441
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Transformation of Chloride to Organic Chlorine in Terrestrial Environments: Variability, Extent, and Implications

&
Pages 2526-2545 | Published online: 12 Nov 2012

REFERENCES

  • Sheppard , S. C. , Johnson , L. H. , Goodwin , B. W. , Tait , J. C. , Wuschke , D. M. and Davison , C. C. 1997 . Chlorine-36 in nuclear waste disposal–1. Assessment results for used fuel with comparison to 129I and 14C . Waste Management , 16 : 607 – 614 .
  • Lee , R. T. , Shaw , G. , Wadey , P. and Wang , X. 2001 . Specific association of 36Cl with low molecular wight humic substances in soil . Chemosphere , 43 : 1063 – 1070 .
  • Myneni , S. C. B. 2002 . Formation of stable chlorinated hydrocarbons in weathering plant material . Science , 295 : 1039 – 1041 .
  • Fréchou , C. and Degros , J.-P. 2005 . Measurement of 36Cl in nuclear wastes and effluents: Validation of a radiochemical protocol with an in-house reference sample . Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry , 263 : 333 – 339 .
  • Lovett , G. M. , Likens , G. E. , Buso , D. C. , Driscoll , C. T. and Bailey , S. W. 2005 . The biogeochemistry of chlorine at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, USA . Biogeochemistry , 72 ( 2 ) : 191 – 232 .
  • Campbell , K. , Wolfsberg , A. , Fabryka-Martin , J. and Sweetkind , D. 2003 . Chlorine-36 data at Yucca Mountain: Statistical tests of conceptual models for unsaturated-zone flow . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 62–63 : 43 – 61 .
  • Öberg , G. and Sandén , P. 2005 . Retention of chloride in soil and cycling of organic matter bound chlorine . Hydrological Processes , 19 : 2132 – 2136 .
  • Clarke , N. , Fuksova , K. , Gryndler , M. , Lachmanova , Z. , Liste , H. H. , Rohlenova , J. , Schroll , R. , Schroder , P. and Matucha , M. 2009 . The formation and fate of chlorinated organic substances in temperate and boreal forest soils . Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 16 : 127 – 143 .
  • Leri , A. C. , Marcus , M. A. and Myneni , S. C. B. 2007 . “ X-ray spectromicroscopic investigation of natural organochlorine distribution in weathering plant material ” . In Symposium on Physical Chemistry of Soil and Aquifer Systems held in Honor of Garrison Sposito , 5834 – 5846 . London , , England : Pergamon .
  • Öberg , G. , Johansen , C. and Grøn , C. 1998 . Organic halogens in spruce forest throughfall . Chemosphere , 36 : 1689 – 1701 .
  • Bastviken , D. , Thomsen , F. , Svensson , T. , Karlsson , S. , Sandén , P. , Shaw , G. , Matucha , M. and Öberg , G. 2007 . Chloride retention in forest soil by microbial uptake and by natural chlorination of organic matter . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 71 : 3182 – 3192 .
  • Sheppard , S. C. , Sheppard , M. I. , Tait , J. C. and Sanipelli , B. L. 2006 . Revision and meta-analysis of selected biosphere parameter values for chlorine, iodine, neptunium, radium, radon and uranium . Journal of Environmental Radioactivity , 89 : 115 – 137 .
  • Gribble , G. 2003 . Natural production of organohalogen compounds , Berlin , , Germany : Springer Verlag .
  • Bastviken , D. , Svensson , T. , Karlsson , S. , Sandén , P. and Öberg , G. 2009 . Temperature sensitivity indicates that chlorination of organic matter in forest soil is primarily biotic . Environmental Science and Technology , 43 : 3569 – 3573 .
  • Keppler , F. , Eiden , R. , Niedan , V. , Pracht , J. and Schöler , H. F. 2000 . Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter . Nature , 403 : 298 – 301 .
  • Rohlenova , J. , Gryndler , M. , Forczek , S. T. , Fuksova , K. , Handova , V. and Matucha , M. 2009 . Microbial chlorination of organic matter in forest soil: Investigation using36Cl-chloride and its methodology . Environmental Science and Technology , 43 : 3652 – 3655 .
  • Asplund , G. , Christiansen , J. V. and Grimvall , A. 1993 . A chloroperoxidase-like catalyst in soil: detection and characterization of some properties . Soil Biology and Biochemistry , 25 : 41 – 46 .
  • Van Pée , K.-H. and Unversucht , S. 2003 . Biological dehalogenation and halogenation reactions . Chemosphere , 52 : 299 – 312 .
  • Shaw , P. D. , Beckwith , J. R. and Hager , L. P. 1959 . Biological chlorination. II. The biosynthesis of d-chlorolevulinic acid . The Journal of Biological Chemistry , 234 : 2560 – 2564 .
  • Shaw , P. D. and Hager , L. P. 1959 . Biological chlorination. III. b-ketoadipate chlorinase: a soluble enzyme system . The Journal of Biological Chemistry , 234 : 2565 – 2569 .
  • Shaw , P. D. and Hager , L. P. 1959 . Biological chlorination. IV. Peroxidative nature of enzymatic chlorination . The Journal of the American Chemical Society , 81 : 6527 – 6528 .
  • Shaw , P. D. and Hager , L. P. 1959 . An enzymatic chlorination reaction . The Journal of the American Chemical Society , 81 : 1011 – 1012 .
  • Shaw , P. D. and Hager , L. P. 1961 . Biological chlorination VI. Chloroperoxidase: A component of the b-ketoadipate chlorinase system . The Journal of Biological Chemistry , 236 : 1626 – 1630 .
  • Beckwith , J. R. , Clark , R. and Hager , L. P. 1963 . Biological chlorination VII. Studies on the biosynthesis of caldariomycin . The Journal of Biological Chemistry , 238 : 3086 – 3090 .
  • Beckwith , J. R. and Hager , L. P. 1963 . Biological chlorination VIII. Late intermediates in the biosynthesis of caldariomycin . The Journal of Biological Chlorination , 238 : 3091 – 3094 .
  • Manoj , K. M. 2006 . Chlorinations catalyzed by chloroperoxidase occur via diffusible intermediate(s) and the reaction components play multiple roles in the overall process . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 1764 : 1325 – 1339 .
  • Hager , L. P. 1966 . Chloroperoxidase II. Utilization of halogen anions . The Journal of Biological Chemistry , 241 : 1769 – 1777 .
  • Niedan , V. , Pavasars , I. and Öberg , G. 2000 . Chloroperoxidase-mediated chlorination of aromatic groups in fulvic acids . Chemosphere , 41 : 779 – 785 .
  • Gribble , G. W. 1994 . The natural production of chlorinated compounds . Environmental Science and Technology , 28 : 310 – 318A .
  • Chen , X. and Pée , K.-H. 2008 . Catalytic mechanisms, basic roles, and biotechnological and environmental significance of halogenating enzymes . Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica , 40 : 183 – 193 .
  • de Jong , E. and Field , J. A. 1997 . Sulfur tuft and Tukey tail: Biosynthesis and biodegradation of organohalogens by basidiomycetes . Annual Review of Microbiology , 51 : 357 – 414 .
  • Verhagen , F. J. M. , Swarts , H. J. , Kuyper , T. W. , Wijnberg , J. B. P. A. and Field , J. A. 1996 . The ubiquity of natural adsorbable organic halogen production among basidiomycetes . Applied Microbiology and biotechnology , 45 : 710 – 718 .
  • van Pee , K.-H. 1996 . Biosynthesis of halogenated metabolites by bacteria . Annual Review of Microbiology , 50 : 375 – 399 .
  • van Ginkel , C. G. , Rikken , G. B. , Kroon , A. G. M. and Kengen , S. W. M. 1996 . Purification and characterization of chlorite dismutase: a novel oxygen-generating enzyme . Archives of Microbiology , 166 : 321 – 326 .
  • Clutterbuck , P. W. , Mukhopadhyay , S. L. , Oxford , A. E. and Raistrick , H. 1940 . Studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. 65 A) a survey of chlorine metabolism by moulds. B) Caldariomycin, C5H8O2Cl2, a metabolic product of Caldariomyces fumago . The Biochemical Journal , 34 : 664 – 667 .
  • Öberg , G. , Brunberg , H. and Hjelm , O. 1997 . Production of organically bound halogens during degradation of birch wood by common white-rot fungi . Soil Biology and Biochemistry , 29 : 191 – 197 .
  • Silk , P. J. , Lonergan , G. C. , Arsenault , T. L. and Boyle , C. D. 1997 . Evidence of natural organochlorine formation in peat bogs . Chemosphere , 35 : 2865 – 2880 .
  • Ashworth , D. J. and Shaw , G. 2006 . A comparison of the soil migration and plant uptake of radioactive chlorine and iodine from contaminated groundwater . Journal of Environmental Radioactivity , 89 : 61 – 80 .
  • Bodvarsson , G. S. , Boyle , W. , Patterson , R. and Williams , D. 1999 . Overview of scientific investigations at Yucca mountain—the potential repository for high-level nuclear waste . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 38 : 3 – 24 .
  • Kashparov , V. , Colle , C. , Levchuk , S. , Yoschenko , V. and Svydynuk , N. 2007 . Transfer of chlorine from the environment to agricultural foodstuffs . Journal of Environmental Radioactivity , 94 : 1 – 15 .
  • Öberg , G. , Nordlund , E. and Berg , B. 1996 . In situ formation of organically bound halogens during decomposition of Norway spruce litter—effects of fertilization . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 26 : 1040 – 1048 .
  • Öberg , G. and Grøn , C. 1998 . Sources of organic halogens in spruce forest soil . Environmental Science and Technology , 32 : 1573 – 1579 .
  • Laschka , D. and Schall , U. 1989 . AOX als Indikator für die Belastung der Böden durch organische Schadstoffe? . Abwasserreinigung , 36 : 1292 – 1297 .
  • Asplund , G. , Grimvall , A. and Jonsson , S. 1994 . Determination of total and leachable amounts of organohalogens in soil . Chemosphere , 28 : 1467 – 1475 .
  • Leri , A. C. and Myneni , S. C. B. 2010 . Organochlorine turnover in forest ecosystems: The missing link in the terrestrial chlorine cycle . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 24 : GB4021
  • Reina , R. G. , Leri , A. C. and Myneni , S. C. B. 2004 . Cl, K.-edge X-ray spectroscopic investigation of enzymatic formation of organochlorines in decaying plant material . Environmental Science and Technology , 38 : 783 – 789 .
  • Johansson , E. , Ebenå , G. , Sandén , P. , Svensson , T. and Öberg , G. 2001 . Organic and inorganic chlorine in Swedish spruce forest soil: Influence of nitrogen . Geoderma , 10 : 1 – 13 .
  • Johansson , E. , Sandén , P. and Öberg , G. 2003 . Spatial patterns of organic chlorine and chloride in Swedish forest soil . Chemosphere , 52 : 391 – 397 .
  • Asplund , G. , Grimvall , A. and Pettersson , C. 1989 . Naturally produced organic halogens (AOX) in humic substances from soil and water . Science of the Total Environment , 81/82 : 239 – 248 .
  • Bengtsson , P. , Bastviken , D. , DeBoer , W. and Öberg , G. 2009 . Possible role of reactive chlorine in microbial antagonism and organic matter chlorination in terrestrial environments . Environmental Microbiology , 11 : 1330 – 1339 .
  • Öberg , G. , Börjesson , I. and Samuelsson , B. 1996 . Net change in organically bound halogens in relation to soil pH . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 89 : 351 – 361 .
  • Rodstedth , M. , Ståhlberg , C. , Sandén , P. and Öberg , G. 2003 . Chloride imbalances in soil lysimeters . Chemosphere , 52 : 381 – 389 .
  • Dickey , C. A. , Heal , K. V. , Cape , J. N. , Stidson , R. T. , Reeves , R. N. and Heal , M. R. 2005 . Addressing analytical uncertainties in the determination of trichloroacetic acid in soil . Journal of Environmental Monitoring , 7 : 137 – 144 .
  • Ortiz-Bermudez , P. , Hirth , K. C. , Srebotnik , E. and Hammel , K. E. 2007 . Chlorination of lignin by ubiquitous fungi has a likely role in global organochlorine production . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 104 : 3895 – 3900 .
  • Ortiz-Bermúdez , P. , Srebotnik , E. and Hammel , K. E. 2003 . Chlorination and cleavage of lignin structures by fungal chloroperoxidases . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 69 : 5015 – 5018 .
  • Albers , C. N. , Hansen , P. E. and Jacobsen , O. S. 2010 . Trichloromethyl compounds: Natural background concentrations and fates within and below coniferous forests . Science of the Total Environment , 408 : 6223 – 6234 .
  • Lee , R. C. 1997 . 36Cl transport and fate in soil , United Kingdom : Imperial College . PhD thesis
  • Heal , M. R. , Dickey , C. A. , Heal , K. V. , Stidson , R. T. , Matucha , M. and Cape , J. N. 2010 . The production and degradation of trichloroacetic acid in soil: Results from in situ soil column experiments . Chemosphere , 79 : 401 – 407 .
  • Asplund , G. and Grimvall , A. 1991 . Organohalogens in nature, more widespread than previously assumed . Environmental Science and Technology , 25 : 1346 – 1350 .
  • Killops , S. D. and Killops , V. J. 1993 . An introduction to organic geochemistry , Singapore : Longman .
  • Swift , M. J. , Heal , O. H. and Anderson , J. M. 1979 . Decomposition in terrestrial environments , Oxford , , England : Blackwell Scientific .
  • Tate , R. L. III . 1987 . Soil organic matter: Biological and ecological effects , New York , NY : Wiley .
  • Qualls , R. G. and Haines , B. L. 1991 . Fluxes of dissolved organic nutrients and humic substances in a deciduous forest, Ecology Vol. 72 , 254 – 266 .
  • Beier , C. , Hansen , K. and Gundersen , P. 1993 . Spatial variability of throughfall fluxes in a spruce forest, Environmental Pollution Vol. 81 , 257 – 267 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.