : 946 – 952 .
  • Bavor , H. J. and Andel , E. F. 1994 . Nutrient removal and disinfection performance in the Byron Bay constructed wetland system . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 29 : 201 – 208 .
  • Benner , A. Apache Nitrogen Products, Inc.: A profile in Using Green Remediation Strategies. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response . (http://www.cluin.org/greenremediation/ profiles/subtab_d16.cfm/)
  • Blahnik , T. and Day , J. 2000 . The effects of varied hydraulic and nutrient loading rates on water quality and hydrologic distributions in a natural forested treatment wetland . Wetlands , 20 ( 1 ) : 48 – 61 .
  • Bobbink , R. and Roelofs , J. G.M. 1995 . Nitrogen critical loads for natural and semi-natural ecosystems: The empirical approach . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 85 : 2413 – 2418 .
  • Borin , M. and Tocchetto , D. 2007 . Five year water and nitrogen balance for a constructed surface flow wetland treating agricultural drainage waters . Science of the Total Environment , 380 : 38 – 47 .
  • Bothe , H. , Ferguson , S. J. and Newton , W. E. 2007 . Biology of the nitrogen cycle , Amsterdam , , the Netherlands : Elsevier .
  • Bouchard , V. , Frey , S. D. , Golbert , J. M. and Reed , S. E. 2007 . Effects of macrophytes functional group richness on emergent freshwater wetland functions . Ecology , 88 : 2903 – 2914 .
  • Bourgues , S. and Hart , B. T.H. 2007 . Nitrogen removal capacity of wetlands: Sediment versus epiphytic biofilms . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 55 ( 4 ) : 175 – 182 .
  • Bowden , W. B. 1987 . The biogeochemistry of nitrogen in freshwater wetlands . Biogeochemistry , 4 : 313 – 348 .
  • Bowmer , K. H. 1987 . Nutrient removal from effluents by an artificial wetland: Influence of rhizosphere aeration and preferential flow studied using bromide and dye tracers . Wat. Res. , 21 : 591 – 599 .
  • Braskerud , B. C. 2002 . Factors affecting nitrogen retention in small constructed wetlands treating agricultural non-point source pollution . Ecol. Eng. , 18 : 351 – 370 .
  • Brinson , M. M. , Bradshaw , H. D. and Kane , E. S. 1984 . Nutrient assimilative capacity of an alluvial floodplain swamp . J. of Applied Ecology , 21 : 1041 – 1057 .
  • Brix , H. , Sorrell , B. K. and Lorenzen , B. 2001 . Are Phragmites-dominated wetlands a net source or net sink of greenhouse gases? . Aquatic Botany , 69 : 313 – 324 .
  • Bryant , D. and Papas , P. 2007 . Macroinvertebrate communities in artificial wetlands—the influence of macrophytes , Heidelberg , Victoria, Australia : Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 168 .
  • Burchell , M. R. II , Skaggs , R. W. , Lee , C. R. , Broome , S. , Chescheir , G. M. and Osborne , J. 2007 . Substrate organic matter to improve nitrate removal in surface-flow constructed wetlands . J. Environ. Qual. , 36 ( 1 ) : 194 – 207 .
  • Burgoon , P. S. 2001 . Denitrification in free water surface wetlands receiving carbon supplements . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 44 ( 11–12 ) : 163 – 169 .
  • Burgoon , P. S. , Kadlec , R. H. and Henderson , M. 1999 . Treatment of potato processing wastewater with engineered natural systems . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 40 : 211 – 216 .
  • Casey , R. E. and Klaine , S. J. 2001 . Nutrient attenuation by a riparian wetland during natural and artificial runoff events . J. Environ. Qual. , 30 : 1720 – 1731 .
  • CH2M Hill . 2003 . PSTA research and demonstration project: Phases 1, 2 and 3 summary report , Prepared for SFWMD .
  • Chanton , J. P. , Whiting , G. J. , Happell , J. D. and Gerard , G. 1993 . Contrasting rates and diurnal patterns of methane emission from emergent aquatic macrophytes . Aquatic Botany , 46 : 111 – 128 .
  • Chapra , S. C. , Pelletier , G. J. and Tao , H. 2007 . QUAL2K: A modeling framework for simulating river and stream water quality, Version 2.07: Documentation and user manual , Medford , MA : Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Tufts University .
  • Chavan , P. V. , Keith , E. , Dennett , K. E. , Marchand , E. A. and Spurkland , L. E. 2008 . Potential of constructed wetland in reducing total nitrogen loading into the Truckee River . Wetlands Ecol. Manage. , 16 : 189 – 197 .
  • Coon , W. F. , Bernard , J. M. and Seischab , F. K. 2000 . Effects of a cattail wetland on water quality of Irondequoit creek near Rochester, New York , Water Resources Investigation Report 00–4032 Denver, CO : U.S. Geological Survey .
  • Cooper , A. B. 1994 . Coupling wetland treatment to land treatment: An innovative method for nitrogen stripping . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 29 ( 4 ) : 141 – 149 .
  • Cooper , D. J. , Griffin , P. and Cooper , P. F. 2008 . “ Factors affecting the longevity of subsurface horizontal flow systems operating as tertiary treatment for sewage effluent ” . In Wastewater treatment, plant dynamics and management in constructed and natural wetlands , Edited by: Vymazal , J. 191 – 198 . New York , NY : Springer .
  • Crites , R. and Tchobanoglous , G. 1998 . Small and decentralized wastewater management systems , New York , NY : McGraw-Hill .
  • Crohn , D. M. , Ruud , N. C. , Decruyenaere , J. G. and Carlon , D. B. 2005 . Goodness-of-fit test for modeling tracer breakthrough curves in wetlands . J. Environ. Eng. , 131 : 242 – 251 .
  • Crumpton , W. G. , Isenhart , T. M. and Fisher , S. W. 1993 . “ The fate of non-point source nitrate loads in freshwater wetlands: Results from experimental wetland mesocosms ” . In Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement , Edited by: Moshiri , G. A. 283 – 292 . Boca Raton , FL : Lewis .
  • Crumpton , W. G. and Phipps , R. 1992 . Fate of nitrogen loads in experimental wetlands , Chicago , IL : The Des Plaines River Wetland Demonstration Project, Vol. III, Chapter 5, Report to Wetlands Research, Inc. .
  • Crumpton , W. G. , Stenback , G. A. , Miller , B. A. and Helmers , M. J. 2007 . Potential benefits of wetland filters for tile drainage systems: Impact on nitrate loads to Mississippi river subbasins , Report to U.S. Department of Agriculture, Project number: IOW06682 Washington, DC : USDA .
  • Dal Cin , L. and Persson , J. 2000 . The influence of vegetation on hydraulic performance in a surface flow wetland . Proceedings of the 7th International Conference for Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control , : 539 – 546 .
  • Davidsson , T. E. and Ståhl , M. 2000 . The influence of organic carbon on nitrogen transformations in five wetland soils . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 64 : 1129 – 1136 .
  • Davis , S. M. and Ogden , J. C. 1994 . Everglades: The ecosystem and its restoration , Del Ray, FL : St. Lucie Press .
  • Devito , K. J. , Dillon , P. J. and Lazerte , B. D. 1989 . Phosphorus and nitrogen retention in five Precambrian shield wetlands . Biogeochemistry , 8 : 185 – 204 .
  • Diaz , R. J. and Solow , A. 1999 . Ecological and economic consequences of hypoxia , Topic 2 Report for the Integrated Assessment of Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico Washington, DC : NOAA Coastal Ocean Program .
  • Dierberg , F. E. and DeBusk , T. A. 2005 . An evaluation of two tracers in surface-flow wetlands: Rhodamine-WT and lithium . Wetlands , 25 ( 1 ) : 8 – 25 .
  • Dørge , J. 1994 . Modeling nitrogen transformations in freshwater wetlands, estimating nitrogen retention and removal in natural wetlands in relation to their hydrology and nutrient loadings . Ecological Modelling , 75–76 : 409 – 420 .
  • Eriksson , P. G. 2001 . Interaction effects of flow velocity and oxygen metabolism on nitrification and denitrification in biofilms on submerged macrophytes . Biogeochemistry , 55 : 29 – 44 .
  • Eriksson , P. G. and Weisner , S. E.B. 1997 . Nitrogen removal in a wastewater reservoir: the importance of denitrification by epiphytic biofilms on submersed vegetation . J. Environ. Qual. , 26 : 905 – 910 .
  • Fairchild , G. W. and Velinsky , D. J. 2006 . Effects of small ponds on stream water chemistry . Lake and Reservoir Management , 22 : 321 – 330 .
  • Fisher , P. J. 1990 . “ Hydraulic characteristics of constructed wetlands at Richmond, New South Wales, Australia ” . In Constructed wetlands in water pollution control , Edited by: Cooper , P. F. and Findlater , B. C. 21 – 32 . Oxford , , England : Pergamon Press .
  • Fleming-Singer , M. S. and Horne , A. J. 2002 . Enhanced nitrate removal efficiency in wetland microcosms using an episediment layer for denitrification . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 1231 – 1237 .
  • Fleming-Singer , M. S. and Horne , A. J. 2006 . Balancing wildlife needs and nitrate removal in constructed wetlands: The case of the Irvine Ranch Water District's San Joaquin Wildlife Sanctuary . Ecol. Eng. , 26 : 147 – 166 .
  • Freeman , C. , Lock , M. A. , Hughes , S. and Reynolds , B. 1997 . Nitrous oxide emissions and the use of wetlands for water quality amelioration . Environ. Sci, Technol. , 31 : 2438 – 2440 .
  • Galbrand , C. C. , Lemieux , I. G. , Ghaly , A. E. , Cote , R. and Verma , M. 2007 . Assessment of constructed wetland biological integrity using aquatic macroinvertebrates . OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences , 7 ( 2 ) : 52 – 65 .
  • Galbrand , C. C. , Snow , A. M. , Ghaly , A. E. and Cote , R. 2008 . Establishment and evaluation of the vegetative community in a surface flow constructed wetland treating industrial park contaminants . Am. J. Ag. Bio. Sci. , 3 ( 1 ) : 417 – 432 .
  • Gale , P. M. , Reddy , K. R. and Graetz , D. A. 1993 . Nitrogen removal from reclaimed water applied to constructed and natural wetland mesocosms . Water Environment Research , 65 : 162 – 168 .
  • Gebremariam , S. Y. and Beutel , M. W. 2008 . Nitrate removal and DO levels in batch wetland mesocosms: Cattail (Typha spp.) versus bulrush (Scirpus spp.) . Ecol. Eng. , 34 : 1 – 6 .
  • Goolsby , D. A. and Battaglin , W. A. 2000 . Nitrogen in the Mississippi basin—estimating sources and predicting flux to the Gulf of Mexico , USGS fact Sheet 135–00 .
  • Graham , D. N. and Butts , M. B. 2006 . “ Flexible integrated watershed modeling with MIKE SHE ” . In Watershed models , Edited by: Singh , V. P. and Frevert , D. K. 245 – 272 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Greenway , M. 2005 . The role of constructed wetlands in secondary effluent treatment and water reuse in subtropical and arid Australia . Ecol. Eng. , 25 : 501 – 509 .
  • Greenway , M. and Jenkins , G. 2004 . A comparative study of the effectiveness of wetlands and ponds in the treatment of stormwater in subtropical Australia . Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Wetland Systems and Waste Stabilization Ponds , : 65 – 73 .
  • Gui , P. , Xu , K. , Mizuochi , M. , Inamori , R. , Tai , P. , Sun , T. and Inamori , Y. 2000 . “The emission of greenhouse gases from constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment ” . In Wetland systems for water pollution control: 7th International Conference Proceedings , 277 – 285 . Gainesville, FL : University of Florida .
  • Gumbricht , T. 1993 . Nutrient removal capacity in submersed macrophyte pond systems in a temperate climate . Ecol. Eng. , 2 ( 1 ) : 49 – 62 .
  • Halterman , S. G. and Toetz , D. W. 1984 . Kinetics of nitrate uptake by freshwater algae . Hydrobiologia , 114 : 209 – 214 .
  • Hansson , L.-A. , Brömark , C. , Nilsson , P. A. and Abjörsson , K. 2005 . Conflicting demands on wetland ecosystem services: Nutrient retention, biodiversity or both? . Freshwater Biology , 50 : 705 – 714 .
  • Headley , T. and Kadlec , R. H. 2007 . Conducting hydraulic tracer studies in constructed wetlands: A practical guide . Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology , 8 : 269 – 282 .
  • Healy , M. and Cawley , A. M. 2002 . Nutrient processing capacity of a constructed wetland in western Ireland . J. Environ. Qual. , 31 : 1739 – 1747 .
  • Hernandez , E. M. and Mitsch , W. J. 2005 . “ Nitrous oxide fluxes and denitrification in created wetlands receiving hydrologic pulses ” . In 2004 annual report of the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park , Edited by: Mitsch , W. J. 95 – 99 . Columbus, OH : The Ohio State University .
  • Hernandez , E. M. and Mitsch , W. J. 2006a . “ Denitrification in created riverine wetlands: Influence of hydrology and season ” . In Annual report, Olentangy River Wetland Research , Edited by: Mitsch , W. J. , Zhang , L. , Dillon , N. and Fink , D. 63 – 73 . Columbus, OH : The Ohio State University .
  • Hernandez , E. M. and Mitsch , W. J. 2006b . Influence of hydrologic pulses, flooding frequency, and vegetation on nitrous oxide emissions from created riparian marshes . Wetlands , 26 : 862 – 877 .
  • Hernandez , E. M. and Mitsch , W. J. 2007 . Denitrification in created riverine wetlands: Influence of hydrology and season . Ecol. Eng. , 30 : 78 – 88 .
  • Hey , D. L. 2002 . Nitrogen farming: Harvesting a different crop . Restoration Ecology , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
  • Hey , D. L. , Kostel , J. A. , Hurter , A. P. and Kadlec , R. H. 2005 . Nutrient farming and traditional removal: An economic comparison , Water Environment Research Foundation Report No. 03-WSM-6CO .
  • Hoffmann , C. C. and Baattrup-Pedersen , A. 2007 . Re-establishing freshwater wetlands in Denmark . Ecol. Eng. , 30 : 157 – 166 .
  • Holland , J. F. , Martin , J. F. , Granata , T. , Bouchard , V. , Quigley , M. and Brown , L. 2004 . Effects of wetland depth and flow rate on residence time distribution characteristics . Ecological Engineering , 23 : 189 – 203 .
  • Howell , C. J. and Crohn , D. M. 2003 . A water quality model for constructed treatment wetlands , Paper 032113, 2003 ASAE Annual International Meeting Las Vegas , NV : ASAE, St. Joseph, MI .
  • Howell , C. J. , Crohn , D. M. and Omary , M. 2005 . Simulating nutrient cycling and removal through treatment wetlands in arid/semiarid environments . Ecol. Eng. , 25 : 25 – 40 .
  • Hume , N. P. , Fleming , M. S. and Horne , A. J. 2002a . Plant carbohydrate limitation on nitrate reduction in wetland microcosms . Wat. Res. , 36 : 577 – 584 .
  • Hume , N. P. , Fleming , M. S. and Horne , A. J. 2002b . Denitrification potential and carbon quality of four aquatic plants in wetland microcosms . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 66 : 1706 – 1712 .
  • Hunter , R. G. , Day , J. W. Jr. , Lane , R. R. , Lindsey , J. , Day , J. N. and Hunter , M. G. 2009 . Impacts of secondarily treated municipal effluent on a freshwater forested wetland after 60 years of discharge . Wetlands , 29 ( 1 ) : 363 – 371 .
  • Iovanna , R. , Hyberg , S. and Crumpton , W. G. 2008 . Treatment wetlands: Cost-effective practice for intercepting nitrate before it reaches and adversely impacts surface waters . Journal of Soil and Water Conservation , 63 ( 1 ) : 14A – 15A .
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2007 . Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability , Edited by: Parry , M. L. , Canziani , O. F. , Palutikof , J. P. , van der Linden , P. J. and Hanson , C. E. Cambridge , , England : Cambridge University Press . Fourth assessment report, working group II, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  • Isenhart , T. , Crumpton , W. G. , Lemke , D. , Baker , J. and Melvin , S. Paper presented at the AWRA 2003 Spring Conference . Wetlands for water quality in agricultural landscapes: The Iowa conservation reserve enhancement program ,
  • Ishida , C. K. , Kelley , J. J. and Gray , K. A. 2006 . Effects of variable hydroperiods and water level fluctuations on denitrification capacity, nitrate removal, and benthic-microbial community structure in constructed wetlands . Ecol. Eng. , 28 : 363 – 373 .
  • Jackson , J. A. 1989 . “ Man-made wetlands for wastewater treatment: Two case studies ” . In Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Municipal, industrial and agricultural , Edited by: Hammer , D. A. 574 – 580 . Chelsea , MI : Lewis .
  • Jackson , J. A. and Sees , M. 2001 . Rerating capacity of a constructed treatment wetland system . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 44 : 435 – 440 .
  • James , B. B. and Bogaert , R. 1989 . “ Wastewater treatment/disposal in a combined marsh and forest system provides for wildlife habitat and recreational use ” . In Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Municipal, industrial and agricultural , Edited by: Hammer , D. A. 597 – 605 . Chelsea , MI : Lewis .
  • Jansson , M. , Andersson , R. , Berggren , H. and Leonardson , L. 1994 . Wetlands and lakes as nitrogen traps . Ambio , 23 : 320 – 325 .
  • Jenkins , G. A. and Greenway , M. 2005 . The hydraulic efficiency of fringing versus banded vegetation in constructed wetlands . Ecol. Eng. , 25 : 9 – 23 .
  • Johansson , A. E. , Gustavsson , A.-M. , Öquist , M. G. and Svensson , B. H. 2004 . Methane emissions from a constructed wetland treating wastewater—seasonal and spatial distribution and dependence on edaphic factors . Wat. Res. , 38 : 3960 – 3970 .
  • Johansson , A. E. , Klemedtsson , A. K. , Klemedtsson , L. and Svensson , B. H. 2003 . Nitrous oxide exchanges with the atmosphere of a constructed wetland treating wastewater . Tellus , 55B : 737 – 750 .
  • Johnson , K. A. and Johnson , D. E. 1995 . Methane emissions from cattle . Journal of Animal Science , 73 : 2483 – 2492 .
  • Joosten , H. and Clarke , D. 2002 . Wise use of mires and peatlands—background principles including a framework for decision-making , Saarijärvi , , Finland : International Mire Conservation Group and International Peat Society .
  • Jordan , T. E. , Whigham , D. F. , Hofmockel , K. H. and Gerber , N. 1999 . “ Restored wetlands in crop fields control nutrient runoff ” . In Nutrient cycling and retention in natural and constructed wetlands , Edited by: Vymazal , J. Leiden , , the Netherlands : Backhuys .
  • Jordan , T. E. , Whigham , D. F. , Hofmockel , K. H. and Pittek , M. A. 2003 . Nutrient and sediment removal by a restored wetland receiving agricultural runoff . J. Environ. Qual. , 32 : 1534 – 1547 .
  • Jorgensen , S. E. 1994 . “ A general model of nitrogen removal by wetlands ” . In Global wetlands: Old world and new , Edited by: Mitsch , W. J. 575 – 583 . Amsterdam , , the Netherlands : Elsevier Science .
  • Justic , D. , Bierman , V. J. , Scavia , D. and Hetland , R. D. 2007 . Forecasting Gulf's hypoxia: The next 50 years? . Estuaries and Coasts , 30 : 791 – 801 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 1994 . Detention and mixing in free water wetlands . Ecol. Eng. , 3 : 345 – 380 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2001 . “ Phosphorus dynamics in event driven wetlands ” . In Nutrient cycling and retention in natural and constructed wetlands , Edited by: Vymazal , J. 365 – 392 . Leiden , , the Netherlands : Backhuys .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2005a . “ Constructed wetlands to remove nitrate ” . In Nutrient management in agricultural watersheds: A wetlands solution , Edited by: Dunne , E. J. , Reddy , K. R. and Carton , O. T. 132 – 143 . Wageningen , , the Netherlands : Wageningen .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2005b . Nitrogen farming: The use of wetlands for nitrate removal . Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering , 40 : 1307 – 1330 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2006 . Water temperature and evapotranspiration in surface flow wetlands in hot arid climate . Ecol. Eng. , 26 : 328 – 340 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2007a . The effects of deep zones on wetland nitrogen processing . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 56 : 101 – 108 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2007b . Tracer and spike tests of constructed wetlands . Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology , 8 : 283 – 295 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2008 . The effects of wetland vegetation and morphology on nitrogen processing . Ecol. Eng. , 33 : 126 – 141 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2009a . Comparison of free water and horizontal subsurface treatment wetlands . Ecol. Eng. , 35 : 159 – 174 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2009b . Wastewater treatment at the Houghton Lake wetland: Hydrology and water quality . Ecol. Eng. , 35 : 1287 – 1311 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. 2010 . Nitrate dynamics in event-driven wetlands . Ecol. Eng. , 36 : 503 – 516 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. , Bays , J. S. , Mokry , L. E. and Andrews , D. 2010b . Performance analysis of the Richland-Chambers treatment wetlands . Ecol. Eng. , doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.09.003
  • Kadlec , R. H. , Burgoon , P. S. and Henderson , M. E. 1997 . Integrated natural systems for treating potato processing wastewater . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 35 : 263 – 270 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. , Hammer , D. E. and Girts , M. A. 1990 . “ A total evaporative constructed wetland treatment system ” . In Constructed wetlands in water pollution control , Edited by: Cooper , P. F. and Findlater , B. C. 127 – 138 . Oxford , , England : Pergamon Press .
  • Kadlec , R. H. and Knight , R. L. 1996 . Treatment wetlands , Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
  • Kadlec , R. H. , Martin , D. C. and Frankenthal , J. 2010d . Wetlands for control of chlorinated ethenes at the Schilling Farm site , Manuscript submitted for publication .
  • Kadlec , R. H. and Reddy , K. R. 2001 . Temperature effects in treatment marshes . Water Environment Research , 73 : 543 – 557 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. , Roy , S. B. and Munson , R. K. 2010a . Water quality performance of treatment wetlands in the Imperial Valley, California . Ecol. Eng. , 36 : 1093 – 1107 .
  • Kadlec , R. H. and Wallace , S. D. 2008 . Treatment wetlands , 2nd ed. , Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
  • Kadlec , R. H. , Wallace , T. and Cuvellier , C. 2010c . Performance of the Columbia, Missouri treatment wetland . Ecol. Eng. , 36 : 672 – 684 .
  • Kallner , S. and Wittgren , H. B. 2001 . Modelling nitrogen transformations in surface flow wastewater treatment wetlands in Sweden . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 44 : 237 – 244 .
  • Keefe , S. H. , Ryan , J. N. , McKnight , D. M. and Wass , R. D. 2004 . Conservative and reactive solute transport in constructed wetlands . Water Resources Research , 40 ( 1 )
  • Keller , C. H. and Bays , J. S. 2001 . “ Tracer studies in treatment wetlands ” . In Treatment wetlands for water quality improvement: Quebec 2000 Conference Proceedings , Edited by: Pries , J. H. 173 – 182 . Kitchener , , Ontario, Canada : Pandora Press .
  • Kjellin, , J. , Hallin , S. and Wörman , A. 2007a . Spatial variations in denitrification activity in wetland sediments explained by hydrology and denitrifying community structure . Water Research , 41 : 4710 – 4720 .
  • Kjellin , J. , Wörman , A. , Johansson , H. and Lindahl , A. 2007b . Tracer experiment and numerical modeling reveal controlling factors for flow in Ekeby treatment wetland, Sweden . Advances in Water Resources , 30 : 838 – 850 .
  • Knight , R. L. 1990 . Operational performance of Reedy Creek wetlands treatment System and other southern wetlands . Proceedings of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technology Forum , : 103 – 108 .
  • Knight , R. L. and Ferda , K. A. 1989 . “ Performance of the Boggy Gut wetland treatment system, Hilton Head, South Carolina ” . In Wetlands: Concerns and Successes , 439 – 450 . United States : American Water Resources Association .
  • Knight , R. L. and Schwartz , L. 1992 . Natural land treatment with Carolina Bays . Water Environment Technology , 4 ( 4 ) : 13 – 16 .
  • Knight , R. L. , Hilleke , J. and Grayson , S. 1994 . Design and performance of the Champion pilot-constructed wetland treatment system . TAPPI Journal , 77 : 240 – 245 .
  • Komor , A. T. 2001 . Comparison of denitrification rates in constructed wetlands: batch tests versus field results , Tempe , AZ : Master's Thesis. Arizona State University .
  • Komor , A. T. and Fox , P. Paper presented to the Water Environment Federation . Nitrate removal in constructed wetlands: Batch tests versus field results ,
  • Komor , A. T. and Fox , P. Paper presented at Session 15 of the Water Environment Federation . Evaluation of denitrification rates and mechanisms in microcosm experiments with sediments and plants ,
  • Koskiaho , J. 2003 . Flow velocity retardation and sediment retention in two constructed wetland-ponds . Ecol. Eng. , 19 : 325 – 338 .
  • Koskiaho , J. , Ekholm , P. , Räty , M. , Riihimäki , J. and Puustinen , M. 2003 . Retaining agricultural nutrients in constructed wetlands—experiences under boreal conditions . Ecol. Eng. , 20 : 89 – 104 .
  • Kovacic , D. A. , David , M. B. , Gentry , L. E. , Starks , K. M. and Cooke , R. A. 2000 . Effectiveness of constructed wetlands in reducing nitrogen and phosphorus export from agricultural tile drainage . J. Environ. Qual. , 29 : 1262 – 1274 .
  • Kovacic , D. A. , Twait , R. M. , Wallace , M. P. and Bowling , J. M. 2005 . Use of created wetlands to improve water quality in the Midwest—Lake Bloomington case study . Ecol. Eng. , 28 : 258 – 270 .
  • Kozub , D. D. and Liehr , S. K. 1999 . Assessing denitrification rate limiting factors in a constructed wetland receiving landfill leachate . Water Sci. Tech. , 40 ( 3 ) : 75 – 82 .
  • Kronvang , B. , Andersen , H. E. , Børgesen , C. , Dalgaard , T. , Larsen , S. E. , Børgestrand , J. and Blicher-Mathiassen , G. 2008 . Effects of policy measures implemented in Denmark on nitrogen pollution of the aquatic environment . Environmental Science and Policy , 11 : 144 – 152 .
  • LaFlamme , C. 2005 . Nutrient removal using a constructed wetland in Southern Québec , Montréal : Master's Thesis, McGill University .
  • Lee , E. R. 1999 . SET-WET: A wetland simulation model to optimize NPS pollution control , Blacksburg, VA : Master's Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University .
  • Leonardson , L. , Bengtsson , L. , Davidsson , T. , Persson , T. and Emanuelsson , U. 1994 . Nitrogen retention in artificially flooded meadows . Ambio , 23 : 332 – 341 .
  • Lightbody , A. F. , Nepf , H. M. and Bays , J. S. 2009 . Modeling the hydraulic effect of transverse deep zones on the performance of short-circuiting constructed treatment wetlands . Ecol. Eng. , 35 : 754 – 768 .
  • Liikanen , A. , Huttunen , J. T. , Karjalainen , S. M. , Heikkinen , K. , Väisänen , T. S. , Nykänen , H. and Martikanen , P. J. 2006 . Temporal and seasonal changes in greenhouse gas emissions from a constructed wetland purifying peat mining runoff waters . Ecol. Eng. , 26 : 241 – 251 .
  • Lin , A. Y.C. , Debroux , J.-F. , Cunningham , J. A. and Reinhard , M. 2003 . Comparison of rhodamine WT and bromide in the determination of hydraulic characteristics of constructed wetlands . Ecol. Eng. , 20 : 75 – 88 .
  • Lin , Y.-F. , Jing , S.-R. , Lee , D.-Y. , Chang , Y.-F. and Shih , K.-C. 2008 . Nitrate removal from groundwater using constructed wetlands under various hydraulic loading rates . Bioresource Tech. , 99 : 7504 – 7513 .
  • Lin , Y.-F. , Jing , S.-R. , Wang , T.-W. and Lee , D.-Y. 2002 . Effects of macrophytes and external carbon sources on nitrate removal from groundwater in constructed wetlands . Environmental Pollution , 119 : 413 – 420 .
  • Martinez , C. J. and Wise , W. R. 2001 . Hydraulic analysis of Orlando Easterly wetland . J. Environ. Eng. , 129 : 553 – 560 .
  • Matheson , F. E. , Nguyen , M. L. , Cooper , A. B. , Burt , T. P. and Bull , D. C. 2002 . Fate of 15N-nitrate in unplanted, planted, and harvested riparian wetland soil microcosms . Ecol. Eng. , 19 : 249 – 264 .
  • McAllister , L. S. 1993a . Habitat quality assessment of two wetland treatment systems in the arid West: A pilot study , EPA/600/R-93/117 Corvallis, OR : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Research Laboratory .
  • McAllister , L. S. 1993b . Habitat quality assessment of two wetland treatment systems in florida: A pilot study , EPA/600/R-93/222 Corvallis, OR : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Research Laboratory .
  • McBride , G. B. and Tanner , C. C. 2000 . Modeling biofilm nitrogen transformations in constructed wetland mesocosms with fluctuating water levels . Ecol. Eng. , 14 : 93 – 106 .
  • McKenna , G. , Gregoriou , A. and Pries , J. 2002 . “ Treatment wetland for wastewater polishing at Ontario Power Generation's Nanticoke generating station ” . In Treatment wetlands for water quality improvement: Quebec 2000 Conference Proceedings , Edited by: Pries , J. H. 97 – 106 . Kitchener , , Ontario, Canada : Pandora Press .
  • Metcalf and Eddy . 1991 . Wastewater engineering , 3rd ed. , New York , NY : McGraw-Hill .
  • Miller , P. S. , Mitchell , J. K. , Cooke , R. A. and Engel , B. A. 2002 . A wetland to improve agricultural subsurface drainage quality . Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers , 45 : 1305 – 1317 .
  • Min , J.-H. and Wise , W. R. 2009 . Simulating short-circuiting flow in a constructed wetland: The implications of bathymetry and vegetation effects . Hydrological Processes , 23 : 830 – 841 .
  • Mississippi River Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force . 2008 . Gulf hypoxia action plan 2008 , Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds .
  • Mitsch , W. J. and Day , J. W. 2006 . Restoration of wetlands in the Mississippi-Ohio-Misssouri (MOM) River Basin: Experience and needed research . Ecol. Eng. , 26 : 55 – 69 .
  • Mitsch , W. J. , Day , J. W. , Gilliam , W. , Groffman , P. M. , Hey , D. L. , Randall , G. W. and Wang , N. 2001 . Reducing nitrogen loading to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River basin: Strategies to counter a persistent ecological problem . BioScience , 51 : 373 – 388 .
  • Mitsch , W. J. , Day , J. W. , Zhang , L. and Lane , R. R. 2005a . Nitrate-nitrogen retention in wetlands of the Mississippi River Basin . Ecol. Eng. , 24 : 267 – 278 .
  • Mitsch , W. J. , Wang , N. , Zhang , L. , Deal , R. , Xinyuan , X. and Zuwerink , A. 2004b . “ Using ecological indicators in a whole-ecosystem wetland experiment ” . In Handbook of ecological indicators for assessment of ecosystem health , Edited by: Jørgensen , S. E. , Costanza , R. and Xu , F.-L. 211 – 236 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
  • Mitsch , W. J. , Zhang , L. , Anderson , C. J. , Altor , A. E. and Hernandez , M. E. 2005b . Creating riverine wetlands: Ecological succession, nutrient retention, and pulsing effects . Ecol. Eng. , 25 : 510 – 527 .
  • Mitsch , W. J. , Zhang , L. and Mauk , R. 2004a . “ Plant community development after eleven growing seasons in two experimental wetland basins ” . In Olentangy River wetlands research park at the Ohio State University, annual report 2004 , Edited by: Mitsch , W. J. , Zhang , L. and Anderson , C. 51 – 56 . Columbus , OH : The Ohio State University .
  • Mokry , L. E. , Frossard , W. , Andrews , D. , Plummer , A. H. Jr. and Mancini , J. L. 1996 . Constructed wetlands to supplement and protect a Texas water supply . Land and Water , 40 ( 1 ) : 30 – 33 .
  • Moreno , D. , Pedrocchi , C. , Comîn , F. A. , Garcia , M. and Cabezas , A. 2007 . Creating wetlands for the improvement of water quality and landscape restoration in semi-arid zones degraded by intensive agricultural use . Ecol. Eng. , 30 : 103 – 111 .
  • Moreno-Mateos , D. , Pedrocchi , C. and Comîn , F. A. 2009 . Effects of wetland construction on water quality in a semi-arid catchment degraded by intensive agricultural use . Ecol. Eng. , 36 : 631 – 639 .
  • Murray , B. , Jenkins , A. , Kramer , R. and Faulkner , S. P. 2009 . Valuing ecosystem services from wetlands restoration in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley , Report NI R 09–02 USDA and USGS .
  • Nahar , S. N. 1998 . Sub-surface investigation of water quality from a percolating constructed wetlands , Tempe, AZ : Master's thesis, Arizona State University .
  • Nahar , S. N. , Fox , P. and Wass , R. 1998 . Subsurface investigation of water quality from a percolating constructed wetlands . Proceedings of 71st National Conference of the Water Environment Federation , : 325 – 336 .
  • Nakasone , H. , Kuroda , H. , Kato , T. and Tabuchi , T. 2003 . Nitrogen removal from water containing high nitrate nitrogen in a paddy field (wetland) . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 48 ( 10 ) : 209 – 217 .
  • Nelson , E. J. , Leonhart , L. S. , Roudebush , E. M. , Zaleski , K. E. and Gearheart , R. A. 1999 . “ The Apache wetland: design and construction ” . In Wetlands and Remediation , Edited by: Means , J. L. and Hinchee , R. L. 265 – 272 . Columbus , OH : Battelle Press .
  • Nolte and Associates . 1998 . Sacramento regional wastewater treatment plant demonstration wetlands project: Five year summary report 1994–1998 , Report to Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District .
  • North American Treatment Wetland Database . 1998 . North American Treatment Wetland Database (NADB) Version 2.0. Retrieved from http://wetlandsolutionsinc.com/index.html
  • Paludan , C. , Alexeyev , F. E. , Drews , H. , Fleischer , S. , Fuglsang , A. , Kindt , T. , Kowalski , P. , Moos , M. , Radlowki , A. , Stromfors , G. , Westberg , V. and Wolter , K. 2002 . Wetland management to reduce Baltic Sea eutrophication . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 45 ( 9 ) : 87 – 94 .
  • Persson , J. , Somes , N. L.G. and Wong , T. H.F. 1999 . Hydraulics efficiency of constructed wetlands and ponds . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 40 : 291 – 300 .
  • Phipps , R. G. and Crumpton , W. G. 1994 . Factors affecting nitrogen loss in experimental wetlands with different hydrologic loads . Ecol. Eng. , 3 : 399 – 408 .
  • Poe , A. C. , Piehler , M. F. , Thompson , S. P. and Paerl , H. W. 2003 . Denitrification in a constructed wetland receiving agricultural runoff . Wetlands , 23 : 817 – 826 .
  • Prato , T. and Hey , D. L. 2006 . Economic analysis of wetland restoration along the Illinois River . J. Am. Wat. Res. Assoc. , 42 : 125 – 131 .
  • Qualls , R. G. and Richardson , C. J. 2008 . “ Carbon cycling and dissolved organic mnatter export in the northern Everglades. Chapter 13 ” . In The Everglades experiments: Ecological studies , Edited by: Richardson , C. J. Vol. 201 , New York , NY : Springer .
  • Rabalais , N. N. , Turner , R. E. , Sen Gupta , B. K. , Boesch , D. F. , Chapman , P. and Murrell , M. C. 2007 . Hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Does the science support the plan to reduce, mitigate, and control hypoxia? . Estuaries and Coasts , 30 : 753 – 772 .
  • Rash , J. K. and Liehr , S. K. 1999 . Flow pattern analysis of constructed wetlands treating landfill leachate . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 40 : 309 – 315 .
  • Reddy , K. R. , Delaune , R. D. , Debusk , W. F. and Koch , M. S. 1993 . Long-term nutrient accumulation rates in the Everglades . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 57 : 1147 – 1155 .
  • Reddy , K. R. , Kadlec , R. H. , Chimney , M. J. and Mitsch , W. J. 2006 . Special issue: The Everglades Nutrient Removal Project . Ecol. Eng. , 27 ( 4 )
  • Reddy , K. R. and Patrick , W. H. 1984 . Nitrogen transformations and loss in flooded soils and sediments . CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control , 13 : 273 – 309 .
  • Reilly , J. F. , Horne , A. J. and Miller , C. D . 2000 . Nitrate removal from a drinking water supply with large free-water surface constructed wetlands prior to groundwater recharge . Ecol. Eng. , 14 : 33 – 47 .
  • Rejmankova , E. and Post , R. A. 1996 . Methane in sulfate-rich and sulfate-poor wetland sediments . Biogeochemistry , 34 : 57 – 70 .
  • Ribaudo , M. O. , Heimlich , R. and Peters , M. 2005 . Nitrogen sources and Gulf hypoxia: Potential for environmental credit trading . Ecological Economics , 52 : 159 – 168 .
  • Robertson , W. D. and Merkley , L. C. 2009 . In-Stream bioreactor for agricultural nitrate treatment . J. Environ. Qual. , 38 ( 1 ) : 230 – 237 .
  • Roudebush , E. M. and Beilke , P. J. 2006 . The Apache nitrogen wetland: Groundwater denitrification using constructed wetlands . Southwest Hydrology , 5 ( 1 ) : 22 – 23 .
  • Roulet , N. T. 2000 . Peatlands, carbon storage, greenhouse gases, and the Kyoto protocol: Prospects and significance for Canada . Wetlands , 20 : 605 – 615 .
  • Saunders , D. L. and Kalff , J. 2001 . Nitrogen retention in wetlands, lakes and rivers . Hydrobiologia , 443 : 205 – 212 .
  • Schipper , L. A. and Vojvodic-Vukovic , M. 2001 . Five years of nitrate removal, denitrification and carbon dynamics in a denitrification wall . Wat. Res. , 35 : 3473 – 3477 .
  • Schwartz , L. N. 1989 . Nutrient, carbon, and water dynamics of a titi shrub swamp ecosystem in Apalachicola, Florida , Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida .
  • Schwartz , L. N. , Wallace , P. M. , Gale , P. M. , Smith , W. F. , Wittig , J. L. and McCarty , S. L. 1994 . Orange County Eastern Service Area reclaimed water reuse system . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 29 : 273 – 282 .
  • Scientific Resources, Inc . 1990 . Report on monitoring of Jackson Bottom Experimental Wetland (1989) , Hillsboro, OR : Report prepared for Unified Sewerage Agency .
  • Sebacher , D. I. , Harris , R. C. , Hartman , J. M. , Bartlett , K. B. and Bartlett , D. S. 1989 . Methane emissions from the Florida Everglades: Patterns of variability in a regional wetland ecosystem . Global Biogeochemical Cycles GBCYEP , 3 : 363 – 374 .
  • Seitzinger , S. P. 1988 . Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: Ecological and geochemical significance . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 33 : 702 – 724 .
  • Simi , A. L. and Mitchell , C. A. 1999 . Design and hydraulic performance of a constructed wetland treating oil refinery wastewater . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 40 : 301 – 307 .
  • Sirivedhin , T. and Gray , K. A. 2006 . Factors affecting denitrification rates in experimental wetlands: Field and laboratory studies . Ecol. Eng. , 26 : 167 – 181 .
  • Smith , E. , Gordon , R. , Madani , A. and Stratton , G. 2005 . Cold climate hydrological flow characteristics of constructed wetlands . Canadian Biosystems Engineering , 47 : 1.1 – 1.7 .
  • Smith , L. K. , Sartoris , J. J. , Thullen , J. S. and Andersen , D. C. 2000 . Investigation of denitrification rates in an ammonia-dominated constructed wastewater-treatment wetland . Wetlands , 20 : 684 – 696 .
  • South Florida Water Management District . 2004 . Everglades consolidated reports , West Palm Beach, FL : South Florida Water Management District .
  • South Florida Water Management District and Florida Department of Environmental Protection . 2009 . South Florida environmental reports , West Palm Beach, FL : South Florida Water Management District .
  • Søvik , A. K. , Augustin , J. , Heikkinen , K. , Huttunen , J. T. , Necki , J. M. , Karjalainen , S. M. , Kløve , B. , Liikanen , A. , Mander , U. , Puustinen , M. , Tieter , S. and Wachniew , P. 2006 . Emission of greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane from constructed wetlands in Europe . J. Environ. Qual. , 35 : 2360 – 2373 .
  • Spangler , F. L. , Sloey , W. E. and Fetter , C. W. Jr . 1976 . Wastewater treatment by natural and artificial marshes , Report EPA-600/2–76-207
  • Spieles , D. J. and Mitsch , W. J. 2000a . The effects of season and hydrologic and chemical loading on nitrate retention in constructed wetlands: A comparison of low- and high-nutrient riverine systems . Ecol. Eng. , 14 : 77 – 91 .
  • Spieles , D. J. and Mitsch , W. J. 2000b . Macroinvertebrate community structure in high- and low nutrient constructed wetlands . Wetlands , 20 : 716 – 729 .
  • Stadtmark , J. and Leonardson , L. 2005 . Emissions of greenhouse gases from ponds constructed for nitrogen removal . Ecol. Eng. , 25 : 542 – 551 .
  • Stain , S. 2003 . Performance Assessment of a Constructed Wetland For Wastewater Treatment , Perth , , Australia : Honours Thesis, The University of Western Australia .
  • Stairs , D. B. 1993 . Flow characteristics of constructed wetlands: Tracer studies of the hydraulic regime , Master's thesis, Oregon State University .
  • State of Illinois . 2001 . Statistical loading report, permit compliance system, annual point source loads for ammonia (Illinois River) , Springfield , IL : Author .
  • Stein , O. R. , Hook , P. B. , Beiderman , J. A. , Allen , W. C. and Borden , D. J. 2003 . Does batch operation enhance oxidation in subsurface flow constructed wetlands? . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 48 ( 5 ) : 149 – 156 .
  • Stewart , T. W. and Downing , J. A. 2008 . Macroinvertebrate communities and environmental conditions in recently constructed wetlands . Wetlands , 28 ( 1 ) : 141 – 150 .
  • Stone , K. C. , Hunt , P. G. , Novak , J. M. and Johnson , M. H. 2003 . In-stream wetland design for non-point source pollution abatement . Applied Engineering in Agriculture , 19 : 171 – 175 .
  • Swindell , C. E. and Jackson , J. A. 1990 . “ Constructed wetlands design and operation to maximize nutrient removal capabilities ” . In Constructed wetlands in water pollution control , Edited by: Cooper , P. F. and Findlater , B. C. 107 – 114 . Oxford , , England : Pergamon Press .
  • Tanner , C. C. , Nguyen , M. L. and Sukias , J. P.S. 2005a . Constructed wetland attenuation of nitrogen exported in subsurface drainage from irrigated and rain-fed dairy pastures . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 51 ( 9 ) : 55 – 61 .
  • Tanner , C. C. , Nguyen , M. L. and Sukias , J. P.S. 2003 . Using constructed wetlands to treat subsurface drainage from intensively grazed dairy pastures in New Zealand . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 48 : 207 – 213 .
  • Tanner , C. C. , Nguyen , M. L. and Sukias , J. P.S. 2005b . Nutrient removal by a constructed wetland treating subsurface drainage from grazed dairy pasture . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 105 : 145 – 162 .
  • Thiere , G. , Milenkovski , S. , Lindgren , P.-E. , Sahlen , G. , Berglund , O. and Weisner , S. E.B. 2009b . Wetland creation in agricultural landscapes: Biodiversity benefits on local and regional scales . Biological Conservation , 142 : 964 – 973 .
  • Thiere , G. , Stadtmark , J. and Weisner , S. E.B. 2009a . Nitrogen retention versus methane emission: Environmental benefits and risks of large-scale wetland creation . Ecol. Eng. , 2009 in press
  • Tilton , D. L. and Kadlec , R. H. 1979 . The utilization of freshwater wetlands for nutrient removal from secondarily treated wastewater . J. Environ. Qual. , 8 : 328 – 334 .
  • Toet , S. 2003 . A treatment wetland used for polishing tertiary effluent from a sewage treatment plant: Performance and processes , Doctoral dissertation, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands .
  • Toet , S. , Huibers , L. H.F.A. , Van Logtestijn , R. S.P. and Verhoeven , J. T.A. 2004 . Denitrification in the periphyton associated with plant shoots and in the sediment of a wetland system supplied with sewage treatment plant effluent . Hydrobiologia , 501 : 1573 – 5117 .
  • Toet , S. , Van Logtestijn , R. S.P. , Kampf , R. , Schreijer , M. and Verhoeven , J. T.A. 2005a . The effect of hydraulic retention time on the removal of pollutants from sewage treatment plant effluent in a surface-flow wetland system . Wetlands , 25 : 375 – 391 .
  • Toet , S. , Van Logtestijn , R. S.P. , Schreijer , M. , Kampf , R. and Verhoeven , J. T.A. 2005b . The functioning of a wetland system used for polishing effluent from a sewage treatment plant . Ecol. Eng. , 25 ( 1 ) : 101 – 124 .
  • Tonderski , K. S. 2000 . Temporal variations in N & P Removal in a SF wastewater treatment wetland in temperate climate . Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control , 1 : 1153 – 1161 .
  • Trepel , M. and Palmeri , L. 2002 . Quantifying Nitrogen retention in surface flow wetlands for environmental planning at the landscape scale . Ecol. Eng. , 19 : 127 – 140 .
  • Trujillo , M. E.C. 1997 . Residence time distributions in constructed wetlands and their application to modeling nitrate removal , Urbana , IL : Doctoral dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2000a . Constructed wetlands treatment of municipal wastewaters , EPA/625/R-99/010 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2000b . Guiding principles for constructed treatment wetlands: Providing water quality and wildlife habitat , EPA 843-B-00-003 Washington, DC : Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds . Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/constructed/guide.html
  • van Dam , A. A. , Dardona , A. , Kelderman , P. and Kansiime , F. 2007 . A simulation model for nitrogen retention in a papyrus wetland near Lake Victoria, Uganda (East Africa) . Wetlands Ecol. Manage. , 15 : 469 – 480 .
  • van Driel , P. W. , Robertson , W. D. and Merkley , L. C. 2006 . Denitrification of agricultural drainage using wood-based reactors . Trans. ASAE , 48 : 121 – 128 .
  • van Oostrom , A. J. 1995 . Nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands treating nitrified meat processing effluent . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 32 ( 3 ) : 137 – 148 .
  • van Oostrom , A. J. and Russell , J. M. 1994 . Denitrification in constructed wastewater wetlands receiving high concentrations of nitrate . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 29 ( 4 ) : 7 – 14 .
  • Vanotti , M. B. , Szogi , A. A. and Vives , C. A. 2008 . Greenhouse gas emission reduction and environmental quality improvement from implementation of aerobic waste treatment systems in swine farms . Waste Management , 28 : 759 – 766 .
  • Verhoeven , J. T.A. , Arheimer , B. , Yin , C. and Hefting , M. M. 2006 . Regional and global concerns over wetlands and water quality . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 21 : 96 – 103 .
  • Vymazal , J. and Kröpfelova , L. 2008 . Wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow , New York , NY : Springer .
  • Wass , R. D. 2003 . Occurrence of sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification in demonstration scale treatment Wetlands , Tempe, AZ : Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University .
  • Weisner , S. E.B. , Eriksson , P. , Graneli , W. and Leonardson , L. 1994 . Influence of macrophytes on nitrate removal in wetlands . Ambio , 23 : 363 – 366 .
  • Westermann , P. and Ahring , B. K. 1987 . Dynamics of methane production, sulfate reduction, and denitrification in a permanently waterlogged alder swamp . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 53 : 2554 – 2559 .
  • Whitehead , P. G. and Toms , I. P. 1993 . Dynamic modeling of nitrate in reservoirs and lakes . Water Research , 27 : 1377 – 1384 .
  • Whiting , G. J. , Chanton , J. P. , Happell , J. D. and Bartlett , D. S. 1991 . Relationships between CH4 emission, biomass, and CO2 exchange in a subtropical grassland . J. Geophys. Res. , 96 : 13067 – 13071 .
  • Whitmer , S. 1998 . Hydraulic characterization of treatment wetlands to improve design modeling and treatment efficiency , Tempe , , Arizona : Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University .
  • Whitmire , S. L. and Hamilton , S. K. 2005 . Rapid removal of nitrate and sulfate in freshwater wetland sediments . J. Environ. Qual. , 34 : 2062 – 2071 .
  • Wild , U. , Lenz , A. , Kamp , T. , Heinz , S. and Pfadenhauer , J. 2002 . “ Vegetation development, nutrient removal and trace gas fluxes in constructed Typha wetlands ” . In Natural wetlands for wastewater treatment in cold climates , Edited by: Mander , Ü. and Jenssen , P. D. 101 – 126 . Southampton , , England : WIT Press .
  • Wong , A. K. and Gleick , P. H. 2000 . Overview to water recycling in California: Success stories . Environmental Management and Health , 11 : 216 – 238 .
  • Wood , S. L. , Wheeler , E. F. , Begrhage , R. D. and Graves , R. E. 1999 . Temperature effects on wastewater nitrate removal in laboratory-scale constructed wetlands . Trans. ASAE , 42 ( 1 ) : 185 – 190 .
  • Wörman , A. and Kronnäs , V. 2005 . Effect of pond shape and vegetation heterogeneity on flow and treatment performance of constructed wetlands . Journal of Hydrology , 301 : 123 – 138 .
  • Wynn , T. M. and Liehr , S. K. 2001 . Development of a constructed subsurface flow wetland simulation model . Ecol. Eng. , 16 : 519 – 535 .
  • Xue , Y. , Kovacic , D. A. , David , M. B. , Gentry , L. E. , Mulvaney , R. L. and Lindau , C. W. 1999 . In situ measurements of denitrification in constructed wetlands . J. Environ. Qual. , 28 ( 1 ) : 263 – 269 .
  • Yavitt , J. B. 1997 . Methane and carbon dioxide dynamics in Typha Latifolia (L.) wetlands in central New York State . Wetlands , 17 : 394 – 406 .
  • Yonika , D. , Lowry , D. , Hollands , G. , Mullica , W. , Smith , G. and Bigelow , S. 1979 . Feasibility study of wetland disposal of wastewater treatment plant effluent , Report to Massachusetts Water Resources Commission, Project 78–04

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.