Vibrational Spectroscopy for Analysis of Water for Human Use and in Aquatic Ecosystems

REFERENCES

• World Health Organization . 2006 . Guidelines for drinking-water quality, incorporating second and third addenda (3rd ed.) , Geneva , , Switzerland : WHO . Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2010 . Drinking water contaminants . Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm
   Google Scholar
• European Union . 2010 . The EU Water Framework Directive , http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
   Google Scholar
• Karlberg , B. , Worsfold , P. and Anderson , J. E. T. 2010 . European analytical column no. 38 . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 397 : 1647 – 1651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan , J. , Goldbloom-Helzner , D. , Ichida , A. , Rouse , T. and Gibson , M. 2005 . Technologies and techniques for early warning systems to monitor and evaluate drinking water quality: A state-of-the-art review , Washington , DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Storey , M. V. , van der Gaag , B. and Burns , B. P. 2011 . Advances in on-line drinking water quality monitoring and early warning systems . Water Res. , 45 : 741 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , X. 2007 . Best practice guidance for water body monitoring. SWIFT-WFD screening methods for water data information in support of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive http://www.xpro-consulting.com/uploads/fck/D66-SWIFT-Best-Practice.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Graveline , N. An operational perspective on potential uses and constraints of emerging tools for monitoring water quality . Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 29 378 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers , J. M. and Griffiths , P. R. 2002 . Handbook of vibrational spectroscopy , New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Collette , T. W. and Williams , T. L. 2002 . The role of Raman spectroscopy in the analytical chemistry of potable water . J. Environ. Monit. , 4 : 27 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker , H. J. and Skinner , J. L. 2009 . Vibrational spectroscopy as a probe of structure and dynamics in liquid water . Chem. Rev. , 110 : 1498 – 1517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segtnan , V. H. , Sasic , S. , Isaksson , T. and Ozaki , Y. 2001 . Studies on the structure of water using two-dimensional near-infrared correlation spectroscopy and principal component analysis . Anal. Chem. , 73 : 3153 – 3161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , J. D. , Cappa , C. D. , Wilson , K. R. , Cohen , R. C. , Geissler , P. L. and Saykally , R. J. 2005 . Unified description of temperature-dependent hydrogen-bond rearrangements in liquid water . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U S A , 102 : 14171 – 14174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda , H. , Ozaki , Y. , Tanaka , M. , Hayashi , N. and Kojima , T. 1995 . Near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics studies of temperature-dependent spectral variations of water: Relationship between spectral changes and hydrogen bonds . J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. , 3 : 191 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , J. and Brown , C. W. 1994 . Novel applications of near-infrared spectroscopy of water and aqueous solutions from physical chemistry to analytical chemistry . Trends Anal. Chem. , 13 : 320 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , J. and Brown , C. W. 1993 . Universal approach for determination of physical and chemical properties of water by near-IR spectroscopy . Appl. Spectrosc. , 47 : 1720 – 1727 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue , A. , Kojima , K. , Taniguchi , Y. and Suzuki , K. 1984 . Near-infrared spectra of water and aqueous-electrolyte solutions at high pressures . J. Sol. Chem. , 13 : 811 – 823 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molt , K. and Cho , Y. J. 1995 . Analysis of aqueous solutions by near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS). 1. Titrations of strong acids with strong bases . J. Mol. Struct. , 349 : 345 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost , V. J. and Molt , K. 1997 . Analysis of aqueous solutions by near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS). 3. Binary mixtures of inorganic salts in water . J. Mol. Struct. , 410 : 573 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunzl , K. W. 1967 . Near-infrared spectra of aqueous solutions of some tetra-n-alkylammonium bromides . J. Phys. Chem. , 71 : 1358 – 1363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabakk , E. , Nilsson , M. , Geladi , P. , Wold , S. and Renberg , I. 2000 . Inferring lake water chemistry from filtered seston using NIR spectrometry . Water Res. , 34 : 1666 – 1672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Medeiros , V. M. , Ugulino Araújo , M. C. , Harrop Galvão , R. K. , da Silva , E. C. , Bezerra Saldanha , T. C. Salata Toscano , I. A. 2005 . Screening analysis of river seston downstream of an effluent discharge point using near-infrared reflectance spectrometry and wavelet-based spectral region selection . Water Res. , 39 : 3089 – 3097 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domenighini , A. and Giordano , M. 2009 . Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of microalgae as a novel tool for biodiversity studies, species identification, and the assessment of water quality . J. Phycol. , 45 : 522 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Qadiri , H. M. , Al-Holy , M. A. , Lin , M. , Alami , N. I. , Cavinato , A. G. and Rasco , B. A. 2006 . Rapid detection and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli as pure and mixed cultures in bottled drinking water using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 5749 – 5754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Qadiri , H. M. , Al-Alami , N. I. , Al-Holy , M. A. and Rasco , B. A. 2008 . Using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorbance spectroscopy and multivariate analysis to study the effect of chlorine-induced bacterial injury in water . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 56 : 8992 – 8997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer , J. , Ebel , N. , Schlücker , E. and Leipertz , A. 2010 . Characterization of Escherichia coli suspensions using UV/Vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy . Anal. Meth. , 2 : 123 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heglund , D. L. and Tilotta , D. C. 1996 . Determination of volatile organic compounds in water by solid phase microextraction and infrared spectroscopy . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 30 : 1212 – 1219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer , N. and Romero , M. T. 2002 . Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid phase extraction applied to the determination of oil and grease in water matrices . Microchim. Acta , 140 : 35 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , A. M.S. , Pimentel , M. F. , Raimundo , I. M. Jr. and Almeida , Y. M. B. 2008 . A PVC sensing phase for determination of BTEX in water employing mid-infrared spectroscopy . Vib. Spectrosc. , 46 : 39 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pejcic , B. , Myers , M. and Ross , A. 2009 . Mid-infrared sensing of organic pollutants in aqueous environments . Sensors , 9 : 6232 – 6253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich , P. , Wyzgol , R. , Schrader , B. , Hatzilazaru , A. and Lübbers , D. W. 1990 . Determination of organic compounds by IR/ATR spectroscopy with polymer-coated internal reflection elements . Appl. Spectrosc. , 44 : 1641 – 1646 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlowatz , M. , Kraft , M. and Mizaikoff , B. 2004 . Simultaneous quantitative determination of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in water using mid-infrared evanescent field spectroscopy . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 2643 – 2648 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , J. and Cheng , M. L. 2001 . Development of an SPME/ATR-IR chemical sensor for detection of phenol type compounds in aqueous solutions . Analyst , 126 : 881 – 886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakusch , M. , Janotta , M. and Mizaikoff , B. 1999 . Molecularly imprinted polymers and infrared evanescent wave spectroscopy. A chemical sensors approach . Anal. Chem. , 71 : 4786 – 4791 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flavin , K. , Mullowney , J. , Murphy , B. , Owens , E. , Kirwan , P. Murphy , K. 2007 . The development of novel organically modified sol-gel media for use with ATR/FTIR sensing . Analyst , 132 : 224 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizaikoff , B. 2003 . Infrared optical sensors for water quality monitoring . Water Sci. Technol. , 47 : 35 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobel , R. , Krska , R. , Kellner , R. , Kastner , J. , Lambrecht , A. Tacke , M. 1995 . Enhancing the sensitivity of chemical sensors for chlorinated hydrocarbons in water by the use of tapered silver-halide fibers and tunable diode-lasers . Appl. Spectrosc. , 49 : 1174 – 1177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakusch , M. , Mizaikoff , B. , Kellner , R. and Katzir , A. 1997 . Toward a remote IR fiber-optic sensor system for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water . Sens. Actuators B , 38 : 83 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft , M. , Karlowatz , M. , Mizaikoff , B. , Stück , R. , Steden , M. , Ulex , M. and Amann , H. 2002 . Sensor head development for mid-infrared fibre-optic underwater sensors . Meas. Sci. Technol. , 13 : 1294 – 1303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer , T. , Hahn , P. , Hartwig , S. , Konz , W. , Scharring , S. Katzir , A. 2003 . Mini spectrometer with silver halide sensor fiber for in situ detection of chlorinated hydrocarbons . Sens. Actuators B , 90 : 319 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raichlin , Y. and Katzir , A. 2008 . Fiber-optic evanescent wave spectroscopy in the middle infrared . Appl. Spectrosc. , 62 : 55A – 72A .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizaikoff , B. 1999 . Mid-infrared evanescent wave sensors—a novel approach for subsea monitoring . Meas. Sci. Technol. , 10 : 1185 – 1194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan , F. , Meaney , M. , Vos , J. G. , MacCraith , B. D. and Walsh , J. E. 1996 . Determination of pesticides in water using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy on PVC/chloroparaffin coatings . Anal. Chim. Acta , 334 : 85 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albuquerque , J. S. , Pimentel , M. F. , Silva , V. L. , Raimundo , I. M. Jr. , Rohwedder , J. R. and Pasquini , C. 2004 . Silicone sensing phase for detection of aromatic hydrocarbons in water employing near-infrared spectroscopy . Anal. Chem. , 77 : 72 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima , K. M. G. , Raimundo , I. M. Jr. and Pimentel , M. F. 2007 . Improving the detection limits of near infrared spectroscopy in the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in water employing a silicone sensing phase . Sens. Actuators B , 125 : 229 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair , D. S. and Bando , J. 1998 . Quantitative monitoring of volatile organic compounds in water using an evanescent fiber optic chemical sensor . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 294 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burck , J. , Conzen , J.-P. , Beckhaus , B. and Ache , H.-J. 1994 . Fiber-optic evanescent-wave sensor for in situ determination of nonpolar organic compounds in water . Sens. Actuators B , 18 : 291 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buerck , J. , Roth , S. , Kraemer , K. , Scholz , M. and Klaas , N. 2001 . Application of a fiber-optic NIR-EFA sensor system for in situ monitoring of aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated groundwater . J. Hazard. Mater. , 83 : 11 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittkamp , B. L. and Tilotta , D. C. 1995 . Determination of BTEX compounds in water by solid phase microextraction and Raman spectroscopy . Anal. Chem. , 67 : 600 – 605 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collette , T. W. , Williams , T. L. and D’Angelo , J. C. 2001 . Optimization of Raman spectroscopy for speciation of organics in water . Appl. Spectrosc. , 55 : 750 – 766 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda , K. , Haramaki , T. , Nakashima , S. , Habert , B. , Martinez , I. and Kashiwabara , S. 2003 . Structural change of water with solutes and temperature up to 100 degrees C in aqueous solutions as revealed by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy . Appl. Spectrosc. , 57 : 274 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillipan , N. , Bezemer , E. , Burke , J. and Rutan , S. C. 2004 . Studies of liquid-phase complexes in acetonitrile/water solutions by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy with acetaldehyde as a model solute . Appl. Spectrosc. , 58 : 1187 – 1194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbs , G. T. , Luzinova , Y. , Mizaikoff , B. , Raichlin , Y. and Katzir , A. Infrared spectroscopy for monitoring gas hydrates in aqueous solution . Paper presented at the the 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Vancouver, Canada, July 6–10
   Google Scholar
• Orghici , R. , Willer , U. , Gierszewska , M. , Waldvogel , S. R. and Schade , W. 2008 . Fiber optic evanescent field sensor for detection of explosives and CO2 dissolved in water . Appl. Phys. B , 90 : 355 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakudo , A. , Tsenkova , R. , Tei , K. , Onozuka , T. , Ikuta , K. Yoshimura , E. 2006 . Comparison of the vibration mode of metals in HNO3 by a partial least-squares regression analysis of near-infrared spectra . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 70 : 1578 – 1583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malley , D. F. , Lawrence , S. G. , Holoka , M. H. and Williams , P. C. 1996 . Applying near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic-bound cadmium in lake picoplankton . J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress , 5 : 135 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Malley , D. F. , Williams , P. C. , Stainton , M. P. and Hauser , B. W. 1993 . Application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in the measurement of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in seston from oligotrophic lakes . Can. J. Fisher. Aquat. Sci. , 50 : 1779 – 1785 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malley , D. F. , Williams , P. C. and Stainton , M. P. 1996 . Rapid measurement of suspended C, N, and P from precambrian shield lakes using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy . Water Res. , 30 : 1325 – 1332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malley , D. F. and Williams , P. C. 1997 . Use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in prediction of heavy metals in freshwater sediment by their association with organic matter . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 3461 – 3467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , Z. X. , Tao , W. , Fang , J. , Wei , X. and Du , Y. 2009 . Multivariate calibration of on-line enrichment near-infrared (NIR) spectra and determination of trace lead in water . Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , 98 : 195 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavaille , D. , Combes , D. and Zwick , A. 1996 . Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and additives on the dynamics of water: A Raman spectroscopy study . J. Raman Spectrosc. , 27 : 853 – 857 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , R. H. , Jiang , Z. , Guan , Y. , Yang , H. and Liu , B. 2009 . Effects of metal ion on the water structure studied by the Raman O-H stretching spectrum . J. Raman Spectrosc. , 40 : 1200 – 1204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubessy , J. , Lhomme , T. , Boiron , M.-C. and Rull , F. 2002 . Determination of chlorinity in aqueous fluids using Raman spectroscopy of the stretching band of water at room temperature: Application to fluid inclusions . Appl. Spectrosc. , 56 : 99 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premasiri , W. R. , Clarke , R. H. , Londhe , S. and Womble , M. E. 2001 . Determination of cyanide in waste water by low-resolution surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on sol-gel substrates . J. Raman Spectrosc. , 32 : 919 – 922 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C. H. , Yuan , J. H. and Zeng , X. Y. 2007 . Comparison and analysis of laser Raman spectra of common drinking water . Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal. , 27 : 2053 – 2056 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , J. E. , MacCraith , B. D. , Meaney , M. , Vos , J. G. , Regan , F. Lancia , A. 1996 . Sensing of chlorinated hydrocarbons and pesticides in water using polymer coated mid-infrared optical fibres . Analyst , 121 : 789 – 792 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner , P. A. and Leung , K. M. 1996 . Spectral interpretation and qualitative analysis of organophosphorus pesticides using FT-Raman and PT-infrared spectroscopy . Appl. Spectrosc. , 50 : 565 – 571 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , P. , Zhou , X. , Cheng , A. Y.S. and Fang , Y. 2006 . Raman spectra from pesticides on the surface of fruits . International Conference on Materials for Advanced Technologies (ICMAT 2005) , 28 : 7 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Alak , A. M. and Vodinh , T. 1988 . Surface-enhanced Raman spectrometry of chlorinated pesticides . Anal. Chim. Acta , 206 : 333 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , J. C. , Ando , R. A. , Sant’Ana , A. C. , Rossi , L. M. , Santos , P. S. Temperini , M. L. 2009 . High performance gold nanorods and silver nanocubes in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of pesticides . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 11 : 7491 – 7498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi , A. Detection and identification of a water mixture of E. coli cells and B. subtilis spores with Raman chemical imaging microscopy . Paper presented at the 2007 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference ,
   Google Scholar
• Tripathi , A. , Jbbour , R. E. , Treado , P. J. , Neiss , J. H. , Nelson , M. P. Jensen , J. L. 2008 . Waterborne pathogen detection using Raman spectroscopy . Appl. Spectrosc. , 62 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens , H. , Bruun , S. W. , Adt , I. , Sockalingum , G. D. and Kohler , A. 2006 . Pre-processing in biochemometrics: Correction for path-length and temperature effects of water in FTIR bio-spectroscopy by EMSC . J. Chemomet. , 20 : 402 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsenkova , R. 2009 . Introduction Aquaphotomics: dynamic spectroscopy of aqueous and biological systems describes peculiarities of water . J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. , 17 : 303 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , H. B. , Zhong , H. , Karpowicz , N. , Chen , Y. and Zhang , X.-C. 2007 . Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging for defense and security applications . Proceedings of the IEEE , 95 : 1514 – 1527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaun , N. , Baena , J. R. , Newnham , D. and Lendl , B. 2005 . Terahertz pulsed spectroscopy as a new tool for measuring the structuring effect of solutes on water . Appl. Spectrosc. , 59 : 505 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Born , B. and Havenith , M. 2009 . Terahertz dance of proteins and sugars with water . J. Infrared Millimeter Terahertz Waves , 30 : 1245 – 1254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowen , A. A. , O’Donnell , C. P. , Cullen , P. J. , Downey , G. and Frias , J. M. 2007 . Hyperspectral imaging: An emerging process analytical tool for food quality and safety control . Trends Food Sci. Technol. , 18 : 590 – 598 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowen , A. A. , O’Donnell , C. P. , Cullen , P. J. and Bell , S. E.J. 2008 . Recent applications of Chemical Imaging to pharmaceutical process monitoring and quality control . European J. Pharmaceut. Biopharmaceut. , 69 : 10 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , J. W. and Lu , R. F. 2007 . Measurement of the absorption and scattering properties of turbid liquid foods using hyperspectral imaging . Appl. Spectrosc. , 61 : 388 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bing , Z. , Shen , Q. and Li , J. Monitoring water quality of urban water supply sources using optical remote sensing . Paper presented at the 2009 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event ,
   Google Scholar
• Coskun , H. , Tanik , A. , Alganci , U. and Cigizoglu , H. K. 2008 . Determination of environmental quality of a drinking water reservoir by remote sensing, GIS and regression analysis . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 194 : 275 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarrazin , F. , Salmon , J.-B. , Talaba , D. and Servant , L. 2008 . Chemical reaction imaging within microfluidic devices using confocal Raman spectroscopy: The case of water and deuterium oxide as a model system . Anal. Chem. , 80 : 1689 – 1695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasic , S. and Harding , L. 2010 . Global illumination Raman chemical imaging of a combination of two drug molecules in a dry powder inhaler formulation . Analytical Methods , 2 : 1528 – 1535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , S. , Chung , H. and Han , J. W. 2005 . Improved accuracy of on-line heavy water measurement using infrared spectroscopy by investigation of signal-to-noise ratio and temperature influences . Analyst , 130 : 745 – 749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Official Journal of the European Communities . 1998 . Quality of water intended for human consumption . Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri˭OJ:L:1998:330:0032:0054:EN:PDF
   Google Scholar
• Yang , J. and Tsai , S.-S. 2002 . Cooled internal reflection element for infrared chemical sensing of volatile to semi-volatile organic compounds in the headspace of aqueous solutions . Anal. Chim. Acta , 462 : 235 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krska , R. 1993 . New IR fiberoptic chemical sensor for in situ measurements of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water . Appl. Spectrosc. , 47 : 1484 – 1487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar