6,221
Views
376
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Nanopesticides: State of Knowledge, Environmental Fate, and Exposure Modeling

, , &
Pages 1823-1867 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

REFERENCES

  • Allmaier , G. , Maisser , A. , Laschober , C. , Messner , P. and Szymanski , W. W. 2011 . Parallel differential mobility analysis for electrostatic characterization and manipulation of nanoparticles and viruses . TrAC–Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 30 : 123 – 132 .
  • American Bar Association . 2006 . The adequacy of FIFRA to regulate nanotechnology-based pesticides Report of the American Bar Association. Section of Environment, Energy and resources, Available at http://www.abanet.org/environ/nanotech/pdf/FIFRA.pdf
  • Amonette , J. and O’Connor , G. A. 1980 . Non-ionic surfactant effects on adsorption and degradation of 2,4-D . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 44 : 540 – 544 .
  • Anjali , C. H. , Sudheer Khan , S. , Margulis-Goshen , K. , Magdassi , S. , Mukherjee , A. and Chandrasekaran , N. 2010 . Formulation of water-dispersible nanopermethrin for larvicidal applications . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 73 : 1932 – 1936 .
  • Anton , N. , Benoit , J. P. and Saulnier , P. 2008 . Design and production of nanoparticles formulated from nano-emulsion templates: A review . Journal of Controlled Release , 128 : 185 – 199 .
  • Anton , N. and Vandamme , T. F. 2011 . Nano-emulsions and microemulsions: Clarifications of the critical differences . Pharmaceutical Research , 28 : 978 – 985 .
  • Beigel , C. , Barriuso , E. and Calvet , R. 1998 . Sorption of low levels of nonionic and anionic surfactants on soil: Effects on sorption of triticonazole fungicide . Pesticide Science , 54 : 52 – 60 .
  • bin Hussein , M. Z. , Yahaya , A. H. , Zainal , Z. and Kian , L. H. 2005 . Nanocomposite-based controlled release formulation of an herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate incapsulated in zinc-aluminium-layered double hydroxide . Science and Technology of Advanced Materials , 6 : 956 – 962 .
  • bin Hussein , M. Z. , Zainal , Z. , Yahaya , A. H. and Foo , D. W. V. 2002 . Controlled release of a plant growth regulator, alpha-naphthaleneacetate from the lamella of Zn-Al-layered double hydroxide nanocomposite . Journal of Controlled Release , 82 : 417 – 427 .
  • Blasco , C. and Pico , Y. 2011 . Determining nanomaterials in food . TrAC–Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 30 : 84 – 99 .
  • Boehm , A. L. L. , Martinon , I. , Zerrouk , R. , Rump , E. and Fessi , H. 2003 . Nanoprecipitation technique for the encapsulation of agrochemical active ingredients . Journal of Microencapsulation , 20 : 433 – 441 .
  • Boehm , A. L. L. , Zerrouk , R. and Fessi , H. 2000 . Poly epsilon-caprolactone nanoparticles containing a poorly soluble pesticide: formulation and stability study . Journal of Microencapsulation , 17 : 195 – 205 .
  • Boesten , J. , Businelli , M. , Delmas , A. , Gottesbüren , B. , Hanze , K. , Jarvis , T. , Jones , R. , Klein , M. , van der Linden , T. , Rekolainen , S. , Resseler , H. , Roquero , C. , Maier , W.-M. , Styczen , M. , Thorsen , M. , Travis , K. and Vanclooster , M. 2000 . FOCUS groundwater scenarios in the EU review of active substances Report of the FOCUS Groundwater Scenarios Workgroup, EC Document Reference Sanco/321/2000 rev.2
  • Brar , S. K. and Verma , M. 2011 . Measurement of nanoparticles by light-scattering techniques . TrAC–Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 30 : 4 – 17 .
  • Cao , Y. S. , Chen , J. X. , Wang , Y. L. , Liang , J. , Chen , L. H. and Lu , Y. T. 2005 . HPLC/UV analysis of chlorfenapyr residues in cabbage and soil to study the dynamics of different formulations . Science of the Total Environment , 350 : 38 – 46 .
  • Cheng , X. K. , Kan , A. T. and Tomson , M. B. 2005 . Study of C-60 transport in porous media and the effect of sorbed C-60 on naphthalene transport . Journal of Materials Research , 20 : 3244 – 3254 .
  • Christian , P. , Von der Kammer , F. , Baalousha , M. and Hofmann , T. 2008 . Nanoparticles: structure, properties, preparation and behaviour in environmental media . Ecotoxicology , 17 : 326 – 343 .
  • Chun , J. P. , Choi , J. S. and Ahn , Y. J. 2010 . Utilization of fruit bags coated with nano-silver for controlling black stain on fruit skin of ‘niitaka’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) . Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology , 51 : 245 – 248 .
  • Coelho , S. 2009 . European pesticide rules promote resistance, researchers warn . Science , 323 : 450 – 450 .
  • Corapcioglu , M. Y. and Jiang , S. Y. 1993 . Colloid-facilitated groundwater contaminant transport . Water Resources Research , 29 : 2215 – 2226 .
  • Corapcioglu , M. Y. , Jiang , S. Y. and Kim , S. H. 1999 . Comparison of kinetic and hybrid-equilibrium models simulating colloid-facilitated contaminant transport in porous media . Transport in Porous Media , 36 : 373 – 390 .
  • Costanza , J. , El Badawy , A. M. and Tolaymat , T. M. 2011 . Comment on “120 years of nanosilver gistory: Implications for policy makers . Environmental Science & Technology , 45 : 7591 – 7592 .
  • CropLife International . 2008 . Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system. Technical Monograph no. 2 (6th ed.) , Brussels , , Belgium : CropLife International .
  • Daniel , M. C. and Astruc , D. 2004 . Gold nanoparticles: Assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology . Chemical Reviews , 104 : 293 – 346 .
  • Darlington , T. K. , Neigh , A. M. , Spencer , M. T. , Nguyen , O. T. and Oldenburg , S. J. 2009 . Nanoparticle characteristics affecting environmental fate and transport through soil . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 28 : 1191 – 1199 .
  • Domingos , R. F. , Baalousha , M. A. , Ju-Nam , Y. , Reid , M. M. , Tufenkji , N. , Lead , J. R. , Leppard , G. G. and Wilkinson , K. J. 2009 . Characterizing manufactured nanoparticles in the environment: Multimethod determination of particle sizes . Environmental Science & Technology , 43 : 7277 – 7284 .
  • Dudkiewicz , A. , Tiede , K. , Loeschner , K. , Jensen , L. H. S. , Jensen , E. , Wierzbicki , R. , Boxall , A. B. A. and Molhave , K. 2011 . Characterization of nanomaterials in food by electron microscopy . TrAC–Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 30 : 28 – 43 .
  • EC . 2009a . Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC
  • EC . 2009b . Guidance on presenting and evaluating dossiers as per annex III, Directive 91/414/EEC as (draft) Registration Report - Annexes (doc. SANCO/6895/ 2009 rev 1). Guidance on Secton 5 - FATE AND BEHAVIOUR IN THE ENVIRONMENT (dRR Part B Section 5_Guidance.doc)
  • El-Nahhal , Y. , Nir , S. , Margulies , L. and Rubin , B. 1999 . Reduction of photodegradation and volatilization of herbicides in organo-clay formulations . Applied Clay Science , 14 : 105 – 119 .
  • Elek , N. , Hoffman , R. , Raviv , U. , Resh , R. , Ishaaya , I. and Magdassi , S. 2010 . Novaluron nanoparticles: Formation and potential use in controlling agricultural insect pests . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects , 372 : 66 – 72 .
  • ETC . 2004 . Down to the farm. The impact of nano-scale technologies on food and agriculture Retrieved from http://www.etcgroup.org/content/down-farm-impact-nano-scale-technologies-food-and-agriculture
  • European Commssion Joint Research Center . 2010 . Reference report. Considerations on a definition of nanomaterial for regulatory purposes Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/downloads/jrc_reference_report_201007_nanomaterials.pdf
  • Fan , P. , Gu , Z.-Y. , Xu , D.-J. , Xu , X.-L. and Xu , G.-C. 2010 . Action analysis of drops of emamection-benzoate microemulsion on rice leaf . Zhongguo Shuidao Kexue , 24 : 503 – 508 .
  • Fauteux , F. , Remus-Borel , W. , Menzies , J. G. and Belanger , R. R. 2005 . Silicon and plant disease resistance against pathogenic fungi . Fems Microbiology Letters , 249 : 1 – 6 .
  • Feng , Z. , Shan , L. , Ying , X. H. and Ling , H. J. 2010 . Formula design of pesticide microemulsion formulation . Tenside Surfactants Detergents , 47 : 113 – 118 .
  • FIFRA-SAP . 2009 . Evaluation of the eazard and exposure associated with nanosilver and other nanometal pesticide products , U.S. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) .
  • Ford , S. C. , Price , O. R. and Terry , A. S. 2007 . Transport of pesticides to water from slow release formulations: application of current pesticide fate models , Pavia , IT : La Goliarica Pavese .
  • Foss Hansen , S. , Baun , A. , Tiede , K. , Gottschalk , F. , van der Meent , D. , Peijnenburg , W. , Fernandes , T. F. and Riediker , M. 2011 . Environmental fate and behaviour of nanoparticles: Beyond listing of limitations Consensus Report based on the NanoImpactNet workshop, Bilthoven, the Netherlands, Retrieved from http://www.nanoimpactnet.eu/uploads/file/Reports_Publications/D2.4_Workshop_Report_Bilthoven.pdf
  • Frederiksen , H. K. , Kristenson , H. G. and Pedersen , M. 2003 . Solid lipid microparticle formulations of the pyrethroid gamma-cyhalothrin-incompatibility of the lipid and the pyrethroid and biological properties of the formulations . Journal of Controlled Release , 86 : 243 – 252 .
  • Friends of the Earth . 2008 . Out of the laboratory and on to our plates. Nanotechnolgy in food and agriculture Retrieved from http://www.foe.org/out-laboratory-and-our-plates
  • Gallego-Urrea , J. A. , Tuoriniemi , J. and Hassellov , M. 2011 . Applications of particle-tracking analysis to the determination of size distributions and concentrations of nanoparticles in environmental, biological and food samples . TrAC–Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 30 : 473 – 483 .
  • Gatti , A. M. , Tossini , D. , Gambarelli , A. , Montanari , S. and Capitani , F. 2009 . Investigation of the presence of inorganic micro- and nanosized contaminants in bread and biscuits by environmental scanning electron microscopy . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 49 : 275 – 282 .
  • Grant , S. , Mortimer , M. , Stevenson , G. , Malcolm , D. and Gaus , C. 2011 . Facilitated transport of dioxins in soil following unintentional release of pesticide-surfactant formulations . Environmental Science & Technology , 45 : 406 – 411 .
  • Green , J. M. and Beestman , G. B. 2007 . Recently patented and commercialized formulation and adjuvant technology . Crop Protection , 26 : 320 – 327 .
  • Guan , H.-N. , Chi , D.-F. , Yu , J. and Zhang , S.-Y. 2011 . Novel photodegradable insecticide W/TiO(2)/Avermectin nanocomposites obtained by polyelectrolytes assembly . Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces , 83 : 148 – 154 .
  • Guan , H. A. , Chi , D. F. , Yu , J. and Li , H. 2010 . Dynamics of residues from a novel nano-imidacloprid formulation in soyabean fields . Crop Protection , 29 : 942 – 946 .
  • Guan , H. N. , Chi , D. F. , Yu , J. C. and Li , X. 2008 . A novel photodegradable insecticide: Preparation, characterization and properties evaluation of nano-imidacloprid . Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology , 92 : 83 – 91 .
  • Gutierrez , J. M. , Gonzalez , C. , Maestro , A. , Sole , I. , Pey , C. M. and Nolla , J. 2008 . Nano-emulsions: New applications and optimization of their preparation . Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science , 13 : 245 – 251 .
  • Guzman , K. A. D. , Finnegan , M. P. and Banfield , J. F. 2006 . Influence of surface potential on aggregation and transport of titania nanoparticles . Environmental Science & Technology , 40 : 7688 – 7693 .
  • Haigh , S. D. 1996 . A review of the interaction of surfactants with organic contaminants in soil . Science of the Total Environment , 185 : 161 – 170 .
  • Hancock , B. C. and Parks , M. 2000 . What is the true solubility advantage for amorphous pharmaceuticals? . Pharmaceutical Research , 17 : 397 – 404 .
  • Handy , R. D. , von der Kammer , F. , Lead , J. R. , Hassellov , M. , Owen , R. and Crane , M. 2008 . The ecotoxicology and chemistry of manufactured nanoparticles . Ecotoxicology , 17 : 287 – 314 .
  • Hassellov , M. , Readman , J. W. , Ranville , J. F. and Tiede , K. 2008 . Nanoparticle analysis and characterization methodologies in environmental risk assessment of engineered nanoparticles . Ecotoxicology , 17 : 344 – 361 .
  • Hernandez-Soriano , M. C. , Mingorance , M. D. and Pena , A. 2009 . Dissipation of insecticides in a Mediterranean soil in the presence of wastewater and surfactant solutions. A kinetic model approach . Water Research , 43 : 2481 – 2492 .
  • Hofmann , T. and von der Kammer , F. 2009 . Estimating the relevance of engineered carbonaceous nanoparticle facilitated transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants in porous media . Environmental Pollution , 157 : 1117 – 1126 .
  • Hofmann , T. and Wendelborn , A. 2007 . Colloid facilitated transport of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) to the groundwater at Ma Da area, Vietnam . Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 14 : 223 – 224 .
  • Horn , D. and Rieger , J. 2001 . Organic nanoparticles in the aqueous phase: Theory, experiment, and use . Angewandte Chemie–International Edition , 40 : 4331 – 4361 .
  • Hu , C.-G. , Liu , J. , An , Y. , Li , G.-Z. , Zhang , X.-Y. , Song , B.-A. and Hu , D.-Y. 2009 . Study of microstructure and phase diagrams of pseudo-ternary-component of Dufulin pesticide microemulsion . China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics , 39 : 149 – 153 .
  • Hua , R. M. , Spliid , N. H. , Heinrichson , K. and Laursen , B. 2009 . Influence of surfactants on the leaching of bentazone in a sandy loam soil . Pest Management Science , 65 : 857 – 861 .
  • Huang , Q.-L. , Zhang , W.-J. , Li , F.-M. , She , D.-M. , Zhang , C.-H. and Bu , X.-L. 2006 . Solubilization of chlorpyrifos in the mixed system of surfactants and the bioactivity evaluation . Nongyaoxue Xuebao , 8 : 71 – 76 .
  • Huggenberger , F. , Letey , J. and Farmer , W. J. 1973 . Effect of two nonionic surfactants on adsorption and mobiity of selected pesticides in a soil-system . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 37 : 215 – 219 .
  • Hussein , M. Z. , Jaafar , A. M. , Yahaya , A. H. and Zainal , Z. 2009a . The effect of single, binary and ternary anions of chloride, carbonate and phosphate on the release of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate intercalated into the Zn-Al-layered double hydroxide manohybrid . Nano Scale Research Letters , 4 : 1351 – 1357 .
  • Hussein , M. Z. , Jaafar , A. M. , Yahaya , A. H. and Zainal , Z. 2010 . Inorganic-based phytohormone delivery vector of 2-chloroethylphosphonate nanohybrid: A new stimulating compound with controlled release property to increase latex production . Journal of Experimental Nanoscience , 5 : 310 – 318 .
  • Hussein , M. Z. B. , Hashim , N. , Yahaya , A. H. and Zainal , Z. 2009b . Controlled release formulation of agrochemical pesticide based on 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyrate nanohybrid . Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , 9 : 2140 – 7 .
  • Ibaraki , M. and Sudicky , E. A. 1995 . Colloid-facilitated contaminant transport in discretely fractured porous media. 1. Numerical formulation and sensitivity analysis . Water Resources Research , 31 : 2945 – 2960 .
  • IUPAC. (1997). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
  • Jaisi , D. P. and Elimelech , M. 2009 . Single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibit limited transport in soil columns . Environmental Science & Technology , 43 : 9161 – 9166 .
  • Jo , Y. K. , Kim , B. H. and Jung , G. 2009 . Antifungal activity of silver ions and nanoparticles on phytopathogenic fungi . Plant Disease , 93 : 1037 – 1043 .
  • Jung , J.-H. , Kim , S.-W. , Min , J.-S. , Kim , Y.-J. , Lamsal , K. , Kim , K. S. and Lee , Y. S. 2010 . The effect of nano-silver liquid against the white rot of the green onion caused by Sclerotium cepivorum . Mycobiology , 38 : 39 – 45 .
  • Katagi , T. 2008 . Surfactant effects on environmental behavior of pesticides . Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 194 : 71 – 177 .
  • Khan , M. A. , Choi , C. L. , Lee , D. H. , Park , M. , Lim , B. K. , Lee , J. Y. and Choi , J. 2007 . Synthesis and properties of mecoprop-intercalated layered double hydroxide . Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids , 68 : 1591 – 1597 .
  • Kim , S. W. , Kim , K. S. , Lamsal , K. , Kim , Y. J. , Kim , S. B. , Jung , M. , Sim , S. J. , Kim , H. S. , Chang , S. J. , Kim , J. K. and Lee , Y. S. 2009 . An in vitro study of the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles on oak wilt pathogen Raffaelea sp . Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology , 19 : 760 – 764 .
  • Klaine , S. J. , Alvarez , P. J. J. , Batley , G. E. , Fernandes , T. F. , Handy , R. D. , Lyon , D. Y. , Mahendra , S. , McLaughlin , M. J. and Lead , J. R. 2008 . Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 27 : 1825 – 1851 .
  • Knowles , A. 2005 . New developments in crop protection product formulation. Agrow Report . Retrieved from http://www.agrow.com/multimedia/archive/00068/DS243_68749a.pdf
  • Knowles , A. 2009 . Global trends in pesticide formulation technology: The development of safer formulations in China . Outlooks on Pest Management , 20 : 5
  • Kretzschmar , R. , Borkovec , M. , Grolimund , D. and Elimelech , M. 1999 . Mobile subsurface colloids and their role in contaminant transport . Advances in Agronomy , 66 : 121 – 193 .
  • Kumar , J. , Shakil , N. A. , Singh , M. K. , Pandey , A. and Pandey , R. P. 2010 . Development of controlled release formulations of azadirachtin: A employing poly(ethylene glycol) based amphiphilic copolymers . Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B: Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes , 45 : 310 – 314 .
  • Lai , F. , Wissing , S. A. , Muller , R. H. and Fadda , A. M. 2006 . Artemisia arborescens L essential oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for potential agricultural application: Preparation and characterization . Aaps Pharmscitech , 7
  • Lawrence , M. J. and Warisnoicharoen , W. 2006 . “ Recent advances in microemulsions as drug delivery vehicles ” . In Nanoparticles as drug carriers , Edited by: Torchilin , V. P. London , , England : Imperial College Press .
  • Lecoanet , H. F. , Bottero , J. Y. and Wiesner , M. R. 2004 . Laboratory assessment of the mobility of nanomaterials in porous media . Environmental Science & Technology , 38 : 5164 – 5169 .
  • Lecoanet , H. F. and Wiesner , M. R. 2004 . Velocity effects on fullerene and oxide nanoparticle deposition in porous media . Environmental Science & Technology , 38 : 4377 – 4382 .
  • Leistra , M. , van der Linden , A. M. A. , Boesten , J. J. T. I. , Tiktak , A. and van den Berg , F. 2001 . PEARL model for pesticide behaviour and emissions in soil-plant systems. Description of processes , Wageningen , , the Netherlands : Alterra . Alterra report 13, RIVM report 711401009
  • Li , Z. Z. , Chen , J. F. , Liu , F. , Liu , A. Q. , Wang , Q. , Sun , H. Y. and Wen , L. X. 2007 . Study of UV-shielding properties of novel porous hollow silica nanoparticle carriers for avermectin . Pest Management Science , 63 : 241 – 246 .
  • Li , Z. Z. , Xu , S. A. , Wen , L. X. , Liu , F. , Liu , A. Q. , Wang , Q. , Sun , H. Y. , Yu , W. and Chen , J. F. 2006 . Controlled release of avermectin from porous hollow silica nanoparticles: Influence of shell thickness on loading efficiency, UV-shielding property and release . Journal of Controlled Release , 111 : 81 – 88 .
  • Liu , F. , Wen , L. X. , Li , Z. Z. , Yu , W. , Sun , H. Y. and Chen , J. F. 2006 . Porous hollow silica nanoparticles as controlled delivery system for water-soluble pesticide . Materials Research Bulletin , 41 : 2268 – 2275 .
  • Liu , J. P. , He , S. G. , Zhang , Z. Q. , Cao , J. P. , Lv , P. T. , He , S. D. , Cheng , G. P. and Joyce , D. C. 2009 . Nano-silver pulse treatments inhibit stem-end bacteria on cut gerbera cv. Ruikou flowers . Postharvest Biology and Technology , 54 : 59 – 62 .
  • Liu , Y. , Laks , P. and Heiden , P. 2002a . Controlled release of biocides in solid wood. I. Efficacy against brown rot wood decay fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum) . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 86 : 596 – 607 .
  • Liu , Y. , Laks , P. and Heiden , P. 2002b . Controlled release of biocides in solid wood. II. Efficacy against Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum wood decay fungi . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 86 : 608 – 614 .
  • Liu , Y. , Laks , P. and Heiden , P. 2002c . Controlled release of biocides in solid wood. III. Preparation and characterization of surfactant-free nanoparticles . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 86 : 615 – 621 .
  • Liu , Y. , Tong , Z. and Prud’homme , R. K. 2008 . Stabilized polymeric nanoparticles for controlled and efficient release of bifenthrin . Pest Management Science , 64 : 808 – 812 .
  • Liu , Y. , Yan , L. P., J. and Laks , P. 2001 . Use of nanoparticles for controlled release of biocides in solid wood . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 79 : 458 – 465 .
  • Lorenz , C. , Tiede , K. , Tear , S. , Boxall , A. , von Goetz , N. and Hungerbuhler , K. 2010 . Imaging and characterization of engineered nanoparticles in sunscreens by electron microscopy, under wet and dry conditions . International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health , 16 : 406 – 428 .
  • Luther , G. W. and Rickard , D. T. 2005 . Metal sulfide cluster complexes and their biogeochemical importance in the environment . Journal of Nanoparticle Research , 7 : 389 – 407 .
  • Luykx , D. , Peters , R. J. B. , van Ruth , S. M. and Bouwmeester , H. 2008 . A review of analytical methods for the identification and characterization of nano delivery systems in food . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 56 : 8231 – 8247 .
  • Magee , B. R. , Lion , L. W. and Lemley , A. T. 1991 . Transport of dissolved organic macromolecules and their effect on the transport of phenanthrene in porous-media . Environmental Science & Technology , 25 : 323 – 331 .
  • Maqueda , C. , Villaverde , J. , Sopena , F. , Undabeytia , T. and Morillo , E. 2009 . Effects of soil characteristics on metribuzin dissipation using clay-gel-based formulations . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 57 : 3273 – 3278 .
  • Mason , T. G. , Wilking , J. N. , Meleson , K. , Chang , C. B. and Graves , S. M. 2006 . Nanoemulsions: Formation, structure, and physical properties . Journal of Physics–Condensed Matter , 18 : R635 – R666 .
  • McCarthy , J. F. and Zachara , J. M. 1989 . Subsurface transport of contaminants. Mobile colloids in the subsurface environment may alter the transport of contaminants . Environmental Science & Technology , 23 : 496 – 502 .
  • Min , J. S. , Kim , K. S. , Kim , S. W. , Jung , J. H. , Lamsal , K. , Bin Kim , S. , Jung , M. and Lee , Y. S. 2009 . Effects of colloidal silver nanoparticles on sclerotium-forming phytopathogenic fungi . Plant Pathology Journal , 25 : 376 – 380 .
  • Montemurro , N. , Grieco , F. , Lacertosa , G. and Visconti , A. 2002 . Chlorpyrifos decline curves and residue levels from different commercial formulations applied to oranges . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 50 : 5975 – 5980 .
  • Müller , R. H. , Junghanns , J.-U. and A.H. 2006 . “ Drug nanocrystals/nanosuspensions for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs ” . In Nanoparticles as drug carriers , Edited by: Torchilin , V. P. 307 – 328 . London , , England : Imperial College Press .
  • Nair , R. , Varghese , S. H. , Nair , B. G. , Maekawa , T. , Yoshida , Y. and Kumar , D. S. 2010 . Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants . Plant Science , 179 : 154 – 163 .
  • Nishimori , H. , Kondoh , M. , Isoda , K. , Tsunoda , S. , Tsutsumi , Y. and Yagi , K. 2009 . Influence of 70 nm silica particles in mice with cisplatin or paraquat-induced toxicity . Pharmazie , 64 : 395 – 397 .
  • Noell , A. L. , Thompson , J. L. , Corapcioglu , M. Y. and Triay , I. R. 1998 . The role of silica colloids on facilitated cesium transport through glass bead columns and modeling . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 31 : 23 – 56 .
  • Nowack , B. , Krug , H. F. and Height , M. 2011 . 120 years of nanosilver history: Implications for policy makers . Environmental Science & Technology , 45 : 1177 – 1183 .
  • ObservatoryNano . 2010 . Nanotechnologies for nutrient and biocide delivery in agricultural production . Working paper, April 2010. Available at http://www.observatorynano.eu/project/filesystem/files/Controlled%20delivery.pdf
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development . 1997 . Guidelines for the testing of chemicals test no. 106: Adsorption-desorption using a batch equilibrium method , Paris , , France : OECD .
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development . 2002 . Guidelines for the testing of chemicals test no. 307: Aerobic and anaerobic transformation in soils , Paris , , France : OECD .
  • Park , H. J. , Kim , S. H. , Kim , H. J. and Choi , S. H. 2006 . A new composition of nanosized silica-silver for control of various plant diseases . Plant Pathology Journal , 22 : 295 – 302 .
  • Park , M. , Lee , C. I. , Seo , Y. J. , Woo , S. R. , Shin , D. and Choi , J. 2010 . Hybridization of the natural antibiotic, cinnamic acid, with layered double hydroxides (LDH) as green pesticide . Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 17 : 203 – 209 .
  • Peralta-Videa , J. R. , Zhao , L. J. , Lopez-Moreno , M. L. , de la Rosa , G. , Hong , J. and Gardea-Torresdey , J. L. 2011 . Nanomaterials and the environment: A review for the biennium 2008–2010 . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 186 : 1 – 15 .
  • Peters , R. , ten Dam , G. , Bouwmeester , H. , Helsper , H. , Allmaier , G. , von der Kammer , F. , Ramsch , R. , Solans , C. , Tomaniova , M. , Hajslova , J. and Weigel , S. 2011 . Identification and characterization of organic nanoparticles in food . TrAC–Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 30 : 100 – 112 .
  • Petosa , A. R. , Jaisi , D. P. , Quevedo , I. R. , Elimelech , M. and Tufenkji , N. 2010 . Aggregation and deposition of engineered nanomaterials in aquatic environments: Role of physicochemical interactions . Environmental Science & Technology , 44 : 6532 – 6549 .
  • Pose-Juan , E. , Rial-Otero , R. and Lopez-Periago , J. E. 2010a . Sorption of penconazole applied as a commercial water-oil emulsion in soils devoted to vineyards . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 182 : 136 – 143 .
  • Pose-Juan , E. , Rial-Otero , R. , Paradelo , M. , Simal-Gandara , J. , Arias , M. and Lopez-Periago , J. E. 2010b . Behaviour of metalaxyl as copper oxychloride-metalaxyl commercial formulation vs. technical grade-metalaxyl in vineyards-devoted soils . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 174 : 181 – 187 .
  • Prado , A. G. S. , Moura , A. O. and Nunes , A. R. 2011 . Nanosized silica modified with carboxylic acid as support for controlled release of herbicides . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 59 : 8847 – 8852 .
  • Pratap , A. P. and Bhowmick , D. N. 2008 . Pesticides as microemulsion formulations . Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology , 29 : 1325 – 1330 .
  • Prechtel , A. , Knabner , P. , Schneid , E. and Totsche , K. U. 2002 . Simulation of carrier-facilitated transport of phenanthrene in a layered soil profile . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 56 : 209 – 225 .
  • Qiu , D. P. , Li , Y. H. , Fu , X. Y. , Jiang , Z. , Zhao , X. Y. , Wang , T. and Hou , W. G. 2009 . Controlled-release of avermectin from organically modified hydrotalcite-like compound nanohybrids . Chinese Journal of Chemistry , 27 : 445 – 451 .
  • Roy , S. B. and Dzombak , D. A. 1998 . Sorption nonequilibrium effects on colloid-enhanced transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in porous media . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 30 : 179 – 200 .
  • Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering . 2004 . Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: Opportunities and uncertainties , London , , England : Royal Society .
  • Ryan , J. N. and Elimelech , M. 1996 . Colloid mobilization and transport in groundwater . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects , 107 : 1 – 56 .
  • Saleh , N. , Kim , H. J. , Phenrat , T. , Matyjaszewski , K. , Tilton , R. D. and Lowry , G. V. 2008 . Ionic strength and composition affect the mobility of surface-modified Fe-0 nanoparticles in water-saturated sand columns . Environmental Science & Technology , 42 : 3349 – 3355 .
  • Salma , U. , Chen , N. , Richter , D. L. , Filson , P. B. , Dawson-Andoh , B. , Matuana , L. and Heiden , P. 2010 . Amphiphilic core/shell nanoparticles to reduce biocide leaching from treated wood. 1. Leaching and biological efficacy . Macromolecular Materials and Engineering , 295 : 442 – 450 .
  • Scott , N. and Chen , H. 2002 . Nanoscale science and engineering for agriculture and food systems Report submitted to Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Retrieved from http://www.nseafs.cornell.edu/web.roadmap.pdf
  • Shakil , N. A. , Singh , M. K. , Pandey , A. , Kumar , J. , Pankaj , Parmar , V. S. , Pandey , R. P. and Watterson , A. C. 2010 . Development of poly(ethylene glycol) based amphiphilic copolymers for controlled release delivery of carbofuran . Journal of Macromolecular Science Part a-Pure and Applied Chemistry , 47 : 241 – 247 .
  • Shen , Y. , Cai , H. Z. and Shen , X. B. 2009 . Development of nano-emulsion of DDVP , Shanghai , , China : Shanghai Center for Disease Control & Prevention .
  • Soil Association . 2008 . Nanotechnologies and food Retrieved from http://www.soilassociation.org/News/NewsItem/tabid/91/ArticleId/2115/Nanotech-a-risky-and-unpredictable-technology.aspx
  • Solans , C. , Izquierdo , P. , Nolla , J. , Azemar , N. and Garcia-Celma , M. J. 2005 . Nano-emulsions . Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science , 10 : 102 – 110 .
  • Solgi , M. , Kafi , M. , Taghavi , T. S. and Naderi , R. 2009 . Essential oils and silver nanoparticles (SNP) as novel agents to extend vase-life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. ‘Dune’) flowers . Postharvest Biology and Technology , 53 : 155 – 158 .
  • Solovitch , N. , Labille , J. , Rose , J. , Chaurand , P. , Borschneck , D. , Wiesner , M. R. and Bottero , J. Y. 2010 . Concurrent aggregation and deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles in a sandy porous media . Environmental Science & Technology , 44 : 4897 – 4902 .
  • Som , C. , Wick , P. , Krug , H. and Nowack , B. 2011 . Environmental and health effects of nanomaterials in nanotextiles and facade coatings . Environment International , 37 : 1131 – 1142 .
  • Song , S. L. , Liu , X. H. , Jiang , J. H. , Qian , Y. H. , Zhang , N. and Wu , Q. H. 2009 . Stability of triazophos in self-nanoemulsifying pesticide delivery system . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects , 350 : 57 – 62 .
  • Sooresh , A. , Kwon , F. , Tayor , R. , Pietrantonio , P. , Pine , M. and Sayes , C. M. 2011 . Surface functionalization of silver nanoparticles: Novel applications for insect vector control . Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces , 3 : 3779 – 3787 .
  • Sopena , F. , Morillo , E. , Villaverde , J. and Maqueda , C. 2008 . Reduction of pesticide pollution in agricultural soils by using controlled release formulations: Efficacy and persistence studies . Fresenius Environmental Bulletin , 17 : 1705 – 1710 .
  • Sun , S. B. , Inskeep , W. P. and Boyd , S. A. 1995 . Sorption of nonionic organic compounds in soil-water systems containing a micelle forming surfactant . Environmental Science & Technology , 29 : 903 – 913 .
  • Syngenta . 2000 . Base-triggered release microcapsules U.S. Patent No. 6,544,540
  • Tadros , T. , Izquierdo , R. , Esquena , J. and Solans , C. 2004 . Formation and stability of nano-emulsions . Advances in Colloid and Interface Science , 108 : 303 – 318 .
  • Thassu , D. , Deleers , M. and Pathak , Y. 2006 . “ Nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems: an overview ” . In Nanoparticulates drug delivery systems , Edited by: Thassu , D. , Deleers , M. and Pathak , Y. New York , NY : Informa Healthcare .
  • Tiede , K. Safety assessment of engineered nanoparticles in food: the importance of detection and characterization . Paper presented at the 2nd International MoniQa Conference, Krakow, Poland ,
  • Tiede , K. , Boxall , A. B. A. , Tear , S. P. , Lewis , J. , David , H. and Hassellov , M. 2008 . Detection and characterization of engineered nanoparticles in food and the environment . Food Additives and Contaminants , 25 : 795 – 821 .
  • Tiede , K. , Boxall , A. B. A. , Tiede , D. , Tear , S. P. , David , H. and Lewis , J. 2009a . A robust size-characterisation methodology for studying nanoparticle behaviour in ‘real’ environmental samples, using hydrodynamic chromatography coupled to ICP-MS . Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry , 24 : 964 – 972 .
  • Tiede , K. , Boxall , A. B. A. , Wang , X. M. , Gore , D. , Tiede , D. , Baxter , M. , David , H. , Tear , S. P. and Lewis , J. 2010 . Application of hydrodynamic chromatography-ICP-MS to investigate the fate of silver nanoparticles in activated sludge . Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry , 25 : 1149 – 1154 .
  • Tiede , K. , Hassellov , M. , Breitbarth , E. , Chaudhry , Q. and Boxall , A. B. A. 2009b . Considerations for environmental fate and ecotoxicity testing to support environmental risk assessments for engineered nanoparticles . Journal of Chromatography A , 1216 : 503 – 509 .
  • Tiede , K. , Tear , S. P. , David , H. and Boxall , A. B. A. 2009c . Imaging of engineered nanopartlicles and their aggregates under fully liquid conditions in environmental matrices . Water Research , 43 : 3335 – 3343 .
  • Tomlin , C. D. S. 2009 . The pesticide manual (15th ed.) , Surrey : EngladnBritish Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK .
  • Torchilin , V. P. 2006 . “ Introduction. Nanocarriers for drug delivery: Needs and requirements ” . In Nanoparticles as drug carriers , Edited by: Torchilin , V. P. London , , England : Imperial College Press .
  • Torney , F. , Trewyn , B. G. , Lin , V. S. Y. and Wang , K. 2007 . Mesoporous silica nanoparticles deliver DNA and chemicals into plants . Nature Nanotechnology , 2 : 295 – 300 .
  • Trigo , C. , Celis , R. , Hermosin , M. C. and Cornejo , J. 2009 . Organoclay-based formulations to reduce the environmental impact of the herbicide diuron in olive groves . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 73 : 1652 – 1657 .
  • Trigo , C. , Koskinen , W. C. , Celis , R. , Sadowsky , M. J. , Hermosin , M. C. and Cornejo , J. 2010 . Bioavailability of organoclay formulations of atrazine in soil . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 58 : 11857 – 11863 .
  • van de Weerd , H. , Leijnse , A. and Van Riemsdijk , W. H. 1998 . Transport of reactive colloids and contaminants in groundwater: Effect of nonlinear kinetic interactions . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 32 : 313 – 331 .
  • von der Kammer , F. , Ferguson , L. , Holden , P. A. , Masion , A. , Rogers , K. R. , Klaine , S. J. , Koelmans , A. A. , Horne , N. and Unrine , J. M. 2012 . Analysis of engineered nanomaterials in complex matrices (environment and biota): General considerations and conceptual case studies . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 31 : 32 – 49 .
  • von der Kammer , F. , Legros , S. , Hofmann , T. , Larsen , E. H. and Loeschner , K. 2011 . Separation and characterization of nanoparticles in complex food and environmental samples by field-flow fractionation . TrAC–Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 30 : 425 – 436 .
  • Wang , L. J. , Li , X. F. , Zhang , G. Y. , Dong , J. F. and Eastoe , J. 2007 . Oil-in-water nanoemulsions for pesticide formulations . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 314 : 230 – 235 .
  • Wang , Y. , Li , Y. , Fortner , J. D. , Hughes , J. B. , Abriola , L. M. and Pennell , K. D. 2008 . Transport and retention of nanoscale C-60 aggregates in water-saturated porous media . Environmental Science & Technology , 42 : 3588 – 3594 .
  • Wei , F.-L. , Wu , H.-M. , Cheng , J.-L. , Liu , Y. and Zhu , G.-N. 2009 . Study on the application of multifactor experimental designs in pesticide microemulation development . Nongyaoxue Xuebao , 11 : 373 – 380 .
  • Weinberg , H. , Galyean , A. and Leopold , M. 2011 . Evaluating engineered nanoparticles in natural waters . TrAC–Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 30 : 72 – 83 .
  • World Health Organization . 2007 . World Health Organization specification and evaluations for public health pesticides: Lambda-cyhalothrin , Geneva , , Switzerland : WHO .
  • Xu , J. , Fan , Q. J. , Yin , Z. Q. , Li , X. T. , Du , Y. H. , Jia , R. Y. , Wang , K. Y. , Lv , C. , Ye , G. , Geng , Y. , Su , G. , Zhao , L. , Hu , T. X. , Shi , F. , Zhang , L. , Wu , C. L. , Tao , C. , Zhang , Y. X. and Shi , D. X. 2010 . The preparation of neem oil microemulsion (Azadirachta indica) and the comparison of acaricidal time between neem oil microemulsion and other formulations in vitro . Veterinary Parasitology , 169 : 399 – 403 .
  • Yang , F. L. , Li , X. G. , Zhu , F. and Lei , C. L. 2009 . Structural characterization of nanoparticles loaded with garlic essential oil and their insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 57 : 10156 – 10162 .
  • Yang , X. , Flynn , R. , von der Kammer , F. and Hofmann , T. 2010 . Quantifying the influence of humic acid adsorption on colloidal microsphere deposition onto iron-oxide-coated sand . Environmental Pollution , 158 : 3498 – 3506 .
  • Yang , X. , Flynn , R. , von der Kammer , F. and Hofmann , T. 2011 . Influence of ionic strength and pH on the limitation of latex microsphere deposition sites on iron-oxide coated sand by humic acid . Environmental Pollution , 159 : 1896 – 1904 .
  • Zargar , S. M. , Nazir , M. , Agrawal , G. K. , Kim , D. W. and Rakwal , R. 2010 . Silicon in plant tolerance against environmental Stressors: Towards crop improvement using omics approaches . Current Proteomics , 7 : 135 – 143 .
  • Zeng , H. , Li , X. F. , Zhang , G. Y. and Dong , J. F. 2008 . Preparation and characterization of beta cypermethrin nanosuspensions by diluting O/W microemulsions . Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology , 29 : 358 – 361 .
  • Zhang , H. F. , Wang , D. , Butler , R. , Campbell , N. L. , Long , J. , Tan , B. E. , Duncalf , D. J. , Foster , A. J. , Hopkinson , A. , Taylor , D. , Angus , D. , Cooper , A. I. and Rannard , S. P. 2008 . Formation and enhanced biocidal activity of water-dispersable organic nanoparticles . Nature Nanotechnology , 3 : 506 – 511 .
  • Zhao , F. , Xia , H. Y. and He , J. L. 2009 . Formulation design of cyhalothrin pesticide microemulsion . Current Science , 97 : 1458 – 1462 .
  • Zhenlan , Q. , Heng , Y. , Bin , Z. and Wanguo , H. 2009 . Synthesis and release behavior of bactericides intercalated Mg-Al layered double hydroxides . Colloids and Surfaces A–Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects , 348 : 164 – 169 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.