2,654
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Variability of N Export in Water: A Review

, , , &
Pages 2245-2281 | Published online: 13 Jul 2015

REFERENCES

  • Aber, J. D., Goodale, C. L., Ollinger, S. V., Smith, M.-L., Magill, A. H., Martin, M. E., Hallett, R. A., and Stoddard, J.L. (2003). Is nitrogen deposition altering the nitrogen status of northeastern forests? Bioscience 53, 375–389.
  • Alexander, R. B., Boyer, E. W., Smith, R.A., Schwarz, G.E., Moore, R.B., and Richard, B. (2007). The role of headwater streams in downstream water quality. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 43, 41–59.
  • Alexander, R.B., Smith, R., and Schwarz, G. (2000). Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico. Nature 403, 758–761.
  • Allen, A.P., and Gillooly, J.F. (2009). Towards an integration of ecological stoichiometry and the metabolic theory of ecology to better understand nutrient cycling. Ecol. Lett. 12, 369–384.
  • Alvarez-Cobelas, M., Angeler, D.G., and Sánchez-Carrillo, S. (2008). Export of nitrogen from catchments: A worldwide analysis. Environ. Pollut. 156, 261–269.
  • Amirkolaie, A.K. (2011). Reduction in the environmental impact of waste discharged by fish farms through feed and feeding. Rev. Aquacult. 3, 19–26.
  • Anbumozhi, V., Radhakrishnan, J., and Yamaji, E. (2005). Impact of riparian buffer zones on water quality and associated management considerations. Ecol. Eng. 24, 517–523.
  • Andersen, H.E., Kronvang, B., Larsen, S.E., Hoffmann, C.C., Jensen, T.S., and Rasmussen, E.K. (2006). Climate-change impacts on hydrology and nutrients in a Danish lowland river basin. Sci. Total Environ. 365, 223–237.
  • Anisfeld, S.C., Barnes, R.T., Altabet, M.A., and Wu, T. (2007). Isotopic apportionment of atmospheric and sewage nitrogen sources in two Connecticut rivers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 6363–6369.
  • Argerich, A., Johnson, S.L., Sebestyen, S.D., Rhoades, C.C., Greathouse, E., Knoepp, J.D., Adams, M.B., Likens, G.E., Campbell, J.L., McDowell, W.H., Scatena, F.N., and Ice, G.G. (2013). Trends in stream nitrogen concentrations for forested reference catchments across the USA. Environ. Res. Lett. 8.
  • Asman, W.E.H., Sutton, M.A., and Schjorring, J.K. (1998). Ammonia : Emission, atmospheric transport and deposition. New Phytol. 139, 27–48.
  • Badruzzaman, M., Pinzon, J., Oppenheimer, J., and Jacangelo, J.G. (2012). Sources of nutrients impacting surface waters in Florida: A review. J. Environ. Manage. 109, 80–92.
  • Baker, L.A., Hope, D., Xu, Y., Edmonds, J., and Lauver, L. (2001). Nitrogen balance for the Central Arizona-Phoenix (CAP) ecosystem. Ecosystems 4, 582–602.
  • Baurès, E., Delpla, I., Merel, S., Thomas, M.-F., Jung, A.-V., and Thomas, O. (2013). Variation of organic carbon and nitrate with river flow within an oceanic regime in a rural area and potential impacts for drinking water production. J. Hydrol. 477, 86–93.
  • Beaudoin, N., Saad, J.K., Van Laethem, C., Machet, J.M., Maucorps, J., and Mary, B. (2005). Nitrate leaching in intensive agriculture in Northern France: Effect of farming practices, soils and crop rotations. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 111, 292–310.
  • Behera, S., and Panda, R.K. (2006). Evaluation of management alternatives for an agricultural watershed in a sub-humid subtropical region using a physical process based model. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 113, 62–72.
  • Bengraıne, K., and Marhaba, T.F. (2003). Using principal component analysis to monitor spatial and temporal changes in water quality. J. Hazard. Mater. 100, 179–195.
  • Bergstrom, A.-K., and Jansson, M. (2006). Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has caused nitrogen enrichment and eutrophication of lakes in the northern hemisphere. Global Change Biol. 12, 635–643.
  • Bernal, S., Butturini, A., and Sabater, F. (2002). Variability of DOC and nitrate responses to storms in a small Mediterranean forested catchment Site description of the Fuirosos catchment. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 6, 1031–1041.
  • Bernal, S., Schiller, D., Sabater, F., and Martí, E. (2012). Hydrological extremes modulate nutrient dynamics in mediterranean climate streams across different spatial scales. Hydrobiologia 719, 31–42.
  • Bernhardt, E.S., Band, L.E., Walsh, C.J., and Berke, P.E. (2008). Understanding, managing, and minimizing urban impacts on surface water nitrogen loading. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1134, 61–96.
  • Bernhardt, E.S., Likens, G.E., Hall, R.O., Buso, D.C., Fisher, S.G., Burton, T.M., Meyer, J.L., McDowell, W.H., Mayer, M.S., Bowden, W.B., Findlay, S.E.G., Macneale, K.H., Stelzer, R.S., and Lowe, W.H. (2005). Can't see the forest for the stream? In-stream processing and terrestrial nitrogen exports. BioScience 55, 219–230.
  • Bilotta, G.S., Brazier, R.E., and Haygarth, P.M. (2007). The impacts of grazing animals on the quality of soils, vegetation, and surface waters in intensively managed grasslands. Adv. Agron. 94, 237–280.
  • Blanco, A.C., Nadaoka, K., Yamamoto, T., and Kinjo, K. (2010). Dynamic evolution of nutrient discharge under stormflow and baseflow conditions in a coastal agricultural watershed in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan. Hydrol. Processes 24, 2601–2616.
  • Blann, K.L., Anderson, J.L., Sands, G.R., and Vondracek, B. (2009). Effects of agricultural drainage on aquatic ecosystems: A review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 909–1001.
  • Blowes, D.W., Ptacek, C.J., Benner, S.G., McRae, C.W., Bennett, T.A., and Puls, R.W. (2000). Treatment of inorganic contaminants using permeable reactive barriers. J. Contam. Hydrol. 45, 123–137.
  • Borah, D.K., Bera, M., and Shaw, S. (2003). Water, sediment, nutrient, and pesticide measurements in an agricultural watershed in Illinois during storm events. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 46, 657–674.
  • Borin, M., Passoni, M., Thiene, M., and Tempesta, T. (2010). Multiple functions of buffer strips in farming areas. Eur. J. Agron. 32, 103–111.
  • Bosch, D.D., Truman, C.C., Potter, T.L., West, L.T., Strickland, T.C., and Hubbard, R.K. (2012). Tillage and slope position impact on field-scale hydrologic processes in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain. Agric. Water Manage. 111, 40–52.
  • Brabec, E., Schulte, S., and Richards, P.L. (2002). Impervious surfaces and water quality: A review of current literature and its implications for watershed planning. J. Plann. Lit. 16, 409–514.
  • Bremerton CSO Annual Report. (2014). City of Bremerton: Combined sewer overflow annual report 2013, City of Bremerton Press, Bremerton.
  • Bu, H., Tan, X., Li, S., and Zhang, Q. (2010). Temporal and spatial variations of water quality in the Jinshui River of the South Qinling Mts., China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 73, 907–913.
  • Buda, A.R., and Dewalle, D.R. (2009). Dynamics of stream nitrate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban, forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania, USA. Hydrol. Processes 23, 3292–3305.
  • Burgos, P. (2006). Nitrogen mineralization and nitrate leaching of a sandy soil amended with different organic wastes. Waste Manage. Res. 24, 175–182.
  • Burns, D.A., Boyer, E.W., Elliott, E.M., and Kendall, C. (2009). Sources and transformations of nitrate from streams draining varying land uses: Evidence from dual isotope analysis. J. Environ. Qual. 38, 1149–1159.
  • Carey, R.O., and Migliaccio, K.W. (2009). Contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to nutrient dynamics in aquatic systems: A review. Environ. Manage. 44, 205–217.
  • Carrico, A.R., Fraser, J., and Bazuin, J.T. (2012). Green with envy: Psychological and social predictors of lawn fertilizer application. Environ. Behav. 20(10), 1–28.
  • Carrillo, J.H. (2002). Atmospheric deposition of inorganic and organic nitrogen and base cations in Hawaii. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16, 1076.
  • Cerdà, A. (2001). Effects of rock fragment cover on soil infilltration, interrill runoff and erosion. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 52, 59–68.
  • Chang, H. (2008). Spatial analysis of water quality trends in the Han River basin, South Korea. Water Res. 42, 3285–3304.
  • Chen, D., Huang, H., Hu, M., and Dahlgren, R.A. (2014). Influence of lag effect, soil release, and climate change on watershed anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and riverine export dynamics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 5683–5690.
  • Chen, D., Lu, J., Shen, Y., Gong, D., and Deng, O. (2011). Spatio-temporal variations of nitrogen in an agricultural watershed in eastern China: Catchment export, stream attenuation and discharge. Environ. Pollut. 159, 2989–2995.
  • Chen, Y.-H., Wang, M.-K., Wang, G., Chen, M.-H., Luo, D., and Li, R. (2012). Nitrogen runoff under simulated rainfall from a sewage-amended lateritic red soil in Fujian, China. Soil Tillage Res. 123, 35–42.
  • Collins, R., Mcleod, M., Hedley, M., Donnison, A., Close, M., Hanly, J., Horne, D., and Ross, C. (2007). Best management practices to mitigate faecal contamination by livestock of New Zealand waters. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 50, 267–278.
  • Comly, H.H. (1945). Cyanosis in infants caused by nitrates in well water. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 129, 112.
  • Cooper, R., Thoss, V., and Watson, H. (2007). Factors influencing the release of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved forms of nitrogen from a small upland headwater during autumn runoff events. Hydrol. Processes 633, 622–633.
  • Craig, L.S., Palmer, M.A., Richardson, D.C., Filoso, S., Bernhardt, E.S., Bledsoe, B.P., Doyle, M.W., Groffman, P.M., Hassett, B.A., Kaushal, S.S., Mayer, P.M., Smith, S.M., and Wilcock, P.R. (2008). Stream restoration strategies for reducing river nitrogen loads. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 529–538.
  • Daudén, A., Quílez, D., and Vera, M.V. (2004). Pig slurry application and irrigation effects on nitrate leaching in Mediterranean soil lysimeters. J. Environ. Qual. 33, 2290–2295.
  • Davies-colley, R.O.B.J., Nagels, J.W., Smith, R.O.B.A., Zealand, N., Young, R.G., and Phillips, C.J. (2004). Water quality impact of a dairy cow herd crossing a stream. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 38, 569–576.
  • De Wit, M., and Bendoricchio, G. (2001). Nutrient fluxes in the Po basin. Sci. Total Environ. 273, 147–161.
  • Decau, M.L., Simon, J.C., and Jacquet, A. (2004). Nitrate leaching under grassland as affected by mineral nitrogen fertilization and cattle urine. J. Environ. Qual. 33, 637–644.
  • Di, H.J., and Cameron, K.C. (2000). Calculating nitrogen leaching losses and critical nitrogen application rates in dairy pasture systems using a semi‐empirical model. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 43, 139–147.
  • Dise, N.B., and Wright, R.F. (1995). Nitrogen leaching from European forests in relation to nitrogen deposition. For. Ecol. Manage. 71, 153–161.
  • Donohue, I., Styles, D., Coxon, C., and Irvine, K. (2005). Importance of spatial and temporal patterns for assessment of risk of diffuse nutrient emissions to surface waters. J. Hydrol. 304, 183–192.
  • Drewry, J.J. A., Newham, L.T. H. A., Greene, R.S. B. B., and Jakeman, A.J.A. (2006). A review of nitrogen and phosphorus export to waterways: Context for catchment modelling. Mar. Freshwater Res. 57, 757–774.
  • Duffy, J.E., Cardinale, B.J., France, K.E., McIntyre, P.B., Thébault, E., and Loreau, M. (2007). The functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems: Incorporating trophic complexity. Ecol. Lett. 10, 522–538.
  • Edmonton CSO Control Strategy. (2000). The city of Edmonton: Combined sewer overflow control strategy (Implementation Plan), City of Edmonton Press, Edmonton.
  • Elliott, A.H., and Carlson, W.T. (2004). Effects of sheep grazing episodes on sediment and nutrient loss in overland flow. Aust. J. Soil Res. 42, 213.
  • Elmore, A.J., and Kaushal, S.S. (2008). Disappearing headwaters: Patterns of stream burial due to urbanization. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 308–312.
  • European Directive 91/676/CEE. (1991). Retrieved April 17, 2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-nitrates/directiv.html.
  • Feng, Z.-Z., Wang, X.-K., and Feng, Z.-W. (2005). Soil N and salinity leaching after the autumn irrigation and its impact on groundwater in Hetao Irrigation District, China. Agric. Water Manage. 71, 131–143.
  • Fenton, O., Richards, K.G., Kirwan, L., Khalil, M.I., and Healy, M.G. (2009). Factors affecting nitrate distribution in shallow groundwater under a beef farm in south eastern Ireland. J. Environ. Manage. 90, 3135–3146.
  • Fewtrell, L. (2004). Drinking-water nitrate, methemoglobinemia, and global burden of disease: A discussion. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 1371–1374.
  • Fisher, J., and Acreman, M.C. (2004). Wetland nutrient removal: A review of the evidence. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 8, 673–685.
  • Franklin, D., Truman, C., Potter, T., Bosch, D., Strickland, T., and Bednarz, C. (2007). Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from variable and constant intensity rainfall simulations on loamy sand under conventional and strip tillage systems. J. Environ. Qual. 36, 846–854.
  • Freeman, M.C., Pringle, C.M., and Jackson, C.R. (2007). Hydrologic connectivity and the contribution of stream headwaters to ecological integrity at regional scales. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 43, 5–14.
  • Gabriel, J.L., Muñoz-Carpena, R., and Quemada, M. (2012). The role of cover crops in irrigated systems: Water balance, nitrate leaching and soil mineral nitrogen accumulation. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 155, 50–61.
  • Galloway, J.N., Townsend, A.R., Erisman, J.W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z., Freney, J.R., Martinelli, L.A., Seitzinger, S.P., and Sutton, M.A. (2008). Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science 320, 889–892.
  • Gburek, W.J., Needelman, B.A., and Srinivasan, M.S. (2006). Fragipan controls on runoff generation: Hydropedological implications at landscape and watershed scales. Geoderma 131, 330–344.
  • Goodridge, B.M., and Melack, J.M. (2012). Land use control of stream nitrate concentrations in mountainous coastal California watersheds. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 117(G2), G02005.
  • Goulding, K.W.T., Poulton, P.R., Webster, C.P., and Howe, M.T. (2000). Nitrate leaching from the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, Rothamsted, UK, as influenced by fertilizer and manure inputs and the weather. Soil Use Manage. 16, 244–250.
  • Graham, J.L., Stone, M.L., Rasmussen, T.J., and Poulton, B. (2010). Effects of wastewater effluent discharge and treatment facility upgrades on environmental and biological conditions of the Upper Blue River, Johnson County, Kansas and Jackson County, Missouri, January 2003 through March 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, U.S. Geological Survey Press, Reston.
  • Greer, F.R., and Shannon, M. (2005). Infant methemoglobinemia: The role of dietary nitrate in food and water. Pediatrics 116, 784–786.
  • Groffman, P.M., and Crawford, M.K. (2003). Denitrification potential in urban riparian zones. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 1144–1149.
  • Gu, C., and Riley, W.J. (2010). Combined effects of short term rainfall patterns and soil texture on soil nitrogen cycling—A modeling analysis. J. Contam. Hydrol. 112, 141–154.
  • Han, H., Allan, J.D., and Scavia, D. (2009). Influence of climate and human activities on the relationship between watershed nitrogen input and river export. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 1916–1922.
  • Harriman, R., Curtis, C., and Edwards, A.C. (1998). An empirical approach for assessing the relationship between nitrogen deposition and nitrate leaching from upland catchments in the United Kingdom using runoff chemistry. In R.K. Wieder, M. Novák, and J. Černý (Eds.), The third international symposium on ecosystem behavior June 21–25, 1997 (pp. 193–203). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Hassanli, A.M., Ebrahimizadeh, M.A., and Beecham, S. (2009). The effects of irrigation methods with effluent and irrigation scheduling on water use efficiency and corn yields in an arid region. Agric. Water Manage. 96, 93–99.
  • Hättenschwiler, S., Tiunov, A.V., and Scheu, S. (2005). Biodiversity and litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 36, 191–218.
  • Holland, E.L.A., Braswell, B.H., and Sulzman, J. (2005). Nitrogen deposition onto the United States and Western Europe: Synthesis of observations and models. Ecol. Appl. 15, 38–57.
  • Hopp, L., and McDonnell, J.J. (2009). Connectivity at the hillslope scale: Identifying interactions between storm size, bedrock permeability, slope angle and soil depth. J. Hydrol. 376, 378–391.
  • Hosono, T., Wang, C.-H., Umezawa, Y., Nakano, T., Onodera, S., Nagata, T., Yoshimizu, C., Tayasu, I., and Taniguchi, M. (2011). Multiple isotope (H, O, N, S and Sr) approach elucidates complex pollution causes in the shallow groundwaters of the Taipei urban area. J. Hydrol. 397, 23–36.
  • Howarth, R.W. (2008). Coastal nitrogen pollution: A review of sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae 8, 14–20.
  • Hubbard, R.K., Newton, G.L., and Hill, G.M. (2004). Water quality and the grazing animal. J. Anim. Sci. 82, E255–E263.
  • Humborg, C., Mörth, C.M., Sundbom, M. and Wulff, F. (2007). Riverine transport of biogenic elements to the Baltic Sea – past and possible future perspectives. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1593–1607.
  • Hyvönen, R., Agren, G.I., Linder, S., Persson, T., Cotrufo, M.F., Ekblad, A., Freeman, M., Grelle, A., Janssens, I.A., Jarvis, P.G., Kellomäki, S., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Lundmark, T., Norby, R.J., Oren, R., Pilegaard, K., Ryan, M.G., Sigurdsson, B.D., Strömgren, M., van Oijen, M., and Wallin, G. (2007). The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: A literature review. New Phytol.; 173, 463–480.
  • Igbinosa, E.O., and Okoh, A.I. (2009). Impact of discharge wastewater effluents on the physico-chemical qualities of a receiving watershed in a typical rural community. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6, 175–182.
  • Jaynes, D.B., Colvin, T.S., Karlen, D.L., Cambardella, C.A., and Meek, D.W. (2001). Nitrate loss in subsurface drainage as affected by nitrogen fertilizer rate. J. Environ. Qual. 30, 1305–1314.
  • Jiao, J.J., Wang, Y., Cherry, J.A., Wang, X., Zhi, B., Du, H., and Wen, D. (2010). Abnormally high ammonium of natural origin in a coastal aquifer-aquitard system in the Pearl River Delta, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 7470–7475.
  • Johnson, L.T., Tank, J.L., Hall Jr., R.O., Mulholland, P.J., Hamilton, S.K., Valett, H.M., Webster, J.R., Bernot, M.J., McDowell, W.H., Peterson, B.J., and Thomas, S.M. (2013). Quantifying the production of dissolved organic nitrogen in headwater streams using 15N tracer additions. Limnol. Oceanogr. 4, 1271–1285.
  • Kaspar, T.C., Jaynes, D.B., Parkin, T.B., and Moorman, T.B. (2007). Rye cover crop and gamagrass strip effects on NO3 concentration and load in tile drainage. J. Environ. Qual. 36, 1503–1511.
  • Kaushal, S.S., Lewis, W.M., and McCutchan, J.H. (2006). Land use change and nitrogen enrichment of a Rocky Mountain watershed. Ecol. Appl. 16, 299–312.
  • Kaushal, S.S., Groffman, P.M., Band, L.E., Elliott, E.M., Shields, C.A., and Kendall, C. (2011). Tracking nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in human-impacted watersheds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 8225–8232.
  • Kaushal, S.S., Groffman, P.M., Band, L.E., Shields, C.A., Morgan, R.P., Palmer, M.A., Belt, K.T., Swan, C.M., Findlay, S.E.G., and Fisher, G.T. (2008). Interaction between urbanization and climate variability amplifies watershed nitrate export in Maryland. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 5872–5878.
  • Kim, G., Yur, J., and Kim, J. (2007). Diffuse pollution loading from urban stormwater runoff in Daejeon city, Korea. J. Environ. Manage. 85, 9–16.
  • Kojima, K., Murakami, M., Yoshimizu, C., Tayasu, I., Nagata, T., and Furumai, H. (2011). Evaluation of surface runoff and road dust as sources of nitrogen using nitrate isotopic composition. Chemosphere 84, 1716–1722.
  • Kroeger, K.D., Cole, M.L., and Valiela, I. (2006). Groundwater-transported dissolved organic nitrogen exports from coastal watersheds. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 2248–2261.
  • Kurunc, A., Ersahin, S., Uz, B.Y., Sonmez, N.K., Uz, I., Kaman, H., Bacalan, G.E., and Emekli, Y. (2011). Identification of nitrate leaching hot spots in a large area with contrasting soil texture and management. Agric. Water Manage. 98, 1013–1019.
  • Kurz, I., Coxon, C., Tunney, H., and Ryan, D. (2005). Effects of grassland management practices and environmental conditions on nutrient concentrations in overland flow. J. Hydrol. 304, 35–50.
  • Lassaletta, L., García-Gómez, H., Gimeno, B.S., and Rovira, J.V. (2009). Agriculture-induced increase in nitrate concentrations in stream waters of a large Mediterranean catchment over 25 years (1981–2005). Sci. Total Environ. 407, 6034–6043.
  • Laurent, F., and Ruelland, D. (2011). Assessing impacts of alternative land use and agricultural practices on nitrate pollution at the catchment scale. J. Hydrol. 409, 440–450.
  • Lawrence, G. B., Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W.A., and Stensland, G.J. (2000). Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin–emissions, deposition and transport. Sci. Total Environ. 248, 87–99.
  • Le Bissonnais, Y., Cerdan, O., Lecomte, V., Benkhadra, H., Souchère, V., and Martin, P. (2005). Variability of soil surface characteristics influencing runoff and interrill erosion. Catena 62, 111–124.
  • Legout, C., Molenat, J., Aquilina, L., Gascuel-Odoux, C., Faucheux, M., Fauvel, Y., and Bariac, T. (2007). Solute transfer in the unsaturated zone-groundwater continuum of a headwater catchment. J. Hydrol. 332, 427–441.
  • Li, S., Liu, W., Gu, S., Cheng, X., Xu, Z., and Zhang, Q. (2009). Spatio-temporal dynamics of nutrients in the upper Han River basin, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 162, 1340–1346.
  • Li, T., Zhang, W., Feng, C., and Shen, J. (2013). Performance assessment of separate and combined sewer systems in metropolitan areas in southern China. Water Sci. Technol. 69(2), 422–429.
  • Liang, X.-Q., Xu, L., Li, H., He, M.-M., Qian, Y.-C., Liu, J., Nie, Z.-Y., Ye, Y.-S., and Chen, Y. (2011). Influence of N fertilization rates, rainfall, and temperature on nitrate leaching from a rainfed winter wheat field in Taihu watershed. Phys. Chem. Earth 36, 395–400.
  • Liu, X., Duan, L., Mo, J., Du, E., Shen, J., Lu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, X., He, C., and Zhang, F. (2011). Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China: An overview. Environ. Pollut. 159, 2251–2264.
  • Liu, X., Ju, X., Zhang, Y., He, C., Kopsch, J., and Fusuo, Z. (2006). Nitrogen deposition in agroecosystems in the Beijing area. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 113, 370–377.
  • Liu, Y., Tao, Y., Wan, K.Y., Zhang, G.S., Liu, D.B., Xiong, G.Y., and Chen, F. (2012). Runoff and nutrient losses in citrus orchards on sloping land subjected to different surface mulching practices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area of China. Agric. Water Manage. 110, 34–40.
  • Liu, Z., Yang, J., Yang, Z., and Zou, J. (2012). Effects of rainfall and fertilizer types on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in surface runoff from subtropical tea fields in Zhejiang, China. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 93, 297–307.
  • Luo, Y., Yang, X., Carley, R.J., and Perkins, C. (2003). Effects of geographical location and land use on atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in the State of Connecticut. Environ. Pollut. 124, 437–448.
  • Mangimbulude, J.C., van Breukelen, B.M., Krave, A.S., van Straalen, N.M., and Röling, W.F.M. (2009). Seasonal dynamics in leachate hydrochemistry and natural attenuation in surface run-off water from a tropical landfill. Waste Manage. 29, 829–838.
  • Mantovi, P., Fumagalli, L., Beretta, G.P., and Guermandi, M. (2006). Nitrate leaching through the unsaturated zone following pig slurry applications. J. Hydrol. 316, 195–212.
  • Marques, M. (2007). Stormwater runoff pollution at waste management sites. Urban Water J. 4, 173–181.
  • Masetti, M., Poli, S., Sterlacchini, S., Beretta, G.P., and Facchi, A. (2008). Spatial and statistical assessment of factors influencing nitrate contamination in groundwater. J. Environ. Manage. 86, 272–281.
  • McClain, M. E., Boyer, E.W., Dent, C.L., Gergel, S.E., Grimm, N.B., Groffman, P.M., Hart, S.C., Harvey, J.W., Johnston, C.A., Mayorga, E., McDowell, W.H., and Pinay, G. (2003). Biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ecosystems 6, 301–312.
  • McDaniel, P.A., Regan, M.P., Brooks, E., Boll, J., Barndt, S., Falen, A., Young, S.K., and Hammel, J.E. (2008). Linking fragipans, perched water tables, and catchment-scale hydrological processes. Catena 73, 166–173.
  • McGechan, M., and Topp, C.F. (2004). Modelling environmental impacts of deposition of excreted nitrogen by grazing dairy cows. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 103, 149–164.
  • Merseburger, G., Martí, E., and Sabater, F. (2005). Net changes in nutrient concentrations below a point source input in two streams draining catchments with contrasting land uses. Sci. Total Environ. 347, 217–229.
  • Merseburger, G., Martí, E., Sabater, F., and Ortiz, J.D. (2011). Point-source effects on N and P uptake in a forested and an agricultural Mediterranean streams. Sci. Total Environ. 409, 957–967.
  • Meyles, E., Williams, A., Ternan, L., and Dowd, J. (2003). Runoff generation in relation to soil moisture patterns in a small Dartmoor catchment, Southwest England. Hydrol. Processes 17, 251–264.
  • Mian, I.A., Riaz, M., and Cresser, M.S. (2009). The importance of ammonium mobility in nitrogen-impacted unfertilized grasslands: A critical reassessment. Environ. Pollut. 157, 1287–1293.
  • Molenat, J., Gascuel-Odoux, C., Ruiz, L., and Gruau, G. (2008). Role of water table dynamics on stream nitrate export and concentration in agricultural headwater catchment (France). J. Hydrol. 348, 363–378.
  • Morton, T.G., Gold, A.J., and Sullivan, W.M. (1988). Influence of overwatering and fertilization on nitrogen losses from home lawns. J. Environ. Qual. 17, 124.
  • Mousavi, S., Ibrahim, S., Aroua, M.K., and Ghafari, S. (2012). Development of nitrate elimination by autohydrogenotrophic bacteria in bio-electrochemical reactors—A review. Biochem. Eng. J. 67, 251–264.
  • Mulholland, P.J., Helton, A.M., Poole, G.C., Hall, R.O., Hamilton, S.K., Peterson, B.J., Tank, J.L., Ashkenas, L.R., Cooper, L.W., Dahm, C.N., Dodds, W.K., Findlay, S.E.G., Gregory, S.V., Grimm, N.B., Johnson, S.L., McDowell, W.H., Meyer, J.L., Valett, H.M., Webster, J.R., Arango, C.P., Beaulieu, J.J., Bernot, M.J., Burgin, A.J., Crenshaw, C.L., Johnson, L.T., Niederlehner, B.R., O'Brien, J.M., Potter, J.D., Sheibley, R.W., Sobota, D.J., and Thomas, S.M. (2008). Stream denitrification across biomes and its response to anthropogenic nitrate loading. Nature 452, 202–205.
  • Needelman, B.A., Gburek, W.J., Petersen, G.W., Sharpley, A.N., and Kleinman, P.J.A. (2004). Surface runoff along two agricultural hillslopes with contrasting soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68, 914–923.
  • Norton, M., and Fisher, T. (2000). The effects of forest on stream water quality in two coastal plain watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay. Ecol. Eng. 14, 337–362.
  • Nyenje, P.M., Foppen, J.W., Uhlenbrook, S., Kulabako, R., and Muwanga, A. (2010). Eutrophication and nutrient release in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 408, 447–455.
  • Ohte, N. (2012). Implications of seasonal variation in nitrate export from forested ecosystems: A review from the hydrological perspective of ecosystem dynamics. Ecol. Res. 27, 657–665.
  • Ojeda, G., Tarrasón, D., Ortiz, O., and Alcañiz, J.M. (2006). Nitrogen losses in runoff waters from a loamy soil treated with sewage sludge. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 117, 49–56.
  • Oman, C. B., and Junestedt, C. (2008). Chemical characterization of landfill leachates–400 parameters and compounds. Waste Manage. 28, 1876–1891.
  • Paerl, H.W., Dennis, R. L., and Whitall, D.R. (2002). Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen: Implications for nutrient over-enrichment of coastal waters. Estuaries 25, 677–693.
  • Pärn, J., Pinay, G., and Mander, Ü. (2012). Indicators of nutrients transport from agricultural catchments under temperate climate: A review. Ecol. Indic. 22, 4–15.
  • Patil, R.H., Laegdsmand, M., Olesen, J.E., and Porter, J.R. (2010). Effect of soil warming and rainfall patterns on soil N cycling in Northern Europe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 139, 195–205.
  • Paul, M.J., and Meyer, J.L. (2001). Streams in the urban landscape. Urban Ecol. 32, 333–365.
  • Pellerin, B.A., Kaushal, S.S., and McDowell, W.H. (2006). Does anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment increase organic nitrogen concentrations in runoff from forested and human-dominated watersheds? Ecosystems 9, 852–864.
  • Penna, D., Meerveld, H.J., Gobbi, A., Borga, M., and Dalla Fontana, G. (2011). The influence of soil moisture on threshold runoff generation processes in an alpine headwater catchment. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 15, 689–702.
  • Peterson, B.J., Wollheim, W.M., Mulholland, P.J., Webster, J.R., Meyer, J.L., Tank, J.L., Marti, E., Bowden, W.B., Valett, H.M., Hershey, A.E., McDowell, W.H., Dodds, W.K., Hamilton, S.K., Gregory, S., and Morrall, D.D. (2001). Control of nitrogen export from watersheds by headwater streams. Science 292, 86–90.
  • Petrovic, A.M. (1990). The fate of nitrogenous fertilizers applied to turfgrass. J. Environ. Qual. 19(1), 1–14.
  • Phan, L.T., Bui, T.M., Nguyen, T.T.T., Gooley, G.J., Ingram, B.A., Nguyen, H.V., Nguyen, P.T., and De Silva, S.S. (2009). Current status of farming practices of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquaculture 296, 227–236.
  • Puigdefábregas, J. (2005). The role of vegetation patterns in structuring runoff and sediment fluxes in drylands. Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 30, 133–147.
  • Ramos, M.C., and Martínez-Casasnovas, J.A. (2006). Nutrient losses by runoff in vineyards of the Mediterranean Alt Penedès region (NE Spain). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 113, 356–363.
  • Ranalli, A.J., and Macalady, D.L. (2010). The importance of the riparian zone and in-stream processes in nitrate attenuation in undisturbed and agricultural watersheds—A review of the scientific literature. J. Hydrol. 389, 406–415.
  • Rao, N.S., Easton, Z.M., Schneiderman, E.M., Zion, M.S., Lee, D.R., and Steenhuis, T.S. (2009). Modeling watershed-scale effectiveness of agricultural best management practices to reduce phosphorus loading. J. Environ. Manage. 90, 1385–1395.
  • Reay, W.G. (2004). Septic tank impacts on ground water quality and nearshore sediment nutrient flux. Ground Water 42, 1079–1089.
  • Renou, S., Givaudan, J. G., Poulain, S., Dirassouyan, F., and Moulin, P. (2008). Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity. J. Hazard. Mater. 150, 468–493.
  • Rimski-Korsakov, H., Rubio, G., and Lavado, R.S. (2004). Potential nitrate losses under different agricultural practices in the pampas region, Argentina. Agric. Water Manage. 65, 83–94.
  • Robertson, G.P., and Groffman, P. (2007). Nitrogen transformations. Soil Microbiol. Biochem. Ecol. 341–364.
  • Rouxel, M., Molénat, J., Ruiz, L., Legout, C., Faucheux, M., and Gascuel-Odoux, C. (2011). Seasonal and spatial variation in groundwater quality along the hillslope of an agricultural research catchment (Western France). Hydrol. Processes 25, 831–841.
  • Royer, T.V., David, M.B., and Gentry, L.E. (2006). Timing of riverine export of nitrate and phosphorus from agricultural watersheds in Illinois: Implications for reducing nutrient loading to the Mississippi River. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 4126–4131.
  • Royer, T.V., Tank, J.L., and David, M.B. (2004). Landscape and watershed processes transport and fate of nitrate in headwater agricultural streams in Illinois. J. Environ. Qual. 33, 1296–1304.
  • Ruiz, L., Abiven, S., Durand, P., Martin, C., Vertès, F., and Beaujouan, V. (2002a). Effect on nitrate concentration in stream water of agricultural practices in small catchments in Brittany: I. Annual nitrogen budgets. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 6, 497–506.
  • Ruiz, L., Abiven, S., Martin, C., Durand, P., Beaujouan, V., and Molénat, J. (2002b). Effect on nitrate concentration in stream water of agricultural practices in small catchments in Brittany: II. Temporal variations and mixing processes. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 6, 507–514.
  • Ryther, J.H., and Dunstan, W.M. (1971). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and eutrophication in the coastal marine environment. Science 171, 1008–1013.
  • Sahu, M., and Gu, R.R. (2009). Modeling the effects of riparian buffer zone and contour strips on stream water quality. Ecol. Eng. 35, 1167–1177.
  • Schilling, K., and Zhang, Y.-K. (2004). Baseflow contribution to nitrate-nitrogen export from a large, agricultural watershed, USA. J. Hydrol. 295, 305–316.
  • Schindler, D.W., Dillon, P.J., and Schreier, H. (2006). A review of anthropogenic sources of nitrogen and their effects on Canadian aquatic ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 79, 25–44.
  • Schmidt, C.A., and Clark, M.W. (2012). Efficacy of a denitrification wall to treat continuously high nitrate loads. Ecol. Eng. 42, 203–211.
  • Schulz, M., Kozerski, H.-P., Pluntke, T., and Rinke, K. (2003). The influence of macrophytes on sedimentation and nutrient retention in the lower River Spree (Germany). Water Res. 37, 569–578.
  • Sebestyen, S.D., Boyer, E.W., Shanley, J.B., Kendall, C., Doctor, D.H., Aiken, G.R., and Ohte, N. (2008). Sources, transformations, and hydrological processes that control stream nitrate and dissolved organic matter concentrations during snowmelt in an upland forest. Water Resour. Res. 44, W12410.
  • Seitzinger, S., Harrison, J.A., Böhlke, J.K., Bouwman, A.F., Lowrance, R., Peterson, B., Tobias, C., and Van Drecht, G. (2006). Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: A synthesis. Ecol. Appl. 16, 2064–2090.
  • Sheriff, G. (2005). Efficient waste? Why farmers over-apply nutrients and the implications for policy design. Rev. Agric. Econ. 27, 542–557.
  • Shields, C.A., Band, L.E., Law, N., Groffman, P.M., Kaushal, S.S., Savvas, K., Fisher, G.T., and Belt, K.T. (2008). Streamflow distribution of non-point source nitrogen export from urban-rural catchments in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Water Resour. Res. 44, 1–13.
  • Shrestha, S., and Kazama, F. (2007). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environ. Modell. Software 22, 464–475.
  • Sindilariu, P.-D., Reiter, R., and Wedekind, H. (2009). Impact of trout aquaculture on water quality and farm effluent treatment options. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 93–103.
  • Smith, R.G., Gross, K.L., and Robertson, G.P. (2008). Effects of crop diversity on agroecosystem function: Crop yield response. Ecosystems 11, 355–366.
  • Soonthornnonda, P., and Christensen, E.R. (2008). Source apportionment of pollutants and flows of combined sewer wastewater. Water Res. 42, 1989–1998.
  • Sutton, M.A., Howard, C.M., Erisman, J.W., Billen, G., Bleeker, A., Grennfelt, P., van Grinsven, H., and Grizzetti, B. (2011). The European nitrogen assessment: Sources, effects and policy perspectives. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
  • Tang, J.-L., Zhang, B., Gao, C., and Zepp, H. (2008). Hydrological pathway and source area of nutrient losses identified by a multi-scale monitoring in an agricultural catchment. Catena 72, 374–385.
  • Tanner, C.C., Sukias, J.P.S., Headley, T.R., Yates, C.R., and Stott, R. (2012). Constructed wetlands and denitrifying bioreactors for on-site and decentralised wastewater treatment: Comparison of five alternative configurations. Ecol. Eng. 42, 112–123.
  • Taylor, G.D., Fletcher, T.D., Wong, T.H.F., Breen, P.F., and Duncan, H.P. (2005). Nitrogen composition in urban runoff—Implications for stormwater management Water Res., 39, 1982–1989.
  • Thieu, V., Garnier, J., and Billen, G. (2010). Assessing the effect of nutrient mitigation measures in the watersheds of the Southern Bight of the North Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 408, 1245–1255.
  • Thomas, O., Jung, A.V., Causse, J., Louyer, M.V., Piel, S., Baurès, E., and Thomas, M.F. (2014). Revealing organic carbon–nitrate linear relationship from UV spectra of freshwaters in agricultural environment. Chemosphere 107, 115–120.
  • Thompson, R.B., Martínez-Gaitan, C., Gallardo, M., Giménez, C., and Fernández, M.D. (2007). Identification of irrigation and N management practices that contribute to nitrate leaching loss from an intensive vegetable production system by use of a comprehensive survey. Agric. Water Manage. 89, 261–274.
  • Tian, S., Youssef, M.A., Skaggs, R.W., Amatya, D.M., and Chescheir, G.M. (2012). Temporal variations and controlling factors of nitrogen export from an artificially drained coastal forest. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 9956–9963.
  • Tomer, M.D., Meek, D.W., Jaynes, D.B., and Hatfield, J.L. (2003). Evaluation of nitrate nitrogen fluxes from a tile-drained watershed in Central Iowa. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 642–653.
  • Tromp-van Meerveld, H.J., and McDonnell, J.J. (2006). Threshold relations in subsurface stormflow: 1. A 147-storm analysis of the Panola hillslope. Water Resour. Res. 42, W02410.
  • Tromp-van Meerveld, H.J., Peters, N.E., and Mcdonnell, J.J. (2007). Effect of bedrock permeability on subsurface stormflow and the water balance of a trenched hillslope at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA. Hydrol. Processes 769, 750–769.
  • Truman, C.C., Potter, T.L., Nuti, R.C., Franklin, D.H., and Bosch, D.D. (2011). Antecedent water content effects on runoff and sediment yields from two Coastal Plain Ultisols. Agric. Water Manage. 98, 1189–1196.
  • Uchida, T., Meerveld, H.J., and McDonnell, J.J. (2005). The role of lateral pipe flow in hillslope runoff response: An intercomparison of non-linear hillslope response. J. Hydrol. 311, 117–133.
  • Udawatta, R.P., Motavalli, P.P., Garrett, H.E. and Krstansky, J.J. (2006). Nitrogen losses in runoff from three adjacent agricultural watersheds with claypan soils, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 117, 39–48.
  • Umezawa, Y., Hosono, T., Onodera, S., Siringan, F., Buapeng, S., Delinom, R., Yoshimizu, C., Tayasu, I., Nagata, T., and Taniguchi, M. (2009). Erratum to “Sources of nitrate and ammonium contamination in groundwater under developing Asian megacities”. Sci. Total Environ. 407(9), 3219–3231.
  • USEPA. (2004). Report to Congress on the Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs. Chapter 5 - Environmental Impacts of CSOs and SSOs. US. EPA Press, Washington.
  • USEPA. (2009). Combined sewer overflow controls in Southeast Michigan. Retrieved April 17, 2015, from http://www.epa.gov/med/grosseile_site/indicators/cso.html.
  • Vázquez, N., Pardo, A., Suso, M.L., and Quemada, M. (2006). Drainage and nitrate leaching under processing tomato growth with drip irrigation and plastic mulching. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 112, 313–323.
  • Vidon, P., Allan, C., Burns, D., Duval, T.P., Gurwick, N., Inamdar, S., Lowrance, R., Okay, J., Scott, D., Sebestyen, S., and Low, R. (2010). Hot spots and hot moments in riparian zones: potential for improved water quality management. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 46(2), 278–298.
  • Vymazal, J. (2007). Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Sci. Total Environ. 380, 48–65.
  • Wagenschein, D., and Rode, M. (2008). Modelling the impact of river morphology on nitrogen retention—A case study of the Weisse Elster River (Germany). Ecol. Modell. 211, 224–232.
  • Wakida, F.T., and Lerner, D.N. (2005). Non-agricultural sources of groundwater nitrate: A review and case study. Water Res. 39, 3–16.
  • Wakida, F.T., and Lerner, D.N. (2006). Potential nitrate leaching to groundwater from house building. Hydrol. Processes 20, 2077–2081.
  • Ward, M.H., deKok, T.M., Levallois, P., Brender, J., Gulis, G., Nolan, B.T., and VanDerslice, J. (2005). Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health—recent findings and research needs. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 1607–1614.
  • Wei, L., Zhang, B., and Wang, M. (2007). Effects of antecedent soil moisture on runoff and soil erosion in alley cropping systems. Agric. Water Manage. 94, 54–62.
  • Wei, Y., Davidson, B., Chen, D., and White, R. (2009). Balancing the economic, social and environmental dimensions of agro-ecosystems: An integrated modeling approach. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 131, 263–273.
  • Withers, P.J.A., and Jarvie, H.P. (2008). Delivery and cycling of phosphorus in rivers: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 400, 379–395.
  • Wohlfart, T., Exbrayat, J.-F., Schelde, K., Christen, B., Dalgaard, T., Frede, H.-G., and Breuer, L. (2012). Spatial distribution of soils determines export of nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon from an intensively managed agricultural landscape. Biogeosciences 9, 4513–4525.
  • Wollheim, W.M., Pellerin, B.A., Vörösmarty, C.J., and Hopkinson, C.S. (2005). N retention in urbanizing headwater catchments. Ecosystems 8, 871–884.
  • Wu, L., Long, T., Liu, X., and Guo, J. (2012). Impacts of climate and land-use changes on the migration of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus during rainfall-runoff in the Jialing River Watershed, China. J. Hydrol. 475, 26–41.
  • Zhang, Q., Streets, D.G., Carmichael, G.R., He, K.B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I.S., and Reddy, S. (2009). Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 5131–5153.
  • Zheng, F.-L., Huang, C.-H., and Norton, L.D. (2004). Effects of near-surface hydraulic gradients on nitrate and phosphorus losses in surface runoff. J. Environ. Qual. 33, 2174–2182.
  • Zhou, J.-B., Xi, J.-G., Chen, Z.-J., and Li, S.-X. (2006). Leaching and transformation of nitrogen fertilizers in soil after application of N with irrigation: A soil column method. Pedosphere 16, 245–252.