Sampling and Analytical Methods for Determining VOC in Air by Biomonitoring Human Exposure

REFERENCES

• Adahchour , M. , Beens , J. and Brinkman , U. A. T. 2008 . Recent developments in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A , 1186 : 67 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akdeniz , N. , Koziel , J. A. , Ahn , H. K. , Glanville , T. D. , Crawford , B. P. and Raman , D. R. 2009 . Air sampling and analysis method for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) related to field-scale mortality composting operations . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 57 : 5658 – 5664 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Zabadi , H. , Ferrari , L. , Laurent , A. M. , Tiberguent , A. , Paris , C. and Zmirou-Navier , D. 2008 . Biomonitoring of complex occupational exposures to carcinogens: The case of sewage workers in Paris . Bmc Cancer , 8 ( 67 ) : 1 – 10 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albertini , R. , Bird , M. , Doerrer , N. , Needham , L. , Robison , S. Sheldon , L. 2006 . The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessments . Environ. Health Persp. , 114 : 1755 – 1762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. G. , McClean , M. D. , Stapleton , H. M. , Nelson , J. W. and Webster , T. F. 2007 . Personal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in residential indoor air . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 41 : 4574 – 4579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Society for Testing and Materials . 1996 . Standard Practice for Determining Volatile Organic Compound Content of Paints and Related Coatings Report No. ASTM D3960
   Google Scholar
• Amorim , L. C. A. and Cardeal , Z. L. 2007 . Breath air analysis and its use as a biomarker in biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure to chemical agents . J. Chromatogr. B , 853 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angerer , J. , Ewers , U. and Wilhelm , M. 2007 . Human biomonitoring: State of the art . Int. J. Hyg. Envir. Heal. , 210 : 201 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquilina , N. J. , Delgado-Saborit , J. M. , Meddings , C. , Baker , S. , Harrison , R. M. Jacob , P. III . 2010 . Environmental and biological monitoring of exposures to PAHs and ETS in the general population . Environ. Int. , 36 : 763 – 771 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araki , A. , Eitaki , Y. , Kawai , T. , Kanazawa , A. , Takeda , M. and Kishi , R. 2009 . Diffusive sampling and measurement of microbial volatile organic compounds in indoor air . Indoor Air , 19 : 421 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , C. L. and Pawliszyn , J. 1990 . Solid-phase microextraction with termal-dersoption using fused sílica optical fibers . Anal. Chem. , 62 : 2145 – 2148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayi Fanou , L. , Mobio , T. A. , Creppy , E. E. , Fayomi , B. , Fustoni , S. Møller , P. 2006 . Survey of air pollution in Cotonou, Benin: Air monitoring and biomarkers . Sci. Total Environ. , 358 : 85 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badjagbo , K. , Moore , S. and Sauve , S. 2007 . Real-time continuous monitoring methods for airborne VOCs . Trac-Trend Anal. Chem. , 26 : 931 – 940 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badjagbo , K. , Picard , P. , Moore , S. and Sauve , S. 2009 . Direct atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the continuous real-time trace analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in aair . J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectr. , 20 : 829 – 836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltussen , E. , Cramers , C. A. and Sandra , P. J. F. 2002 . Sorptive sample preparation: A review . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 373 : 3 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbieri , A. S. L. , Indiveri , P. and Violante , F. S. 2007 . Biological monitoring of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in urban traffic wardens by LC-MS analysis . G. Ital. Med. Lav. Erg. , 29 : 536 – 538 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barro , R. , Ares , S. , Garcia-Jares , C. , Llompart , M. and Cela , R. 2004 . Development of a sensitive methodology for the analysis of chlorobenzenes in air by combination of solid-phase extraction and headspace solid-phase microextraction . J. Chromatogr. A , 1045 : 189 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartelt , R. J. 1997 . Calibration of a commercial solid-phase microextraction device for measuring headspace concentrations of organic volatiles . Anal. Chem. , 69 : 364 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartelt , R. J. and Zilkowski , B. W. 2000 . Airflow rate in the quantitation of volatiles in air streams by solid-phase microextraction . Anal. Chem. , 72 : 3949 – 3955 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayen , S. , Obbard , J. P. and Thomas , G. O. 2006 . Chlorinated paraffins: A review of analysis and environmental occurrence . Environ. Int. , 32 : 915 – 929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berezkin , V. G. , Makarov , E. D. and Stolyarov , B. V. 2003 . Needle-type concentrator and its application to the determination of pollutants . J. Chromatogr. A , 985 : 63 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , C. M. , Spicer , C. W. and Doskey , P. V. 2005 . Hydrocarbon observations and ozone production rates in Western Houston during the Texas 2000 Air Quality Study . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 3383 – 3396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blount , B. C. , Kobelski , R. J. , McElprang , D. O. , Ashley , D. L. , Morrow , J. C. Chambers , D. M. 2006 . Quantification of 31 volatile organic compounds in whole blood using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. B , 832 : 292 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohlin , P. , Jones , K. C. and Strandberg , B. 2007 . Occupational and indoor air exposure to persistent organic pollutants: A review of passive sampling techniques and needs . J. Environ. Monitor. , 9 : 501 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bono , R. , Piccioni , P. , Traversi , D. , Degan , R. , Grosa , M. Bosello , G. 2007 . Urban air quality and carboxyhemoglobin levels in a group of traffic policemen . Sci. Total Environ. , 376 : 109 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buthbumrung , N. , Mahidol , C. , Navasumrit , P. , Promvijit , J. , Hunsonti , P. Autrup , H. 2008 . Oxidative DNA damage and influence of genetic polymorphisms among urban and rural schoolchildren exposed to benzene . Chem-Biol. Interact. , 172 : 185 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos-Candel , A. , Llobat-Estelles , M. and Mauri-Aucejo , A. 2009 . Comparative evaluation of liquid chromatography versus gas chromatography using a beta-cyclodextrin stationary phase for the determination of BTEX in occupational environments . Talanta , 78 : 1286 – 1292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro , J. and Gallego , M. 2009 . Environmental and biological monitoring of volatile organic compounds in the workplace . Chemosphere , 77 : 426 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik , A. , Diler , S. B. and Eke , D. 2010 . Assessment of Genetic Damage in Buccal Epithelium Cells of Painters: Micronucleus, Nuclear Changes, and Repair Index . DNA Cell Biol , 29 : 277 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , C. C. , OuYang , C. F. , Wang , C. H. , Chiang , S. W. and Wang , J. L. 2010 . Validation of in-situ measurements of volatile organic compounds through flask sampling and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis . Atmos. Environ. , 44 : 1301 – 1307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. S. , Hseu , Y. C. , Liang , S. H. , Kuo , J. Y. and Chen , S. C. 2008 . Assessment of genotoxicity of methyl-tert-butyl ether, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene to human lymphocytes using comet assay . J. Hazard. Mater. , 153 : 351 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , H. W. , Ho , K. F. , Lee , S. C. and Nichol , J. E. 2010 . Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) in ambient air over Hong Kong: Analytical methodology and field measurement . Int. J. Environ. An. Ch. , 90 : 988 – 998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. , Koziel , J. A. and Pawliszyn , J. 2003 . Calibration for on-site analysis of hydrocarbons in aqueous and gaseous samples using solid-phase microextraction . Anal. Chem. , 75 : 6485 – 6493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , K. C. , Stock , T. H. , Smith , L. A. , Afshar , M. , Liao , X. L. and Stallings , C. 2009 . Post-Hurricane Katrina passive sampling of ambient volatile organic compounds in the greater New Orleans area . Environ. Res. , 109 : 943 – 951 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claeson , A. S. , Ostin , A. and Sunesson , A. L. 2004 . Development of a LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of volatile primary and secondary amines as NIT (naphthylisothiocyanate) derivatives . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 378 : 932 – 939 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes , H. J. , Winniford , B. , Luong , J. and Pursch , M. 2009 . Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography review . J. Sep. Sci. , 32 : 883 – 904 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creba , A. S , Weissfloch , A. N. E. , Krogh , E. T. and Gill , C. G. 2007 . An enzyme derivatized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane for use in membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) . J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectr. , 18 : 973 – 979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis , L. , Rea , W. , Smith-Willis , P. and Fenyves , E. P. Y. 2006 . Adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants . Environ. Int. , 32 : 815 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalene , M. , Persson , P. and Skarping , G. 1992 . Determination of formaldehyde in air by chemisorption on glass filters impregnated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine using GC with thermionic specific detection . J. Chromatogr. A , 626 : 284 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dales , R. , Liu , L. , Wheeler , A. J. and Gilbert , N. L. 2008 . Quality of indoor residential air and health . Can. Med. Assoc. J. , 179 : 147 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Koning , S. , Janssen , H. G. and Brinkman , U. A. T. 2009 . Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis . Chromatographia , 69 : S33 – S78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demeestere , K. , Dewulf , J. , De Witte , B. and Van Langenhove , H. 2007 . Sample preparation for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in air and water matrices . J. Chromatogr. A , 1153 : 130 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettmer , K. and Engewald , W. 2002 . Adsorbent materials commonly used in air analysis for adsorptive enrichment and thermal desorption of volatile organic compounds . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 373 : 490 – 500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettmer , K. and Engewald , W. 2003 . Ambient air analysis of volatile organic compounds using adsorptive enrichment . Chromatographia , 57 : S339 – S347 .
   Google Scholar
• Diaz-Bone , R. A. , Hollmann , M. , Wuerfel , O. and Pieper , D. 2009 . Analysis of volatile arsenic compounds formed by intestinal microorganisms: Rapid identification of new metabolic products by use of simultaneous EI-MS and ICP-MS detection after gas chromatographic separation . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 24 : 808 – 814 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz , C. , Sanz , J. and Camara , C. 2006 . Recent developments in solid-phase microextraction coatings and related techniques . J. Chromatogr. A , 1103 : 183 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding , Y. S. , Blount , B. C. , Valentin-Blasini , L. , Applewhite , H. S. , Xia , Y. Watson , C. H. 2009 . Simultaneous determination of six mercapturic acid metabolites of volatile organic compounds in human urine . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 22 : 1018 – 1025 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducos , P. , Berode , M. , Francin , J. M. , Arnoux , C. and Lefevre , C. 2008 . Biological monitoring of exposure to solvents using the chemical itself in urine: application to toluene . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 81 : 273 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmi , I. , Zampolli , S. , Cozzani , E. , Mancarella , F. and Cardinali , G. C. 2008 . Development of ultra-low-power consumption MOX sensors with ppb-level VOC detection capabilities for emerging applications . Sens. Actuators, B , 135 : 342 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epton , M. J. , Dawson , R. D. , Brooks , W. M. , Kingham , S. , Aberkane , T. Cavanagh , J. A. E. 2008 . The effect of ambient air pollution on respiratory health of school children: a panel study . Environ. Health , 7 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esteve-Turrillas , F. A. , Ly-Verdu , S. , Pastor , A. and de la Guardia , M. 2009 . Development of a versatile, easy and rapid atmospheric monitor for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes determination in air . J. Chromatogr. A , 1216 : 8549 – 8556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Union . 1999 . On the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations Report No. Council Directive 1999/13/EC
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , P. B. and Singh , R. 2008 . Use of DNA adducts to identify human health risk from exposure to hazardous environmental pollutants: The increasing role of mass spectrometry in assessing biologically effective doses of genotoxic carcinogens . Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. , 659 : 68 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari , F. , Sanusi , A. , Millet , M. and Montury , M. 2004 . Multiresidue method using SPME for the determination of various pesticides with different volatility in confined atmospheres . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 379 : 476 – 483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gholson , A. R. , Jayanty , R. K. M. and Storm , J. F. 1990 . Evaluation of aluminum canisters for the collection and storage of air toxics . Anal. Chem. , 62 : 1899 – 1902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , S. M. , Brinkman , M. C. , Ashley , D. L. , Blount , B. C. , Lyu , C. Masters , J. 2006 . Changes in breath trihalomethane levels resulting from household water-use activities . Environ. Health Persp. , 114 : 514 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorecki , T. and Namiesnik , J. 2002 . Passive sampling . Trac-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 21 : 276 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakola , H. , Tarvainen , V. , Laurila , T. , Hiltunen , V. , Hellen , H. and Keronen , P. 2003 . Seasonal variation of VOC concentrations above a boreal coniferous forest . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 1623 – 1634 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , J. F. 2010 . Using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to study the atmosphere . J. Chromatogr. Sci. , 48 : 274 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , M. 2000 . Sorbent trapping of volatile organic compounds from air . J. Chromatogr. A , 885 : 129 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinwood , A. L. , Trout , M. , Murby , J. , Barton , C. and Symons , B. 2008 . Assessing urinary levoglucosan and methoxyphenols as biomarkers for use in woodsmoke exposure studies . Sci. Total Environ. , 402 : 139 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippelein , M. 2006 . Analysing selected VVOCs in indoor air with solid phase microextraction (SPME): A case study . Chemosphere , 65 : 271 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu , J. P. , Miller , G. and Moran , V. 1991 . Analytical method for determination of trace organics in gas samples colleted by canister . J. Chromatogr. Sci. , 29 : 83 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , R. J. and Hoffmann , T. 2008 . A denuder-impinger system with in situ derivatization followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of gaseous iodine-containing halogen species . J. Chromatogr. A , 1210 : 135 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , Z. H. and Wang , J. D. 2002 . Remote sensing detection of atmospheric pollutants by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry . Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. , 22 : 235 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbriani , M. and Ghittori , S. 2005 . Gases and organic solvents in urine as biomarkers of occupational exposure: A review . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 78 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isetun , S. and Nilsson , U. 2005 . Dynamic field sampling of airborne organophosphate triesters using solid-phase microextraction under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions . Analyst , 130 : 94 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakubowski , M. and Czerczak , S. 2009 . Calculating the retention of volatile organic compounds in the lung on the basis of their physicochemical properties . Environ. Toxicol. Phar. , 28 : 311 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janasik , B. , Jakubowski , M. and Jałowiecki , P. 2008 . Excretion of unchanged volatile organic compounds (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and mesitylene) in urine as result of experimental human volunteer exposure . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 81 : 443 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janasik , B. , Jakubowski , M. and Jałowiecki , P. 2008 . Excretion of unchanged volatile organic compounds (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and mesitylene) in urine as result of experimental human volunteer exposure . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 81 : 443 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janfelt , C. , Graesboll , R. and Lauritsen , F. R. 2008 . Characterization and optimization of membrane inlets for a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer operating at a high background pressure of humid air . Int. J. Mass Spectrom. , 276 : 17 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia , C. , D’Souza , J. and Batterman , S. 2008 . Distributions of personal VOC exposures: A population-based analysis . Environ. Int. , 34 : 922 – 931 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo , W.-K. and Kim , J.-D. 2010 . Personal exposure of graduate students attending the college of natural sciences or social sciences to volatile organic compounds on campus . Chemosphere , 81 : 1272 – 1279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juarez-Galan , J. M. and Valor , I. 2009 . New universal, portable and cryogenic sampler for time weighted average monitoring of H2S, NH3, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and dimethylethylamine . J. Chromatogr. A , 1216 : 3003 – 3011 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabir , E. and Kim , K. H. 2010 . An on-line analysis of 7 odorous volatile organic compounds in the ambient air surrounding a large industrial complex . Atmos. Environ. , 44 : 3492 – 3502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kansal , A. 2009 . Sources and reactivity of NMHCs and VOCs in the atmosphere: A review . J. Hazard. Mater. , 166 : 17 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katulski , R. J. , Namiesnik , J. , Sadowski , J. , Stefanski , J. , Szymanska , K. and Wardencki , W. 2010 . Mobile system for on-road measurements of air pollutants . Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 81 : 045104
   Google Scholar
• Ketola , R. A. , Kiuru , J. T. , Tarkiainen , V. , Kokkonen , J. T. , Rasanen , J. and Kotiaho , T. 2006 . Detection of volatile organic compounds by temperature-programmed desorption combined with mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy . Anal. Chim. Acta , 562 : 245 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketola , R. A. , Kotiaho , T. , Cisper , M. E. and Allen , T. M. 2002 . Environmental applications of membrane introduction mass spectrometry . J. Mass Spectrom. , 37 : 457 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig , J. Q. , Jansen , K. , Mar , T. F. , Lumley , T. , Kaufman , J. Trenga , C. A. 2003 . Measurement of offline exhaled nitric oxide in a study of community exposure to air pollution . Environ. Health Persp. , 111 : 1625 – 1629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komenda , M. , Parusel , E. , Wedel , A. and Koppmann , R. 2001 . Measurements of biogenic VOC emissions: Sampling, analysis and calibration . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 2069 – 2080 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kot-Wasik , A. , Zabiegala , B. , Urbanowicz , M. , Dominiak , E. , Wasik , A. and Namiesnik , J. 2007 . Advances in passive sampling in environmental studies . Anal. Chim. Acta , 602 : 141 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziel , J. , Jia , M. Y. and Pawliszyn , J. 2000 . Air sampling with porous solid-phase microextraction fibers . Anal. Chem. , 72 : 5178 – 5186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krol , S. , Zabiegala , B. and Namiesnik , J. 2010 . Monitoring VOCs in atmospheric air I. On-line gas analyzers . Trac-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 29 : 1092 – 1100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , A. and Viden , I. 2007 . Volatile organic compounds: Sampling methods and their worldwide profile in ambient air . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 131 : 301 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kume , K. , Ohura , T. , Amagai , T. and Fusaya , M. 2008 . Field monitoring of volatile organic compounds using passive air samplers in an industrial city in Japan . Environ. Pollut. , 153 : 649 – 657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaKind , J. , Barraj , L. , Tran , N. and Aylward , L. 2008 . Environmental chemicals in people: challenges in interpreting biomonitoring information . J. Environ. Health , 70 : 61 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamas , J. P. , Sanchez-Prado , L. , Lores , M. , Garcia-Jares , C. and Llompart , M. 2010 . Sorbent trapping solid-phase microextraction of fragrance allergens in indoor air . J. Chromatogr. A , 1217 : 5307 – 5316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larroque , V. , Desauziers , V. and Mocho , P. 2006a . Development of a solid phase microextraction (SPME) method for the sampling of VOC traces in indoor air . J. Environ. Monit. , 8 : 106 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larroque , V. , Desauziers , V. and Mocho , P. 2006b . Comparison of two solid-phase microextraction methods for the quantitative analysis of VOCs in indoor air . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 386 : 1457 – 1464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , C. W. , Dai , Y. T. , Chien , C. H. and Hsu , D. J. 2006 . Characteristics and health impacts of volatile organic compounds in photocopy centers . Environ. Res. , 100 : 139 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , A. C. , Carslaw , N. , Marriott , P. J. , Kinghorn , R. M. , Morrison , P. Lee , A. L. 2000 . A larger pool of ozone-forming carbon compounds in urban atmospheres . Nature , 405 : 778 – 781 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H. J. , Yokouchi , Y. and Akimoto , H. 1999 . Measurement of methyl halides in the marine atmosphere . Atmos. Environ. , 33 : 1881 – 1887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Y. M. , Hu , J. , Tang , L. , He , Y. H. , Wu , X. Hou , X. D. 2008 . Miniaturized dielectric barrier discharge included cchemiluminescence for deeetection of volatile chloinated hydrocarbons separated by gas chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A , 1192 : 194 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X. Y. and Pawliszyn , J. 2005 . On-site environmental analysis by membrane extraction with a sorbent interface combined with a portable gas chromatograph system . Int. J. Environ. An. Ch. , 85 : 1189 – 1200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X. Y. , Pawliszyn , R. , Wang , L. M. and Pawliszyn , J. 2004 . On-site monitoring of biogenic emissions from Eucalyptus dunnii leaves using membrane extraction with sorbent interface combined with a portable gas chromatograph system . Analyst , 129 : 55 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llop , S. , Ballester , F. , Estarlich , M. , Ibarluzea , J. , Manrique , A. Rebagliato , M. 2008 . Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, air pollution exposure and associated life style factors in pregnant women . Sci. Total Environ. , 407 : 97 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ly-Verdú , S. , Esteve-Turrillas , F. A. , Pastor , A. and de la Guardia , M. 2010a . Determination of volatile organic compounds in contaminated air using semipermeable membrane devices . Talanta , 80 : 2041 – 2048 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ly-Verdú , S. , Esteve-Turrillas , F. A. , Pastor , A. and de la Guardia , M. 2010b . A passive sampling-based analytical strategy for the determination of volatile organic compounds in the air of working areas . Anal. Chim. Acta , 677 : 131 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Ma , W. , Liu , X. Y. and Pawliszyn , J. 2006 . Analysis of human breath with micro extraction techniques and continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide concentration . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 385 : 1398 – 1408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangani , G. , Berloni , A. and Maione , M. 2003 . Cold solid-phase microextraction method for the determination of volatile halocarbons present in the atmosphere at ultra-trace levels . J. Chromatogr. A , 988 : 167 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marriott , P. and Shellie , R. 2002 . Principles and applications of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography . Trac-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 21 : 573 – 583 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matisova , E. and Domotorova , M. 2003 . Fast gas chromatography and its use in trace analysis . J. Chromatogr. A , 1000 : 199 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes , H. C. , Amorim , L. C. A. and Cardeal , Z. L. 2009 . Sampling of benzene in environmental and exhaled air by solid-phase microextraction and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 395 : 2583 – 2589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meurer , E. C. , Tomazela , D. M. , Silva , R. C. , Augusto , F. and Eberlin , M. N. 2002 . Fiber introduction mass spectrometry: Fully direct coupling of solid-phase microextraction with mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 74 : 5688 – 5692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michulec , M. , Wardencki , W. , Partyka , M. and Namiesnik , J. 2005 . Analytical techniques used in monitoring of atmospheric air pollutants . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 35 : 117 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mielke , L. H. , Pratt , K. A. , Shepson , P. B. , McLuckey , S. A. , Wisthaler , A. and Hansel , A. 2010 . Quantitative determination of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere using proton-transfer reaction linear ion trap mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 82 : 7952 – 7957 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliaccio , C. T. , Bergauff , M. A. , Palmer , C. P. , Jessop , F. , Noonan , C. W. and Ward , T. J. 2009 . Urinary levoglucosan as a biomarker of wood smoke exposure: Observations in a mouse model and in children . Environ. Health Persp. , 117 : 74 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , C. S. , Zhang , J. J. , Sigsgaard , T. , Jantunen , M. , Lioy , P. J. Samson , R. 2007 . Current state of the science: Health effects and indoor environmental quality . Environ. Health Persp. , 115 : 958 – 964 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocho , P. , Larroque , V. and Desauziers , V. 2007 . Modelling of toluene solid-phase microextraction for indoor air sampling . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 388 : 147 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocho , P. , Nicolle , J. and Desauziers , V. 2008 . Modelling of adsorption kinetics and calibration curves of gaseous volatile organic compounds with adsorptive solid-phase microextraction fibre: toluene and acetone for indoor air applications . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 392 : 97 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller , P. 2005 . Genotoxicity of environmental agents assessed by the alkaline comet assay . Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 96 : 336 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Mondello , L. , Tranchida , P. Q. , Dugo , P. and Dugo , G. 2008 . Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review . Mass Spectrom. Rev. , 27 : 101 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley , M. and Pawliszyn , J. 2010 . Membrane extraction with a sorbent interface and gas chromatography for the characterization of ethylene in human breath . Ieee Sens. J. , 10 : 167 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moxom , J. , Reilly , P. T. A. , Whitten , W. B. and Ramsey , M. 2003 . Analysis of volatile organic compounds in air with a micro ion trap mass analyzer . Anal. Chem. , 75 : 3739 – 3743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir , D. C. G. and Howard , P. H. 2006 . Are there other persistent organic pollutants? A challenge for environmental chemists . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 7157 – 7166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namiesnik , J. , Zabiegala , B. , Kot-Wasik , A. , Partyka , M. and Wasik , A. 2005 . Passive sampling and/or extraction techniques in environmental analysis: A review . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 381 : 279 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 2003 . Manual of analytical methods Report No. NIOSH/2003–154
   Google Scholar
• Neri , M. , Bonassi , S. , Knudsen , L. E. , Sram , R. J. , Holland , N. Ugolini , D. 2006 . Children's exposure to environmental pollutants and biomarkers of genetic damage I: Overview and critical issues . Mut. Res.-Rev. Mut. , 612 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell , E. and Hurley , F. 2009 . A review of the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative methods used in health impact assessment . Public Health , 123 : 306 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill , M. , Jerrett , M. , Kawachi , I. , Levy , J. , Cohen , A. and Gouveia , N. 2003 . Health, wealth, and air pollution: Advancing theory and methods . Environ. Health Persp. , 111 : 1861 – 1870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochiai , N. , Daishima , S. and Cardin , D. B. 2003 . Long-term measurement of volatile organic compounds in ambient air by canister-based one-week sampling method . J. Environ. Monit. , 5 : 997 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Admistration . 2003 . Volatile organic compounds in air Report No. OSHA/T-PV2120–01–0305-ACT
   Google Scholar
• Ochiai , N. , Ieda , T. , Sasamoto , K. , Fushimi , A. , Hasegawa , S. Tanabe , K. 2007 . Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry and simultaneous nitrogen phosphorous and mass spectrometric detection for characterization of nanoparticles in roadside atmosphere . J. Chromatogr. A , 1150 : 13 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohura , T. , Amagai , T. , Shen , X. Y. , Li , S. A. , Zhang , P. and Zhu , L. Z. 2009 . Comparative study on indoor air quality in Japan and China: Characteristics of residential indoor and outdoor VOCs . Atmos. Environ. , 43 : 6352 – 6359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang , G. and Pawliszyn , J. 2006a . Recent developments in SPME for on-site analysis and monitoring . Trac-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 25 : 692 – 703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang , G. and Pawliszyn , J. 2006b . SPME in environmental analysis . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 386 : 1059 – 1073 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang , G. and Pawliszyn , J. 2008 . A critical review in calibration methods for solid-phase microextraction . Anal. Chim. Acta , 627 : 184 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozel , M. Z. , Ward , M. W. , Hamilton , J. F. , Lewis , A. C. , Raventos-Duran , T. and Harrison , R. M. 2010 . Analysis of organic nitrogen compounds in urban aerosol samples using GCxGC-TOF/MS . Aerosol Sci. Tech. , 44 : 109 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan , L. and Pawliszyn , J. 1997 . Derivatization/solid-phase microextraction: New approach to polar analytes . Anal. Chem. , 69 : 196 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey , A. K. , Bajpayee , M. , Parmar , D. , Kumar , R. , Rastogi , S. K. Mathur , N. 2008 . Multipronged evaluation of genotoxicity in Indian petrol-pump workers . Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , 49 : 695 – 707 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey , S. K. and Kim , K. H. 2009 . Comparative analysis of odorous volatile organic compounds between direct injection and solid-phase microextraction: Development and validation of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methodology . J. Chromatogr. A , 1216 : 5436 – 5444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey , S. K. and Kim , K. H. 2010 . A review of environmental tobacco smoke and its determination in air . Trac-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 29 : 804 – 819 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra , M. A. , Elustondo , D. , Bermejo , R. and Santamaría , J. M. 2008 . Quantification of indoor and outdoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in pubs and cafés in Pamplona, Spain . Atmos. Environ. , 42 : 6647 – 6654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra , M. A. , Elustondo , D. , Bermejo , R. and Santamaria , J. M. 2009 . Ambient air levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a medium size city in Northern Spain . Sci. Total Environ. , 407 : 999 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partyka , M. , Zabiegala , B. , Namiesnik , J. and Przyjazny , A. 2007 . Application of passive samplers in monitoring of organic constituents of air . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 37 : 51 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perbellini , L. P. A. , Pasini , F. and Brugnone , F. 2003 . Comparison of breath, blood and urine concentrations in the biomonitoring of environmental exposure to 1,3-butadiene, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and benzene . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 76 : 461 – 466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleil , J. D. , Hubbard , H. F. , Sobus , J. R. , Sawyer , K. and Madden , M. C. 2008 . Volatile polar metabolites in exhaled breath condensate (EBC): Collection and analysis . J. Breath Res. , 2 : 026001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli , D. , Goldoni , M. , Corradi , M. , Acampa , O. , Carbognani , P. Internullo , E. 2010 . Determination of aldehydes in exhaled breath of patients with lung cancer by means of on-fiber-deravitisation SPME-GC/MS . J. Chromatogr. B. , 878 : 2643 – 2651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polkowska , Z. , Kozłowska , K. , Mazerska , Z. , Gorecki , T. and Namiesnik , J. 2006 . Volatile organohalogen compounds in human urine: The effect of environmental exposure . Chemosphere , 62 : 626 – 640 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , S. K. , Dean , T. A. , Oudsema , J. W. and Poole , C. F. 1990 . Sample preparation for chromatographic separations: An overview . Anal. Chim. Acta , 236 : 3 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protano , C. , Guidotti , M. , Manini , P. , Petyx , M. , La Torre , G. and Vitali , M. 2010 . Benzene exposure in childhood: Role of living environments and assessment of available tools . Environ. Int. , 36 : 779 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ras , M. R. , Borrull , F. and Marcé , R. M. 2008 . Determination of volatile organic sulfur compounds in the air at sewage management areas by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . Talanta , 74 : 562 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ras , M. R. , Borrull , F. and Marce , R. M. 2009 . Sampling and preconcentration techniques for determination of volatile organic compounds in air samples . Trac-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 28 : 347 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribes , A. , Carrera , G. , Gallego , E. , Roca , X. , Berenguer , M. J. and Guardino , X. 2007 . Development and validation of a method for air-quality and nuisance odors monitoring of volatile organic compounds using multi-sorbent adsorption and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry thermal desorption system . J. Chromatogr. A , 1140 : 44 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riter , L. S. , Meurer , E. C. , Cotte-Rodriguez , I. , Eberlin , M. N. and Cooks , R. G. 2003 . Solid phase micro-extraction in a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer . Analyst , 128 : 1119 – 1122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolle-Kampczyk , U. E. , Rehwagen , M. , Franck , U. , Weiss , H. , Krumbiegel , P. and Herbarth , O. 2006 . Bio-effect monitoring using a N-15 methacetin test as diagnostic tool to monitor remediation effects in an industrially polluted region . Toxicol. Lett. , 162 : 234 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roukos , J. , Plaisance , H. , Leonardis , T. , Bates , M. and Locoge , N. 2009 . Development and validation of an automated monitoring system for oxygenated volatile organic compounds and nitrile compounds in ambient air . J. Chromatogr. A , 1216 : 8642 – 8651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan , T. , Wang , Y. W. , Zhang , Q. H. , Ding , L. , Wang , P. Qu , G. B. 2010 . Trace determination of airborne polyfluorinated iodine alkanes using multisorbent thermal desorption/gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 1217 : 4439 – 4447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio , S. and Perez-Bendito , D. 2009 . Recent advances in environmental analysis . Anal. Chem. , 81 : 4601 – 4622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph , J. , Muller , K. P. and Koppmann , R. 1990 . Sampling of organic volatiles in the atmosphere at moderate and low pollution levels . Anal. Chim. Acta , 236 : 197 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutkiewicz , I. , Jakubowska , N. , Polkowska , Z. and Namiesnik , J. 2011 . Monitoring of occupational exposure to volatile organohalogen solvents (VOXs) in human urine samples of dry-cleaner workers by TLHS-DAI-GC-ECD procedure . Ind. Health , 49 : 126 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , P. B. , Burke , T. A. , Hubal , E. A. C. , Cura , J. J. and McKone , T. E. 2007 . Using biomarkers to inform cumulative risk assessment . Environ. Health Persp. , 115 : 833 – 840 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito , Y. , Ueta , I. , Kotera , K. , Ogawa , M. , Wada , H. and Jinno , K. 2006 . In-needle extraction device designed for gas chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds . J. Chromatogr. A , 1106 : 190 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez , C. , Ericsson , M. , Carlsson , H. and Colmsjo , A. 2003 . Determination of organophosphate esters in air samples by dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction coupled on-line with large-volume injection gas chromatography utilizing a programmed-temperature vaporizer . J Chromatogr A , 993 : 103 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanusi , A. , Ferrari , F. , Millet , M. and Montury , M. 2003 . Pesticide vapours in confined atmospheres. Determination of dichlorvos by SPME-GC-MS at the mu g m(-3) level . J. Environ. Monit. , 5 ( 4 ) : 574 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapkota , A. , Halden , R. U. , Dominici , F. , Groopman , J. D. and Buckley , T. J. 2006 . Urinary biomarkers of 1,3-butadiene in environmental settings using liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry . Chem.-Biol. Interact. , 160 : 70 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxton , J. E. , Lewis , A. C. , Kettlewell , J. H. , Ozel , M. Z. , Gogus , F. Boni , Y. 2007 . Isoprene and monoterpene measurements in a secondary forest in northern Benin . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 7 : 4095 – 4106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheepers , P. T. J. , Konings , J. , Demirel , G. , Gaga , E. O. , Anzion , R. Peer , P. G. M. 2010 . Determination of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in Turkish primary school children by analysis of breath and by environmental passive sampling . Sci. Total Environ. , 408 : 4863 – 4870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , A. and Heumann , K. G. 2002 . Two-dimensional on-line detection of brominated and iodinated volatile organic compounds by ECD and ICP-MS after GC separation . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 374 : 212 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , A. , Gorecki , T. , Mussche , P. , Lips , J. and Pawliszyn , J. 2000 . Development of membrane extraction with a sorbent interface-micro gas chromatography system for field analysis . J. Chromatogr. A , 873 : 13 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton , K. , Callahan , M. A. , Bryan , E. F. , Saint , C. G. and Wood , W. P. 1995 . Informed decisions about protecting and promoting public health rationale for a national human exposure assessment survey . J. Expo. Anal. Env. Epid. , 5 : 233 – 256 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shellie , R. and Marriott , P. J. 2002 . Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with fast enantioseparation . Anal. Chem. , 74 : 5426 – 5430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , L. I. B. , Ferreira , F. D. P. , Rocha-Santos , T. A. P. and Duarte , A. C. 2009b . Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor detector associated to gas chromatography for speciation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, (o-, m- and p-)xylene . J. Chromatogr. A , 1216 : 6517 – 6521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , L. I. B. , Rocha-Santos , T. A. P. and Duarte , A. C. 2008 . Comparison of a gas chromatography-optical fibre (GC-OF) detect or with a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for determination of alcoholic compounds in industrial atmospheres . Talanta , 76 : 395 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , L. I. B. , Rocha-Santos , T. A. R. and Duarte , A. C. 2009a . Remote optical fibre microsensor for monitoring BTEX in confined industrial atmospheres . Talanta , 78 : 548 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , B. C. , Hodgson , A. T. , Hotchi , T. , Ming , K. Y. , Sextro , R. G. Wood , E. E. 2007 . Sorption of organic gases in residential rooms . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 3251 – 3265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha , S. N. , Kulkarni , P. K. , Shah , S. H. , Desai , N. M. , Patel , G. M. Mansuri , M. M. 2006 . Environmental monitoring of benzene and toluene produced in indoor air due to combustion of solid biomass fuels . Sci. Total Environ. , 357 : 280 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders , R. , Schramm , K. , Stenius , U. , Grellier , J. , Kahn , A. Trnovec , T. 2009 . A review on the practical application of human biomonitoring in integrated environmental health impact assessment . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 12 : 107 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stashenko , E. E. and Martinez , J. R. 2004 . Derivatization and solid-phase microextraction . Trac-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 23 : 553 – 561 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steeghs , M. M. L. , Moeskops , B. , van Swam , K. , Cristescu , S. M. , Scheepers , P. T. J. and Harren , F. J. M. 2006 . On-line monitoring of UV-induced lipid peroxidation products from human skin in vivo using proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry . Int. J. Mass Spectrom. , 253 : 58 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , A. J. , Etzkorn , J. M. , van Pel , D. M. , Krogh , E. T. , Drakeford , D. R. and Gill , C. G. 2008 . Membrane introduction tandem mass spectrometry (MIMS-MS/MS) as a real-time monitor for biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from plants . Can. J. Anal. Sci. Spect. , 53 : 75 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Tolnai , B. , Hlavay , J. , Moller , D. , Prumke , H. J. , Becker , H. and Dostler , M. 2000 . Combination of canister and solid adsorbent sampling techniques for determination of volatile organic hydrocarbons . Microchem. J. , 67 : 163 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torri , C. and Fabbri , D. 2009 . Application of off-line pyrolysis with dynamic solid-phase microextraction to the GC-MS analysis of biomass pyrolysis products . Microchem. J. , 93 : 133 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tovalin-Ahumada , H. and Whitehead , L. 2007 . Personal exposures to volatile organic compounds among outdoor and indoor workers in two Mexican cities . Sci. Total Environ. , 376 : 60 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , S. W. and Chang , T. A. 2002 . Time-weighted average sampling of airborne n-valeraldehyde by a solid-phase microextration device . J. Chromatogr. A , 954 : 191 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuduri , L. , Desauziers , V. and Fanlo , J. L. 2000 . Determination of absolute amount extracted by solid-phase microextraction: Different approaches under examination . J. Microcolumn Sep. , 12 : 550 – 557 .
   Google Scholar
• Tumbiolo , S. , Gal , J. F. , Maria , P. C. and Zerbinati , O. 2004 . Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in air by solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 380 : 824 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1999 . Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air: Compendium method TO-15 Report No. EPA/625/R-96/010b
   Google Scholar
• Uhde , E. and Salthammer , T. 2007 . Impact of reaction products from building materials and furnishings on indoor air quality: A review of recent advances in indoor chemistry . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 3111 – 3128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainiotalo , S. , Väänänen , V. and Vaaranrinta , R. 2008 . Measurement of 16 volatile organic compounds in restaurant air contaminated with environmental tobacco smoke . Environ. Res. , 108 : 280 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Berkel , J. J. B. N. , Dallinga , J. W. , Möller , G. M. , Godschalk , R. W. L. , Moonen , E. Wouters , E. F. M. 2008 . Development of accurate classification method based on the analysis of volatile organic compounds from human exhaled air . J. Chromatogr. B , 861 : 101 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , A. P. , Fang , F. and Pawliszyn , J. 2005 . Sampling and determination of volatile organic compounds with needle trap devices . J. Chromatogr. A , 1072 : 127 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , B. , Lee , S. C. , Ho , K. F. and Kang , Y. M. 2007 . Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from burning of incense in temples, Hong Kong . Sci. Total Environ. , 377 : 52 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , B. L. , Takigawa , T. , Takeuchi , A. , Yamasaki , Y. , Kataoka , H. Wang , D. H. 2007b . Unmetabolized VOCs in urine as biomarkers of low level exposure in indoor environments . J. Occup. Health , 49 : 104 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , D. K. W. and Austin , C. C. 2006 . Determination of complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in ambient air: an overview . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 386 : 1089 – 1098 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , S. , Ang , H. M. and Tade , M. O. 2007a . Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: State of the art . Environ. Int. , 33 : 694 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardencki , W. , Katulski , R. J. , Stefanski , J. and Namiesnik , J. 2008 . The state of the art in the field of non-stationary instruments for the determination and monitoring of atmospheric pollutants . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 38 : 259 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , V. M. , Buckley , T. J. and Groopman , J. D. 1998 . Approaches to environmental exposure assessment in children . Environ. Health Persp. , 106 : 827 – 832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieslander , G. and Norback , D. 2010 . Ocular symptoms, tear film stability, nasal patency, and biomarkers in nasal lavage in indoor painters in relation to emissions from water-based paint . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 83 : 733 – 741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolfenden , E. 2010 . Sorbent-based sampling methods for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air: Part 1: Sorbent-based air monitoring options . J. Chromatogr. A , 1217 : 2674 – 2684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1989 . Indoor air quality: Organic pollutants Report No. WHO 111 (December)
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1999 . International programme on chemical safety: Environmental health criteria 210: Human exposure assessment Report No. WHO/QV/602
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2000 . International programme on chemical safety: Environmental health criteria 214: Human exposure assessment Report No. WHO/QT/162
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2005 . Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide: Summary of risk assessment Report No. WHO/SDE/PHE/OEH/06.02
   Google Scholar
• Xie , Z. Y. and Ebinghaus , R. 2008 . Analytical methods for the determination of emerging organic contaminants in the atmosphere . Anal. Chim. Acta , 610 : 156 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , Y. , Kanno , N. , Tonokura , K. , Yabushita , A. and Kawasaki , M. 2010 . Membrane introduction system for trace analysis of volatile organic compounds using a single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer . Int. J. Mass Spectrom. , 296 : 25 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yashin , Y. I. and Yashin , A. Y. 2006 . Analytical chromatography. Methods, instrumentation and applications . Usp. Khim. , 75 : 366 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Yassaa , N. and Williams , J. 2005 . Analysis of enantiomeric and non-enantiomeric monoterpenes in plant emissions using portable dynamic air sampling/solid-phase microextraction (PDAS-SPME) and chiral gas chromatography/mass spectrometry . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 4875 – 4884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yassaa , N. and Williams , J. 2007 . Enantiomeric monoterpene emissions from natural and damaged Scots pine in a boreal coniferous forest measured using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 1141 : 138 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida , T. 2009 . Simultaneous determination of 18 pyrethroids in indoor air by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 1216 : 5069 – 5076 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabiegala , B. , Partyka , M. , Gorecki , T. and Namiesnik , J. 2006 . Application of the chromatographic retention index system for the estimation of the calibration constants of permeation passive samplers with polydimethylsiloxane membranes . J. Chromatogr. A , 1117 : 19 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalel , A. and Yuval Broday , D. M. 2008 . Revealing source signatures in ambient BTEX concentrations . Environ. Pollut. , 156 : 553 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zampolli , S. , Elmi , I. , Mancarella , F. , Betti , P. , Dalcanale , E. Cardinali , G. C. 2009 . Real-time monitoring of sub-ppb concentrations of aromatic volatiles with a MEMS-enabled miniaturized gas-chromatograph . Sens. Actuators, B , 141 : 322 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng , E. Y. and Noblet , J. A. 2002 . Theoretical considerations on the use of solid-phase microextraction with complex environmental samples . Environ. Sci. Technol , 36 : 3385 – 3392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , S. C. , Cai , L. S. , Koziel , J. A. , Hoff , S. J. , Schmidt , D. R. Clanton , C. J. 2010 . Field air sampling and simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis of livestock odorants with sorbent tubes and GC-MS/olfactometry . Sens. Actuators, B , 146 : 427 – 432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoccolillo , L. , Amendola , L. , Insogna , S. and Pastorini , E. 2010 . On-line analysis of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in air by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Improvements in preconcentration and injection steps . J. Chromatogr. A , 1217 : 3890 – 3895 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar