A Review on Air Pollution Monitoring and Management Using Plants With Special Reference to Foliar Dust Adsorption and Physiological Stress Responses

REFERENCES

• Aberg, B. (1958). Ascorbic acid formation, storage, mobilisation and transformation of carbohydrates. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, 6, 479–499.
   Google Scholar
• Ahn, Y.O., Kim, S.H., Lee, J., Kim, H., Lee, H.S., and Kwak, S.S. (2012). Three Brassica rapa metallothionein genes are differentially regulated under various stress conditions. Molecular Biology Reports, 39, 2059–2067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akyuz, M., and Çabuk, H. (2009). Meteorological variations of PM2.5/PM10 concentrations and particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Zonguldak, Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170, 13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, E.A. (1993). Damage to plants due to industrial pollution and their use as bioindicators in Egypt. Environmental Pollution, 81, 251–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alscher, R.G., Erturk, N., and Heath, L.S. (2002). Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53(372), 1331–1341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apel, K., and Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 55, 373–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asada, K. (1999). The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: Scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50, 601–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avila, A., Queralt-Mitjans, I., and Alarcón, M. (1997). Mineralogical composition of African dust delivered by red rains over northeastern Spain. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 102, 21977–21996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badarinath, K.V. S., Latha, K.M., Chand, T.R. K., Reddy, R.R., Gopal, K.R., Reddy, L. S. S., Narasimhulu, K., and Kumar, K. R. (2007). Black carbon aerosols and gaseous pollutants in an urban area in North India during a fog period. Atmospheric Research, 85, 209–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, J., Rodriguez, A.M., Melendez, J.A., and Cederbaum, A.I. (1999). Overexpression of catalase in cytosolic or mitochondrial compartment protects HepG2 cells against oxidative injury. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 26217–26224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, A.J. M., McGrath, S.P., Reeves, R.D., and Smith, J.A. C. (2000). Metal hyperaccumulator plants: a review of the ecology and physiology of a biological resource for phytoremediation of metal polluted soils. In: N. Terry and G. Benuelos (Eds.), Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water (pp. 85–107). Boca Raton, FL: Lewis.
   Google Scholar
• Bandhu, H.K., Puri, S., Garg, M.L., Singh, B., Shahi, J.S., Mehta, D., Swietlicki, E., Dhawan, D. K., Mangal, P. C., and Singh, N. (2000). Elemental composition and sources of air pollution in the city of Chandigarh, India, using EDXRF and PIXE techniques. NIMB, 160, 126–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, S., Singh, A.K., and Banerjee, S.K. (2003). Impact of flyash on foliar chemical and biochemical composition of naturally occurring ground flora and its possible utilization for growing tree crop. Indian Forester, 129, 964–977.
   Google Scholar
• Begum, B.A., Biswas, S., and Hopke, P. (2008). Assessment of trends and present ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 1, 125–133.
   Google Scholar
• Begum, B.A., Biswas, S. and Hopke, P.K. (2011). Key issues in controlling air pollutants in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 7705–7713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett, K.P., Freer-Smith, P.H., and Taylor, G. (1998). Urban woodlands: their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution. Environmental Pollution, 99, 347–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett, K.P., Freer-Smith, P.H., and Taylor, G. (2000). Particulate pollution capture by urban trees: effect of species and windspeed. Global Change Biology, 6, 995–1003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beelen, R., Hoek, G., van den Brandt, P.A., Goldbohm, R.A., Fischer, P., Schouten, L.J., Armstrong, B., and Brunekreef, B. (2008). Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer risk. Epidemiology, 19, 702–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem, H., Gallorini, M., Rizzio, E., and Krzemińska, M.G. (2003). Comparative studies on the concentrations of some elements in the urban air particulate matter in Lodz City of Poland and in Milan, Italy. Environment International, 29, 423–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermudez, G.M., Rodriguez, J.H., and Pignata, M.L. (2009). Comparison of the air pollution biomonitoring ability of three Tillandsia species and the lichen Ramalina celastri in Argentina. Environmental Research, 109, 6–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, B.V., Jeba Rajasekhar, R.V., Muthusubramanian, P., and Kesarkar, A. (2008). Measurement and modeling of respirable particulate (PM10) and lead pollution over Madurai, India. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 1, 45–55.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, B.V., and Mehta, V.M. (2010). Atmospheric particulate pollutants and their relationship with meteorology in Ahmadabad. Aerosol Air Quality Research, 10, 301–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi, X., Feng, X., Yang, Y., Li, X., Shin, G.P. Y., Li, F., Qiu, G., Li, G., Liu, T., and Fu, Z. (2009). Allocation and source attribution of lead and cadmium in maize (Zea mays L.) impacted by smelting emissions. Environmental Pollution, 157, 834–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birbaum, K., Brogioli, R., Schellenberg, M., Martinoia, E., Stark, W.J., Günther, D., and Limbach, L.K. (2010). No evidence for cerium dioxide nanoparticle translocation in maize plants. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 8718–8723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borja-Aburto, V.H., Castillejos, M., Gold, D.R., Bierzwinski, S., and Loomis, D. (1998). Mortality and ambient fine particles in southwest Mexico City, 1993–1995. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106, 849–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon, C., and Homman, K. (1995). The cost of inaction: Valuing the economic-wide cast of environmental degradation in India. (17 October 1995 ed.). Asia Environment Division, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Bullock, K.R., Duvall, R.M., Norris, G.A., McDow, S.R., and Hays, M.D. (2008). Evaluation of the CMB and PMF models using organic molecular markers in fine particulate matter collected during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 6897–6904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacciola, R.R., Sarvà, M., and Polosa, R. (2002). Adverse respiratory effects and allergic susceptibility in relation to particulate air pollution: flirting with disaster. Allergy, 57, 281–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAI-Asia. (2010). Clean air initiative for Asian Cities, air quality in Asia: Status and trends – 2010. Pasig City, Philippines: CAI-Asia.
   Google Scholar
• Calatayud, A., and Barreno, E. (2004). Response to ozone in two lettuce varieties on chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments and lipid peroxidation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 42, 549–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, J.D., Ghio, A.J., Samet, J.M., and Devlin, R.B. (1997). Cytokine production by human airway epithelial cells after exposure to an air pollution particle is metal-dependent. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 146, 180–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, J.-A. E., Zawar-Reza, P., and Wilson, J.G. (2009). Spatial attenuation of ambient particulate matter air pollution within an urbanised native forest patch. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 8, 21–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, J.E. (2008). Influence of urban trees on air quality in Christchurch; preliminary estimates. LC0708/097, Lincoln, New Zealand: Landcare Research.
   Google Scholar
• Central Pollution Control Board. (2010). National summary report on air quality monitoring, emission inventory and source apportionment study for Indian Cities 2010. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India.
   Google Scholar
• Central Pollution Control Board. (2007). Phytoremediation of particulate matter from ambient environment through dust capturing plant species. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India.
   Google Scholar
• Cesaroni, G., Badaloni, C., Gariazzo, C., Stafoggia, M., Sozzi, R., Davoli, M., and Forastiere, F. (2013). Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and mortality in a cohort of more than a million adults in Rome. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121, 324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakre, O.J. (2006). Choice of eco-friendly trees in urban environment to mitigate airborne particulate pollution. Journal of Human Ecology, 20, 135–138.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Z., and Gallie, D.R. (2005). Increasing tolerance to ozone by elevating foliar ascorbic acid confers greater protection against ozone than increasing avoidance. Plant Physiology, 138, 1673–1689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, Z., Zheng, M., Schauer, J.J., Sheesley, R.J., Salmon, L.G., Cass, G.R., and Russell, A.G. (2007). Speciation of ambient fine organic carbon particles and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Indian cities. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112, D15303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colle, C., Madoz-Escande, C., and Leclerc, E. (2009). Foliar transfer into the biosphere: review of translocation factors to cereal grains. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100, 683–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, J.A., and Watson, J.G. (1980). Receptor oriented methods of air particulate source apportionment. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 30, 1116–1125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromar, N., Cameron, S., and Fallowfield, H. (Eds.). (2004). Environmental health in Australia and New Zealand. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Currie, B.A., and Bass, B. (2005, May). Estimate of air pollution mitigation with green plants and green roofs using the UFORE model. Paper presented at the Third Annual Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference, Awards and Trade Show, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Das, T.M., Pattanayak, P., Bhaumik, A., and Ghosh, A. (2006). Dust filtering property of avenue trees and the effect of air borne particulate matters on growth and yield of paddy plants. Indian Biologist, 38, 141–148.
   Google Scholar
• Datta, S.C., and Ghosh, J.J. (1985). A study of the distribution pattern of lead in the leaves of banyan trees (Ficus benghalensis) from different traffic density regions of Calcutta. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 9, 101–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deb, M., Thakur, M., Mishra, R.K., and Bodhankar, N. (2002). Assessment of atmospheric arsenic level in airborne dust particulates of an urban city of central India. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 140, 57–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal. (2002). Health effects of air pollution: A study on Kolkata. Kolkata, India: West Bengal Pollution Control Board.
   Google Scholar
• Deshmukh, D., Deb, M., and Mkoma, S. (2013a). Size distribution and seasonal variation of size-segregated particulate matter in the ambient air of Raipur city, India. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 6, 259–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshmukh, D., Deb, M., Suzuki, Y., and Kouvarakis, G. (2013b). Water-soluble ionic composition of PM2.5–10 and PM2.5 aerosols in the lower troposphere of an industrial city Raipur, the eastern central India. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 6, 95–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshmukh, D., Deb, M.K., and Verma, S.K. (2010). Distribution patterns of coarse, fine and ultrafine atmospheric aerosol particulate matters in major cities of Chhattisgarh. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 30, 184–197.
   Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.W., and Pope, C.A. I. (1997). Outdoor air I: particulates. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dzierzanowski, K., Popek, R., Gawronska, H., Saebo, A., and Gawronski, S.W. (2011). Deposition of particulate matter of different size fractions on leaf surfaces and in waxes of urban forest species. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 13, 1037–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEA-ETC/AQ. (2001). European Environment Agency (EEA) European Topic Centre on Air Quality (ETC-AQ), . Indicator Fact Sheet Signals 2001 – Air Pollution.
   Google Scholar
• Erichsen, E., Schiellerup, H., and Grimstvedt, A. (2006). Analysis of the mineral content in dust samples from asphalt cores. NGU report 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Escobedo, F.J., Seitz, J.A., and Zipperer, W. (2009). Air pollution removal and temperature reduction by Gainesville's urban forest. Gainesville, FL: School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Escobedo, F.J., Wagner, J.E., Nowak, D.J., De la Maza, C.L., Rodriguez, M., and Crane, D.E. (2008). Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 86, 148–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, G.-C., Wu, Y.-S., Chang, S.-Y., Huang, S.-H., and Rau, J.-Y. (2006). Size distributions of ambient air particles and enrichment factor analyses of metallic elements at Taichung Harbor near the Taiwan Strait. Atmospheric Research, 81, 320–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, A.M. (1993). The effects of dust on vegetation—a review. Environmental Pollution, 79, 63–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Ervik, M., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo M., Parkin D. M., Forman D., and Bray, F. (2013). GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. . IARC CancerBase No. 11. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández Espinosa, A.J., Ternero Rodrıguez, M., Barragán de la Rosa, F.J., and Jiménez Sánchez, J.C. (2002). A chemical speciation of trace metals for fine urban particles. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 773–780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, G., Kjellström, T., Kingham, S., Hales, S., and Shrestha, R. (2007). Health and air pollution in New Zealand (HAPiNZ): Main report. . Auckland, Health Research Council of New Zealand, Ministry for the Environment, Ministry of Transport.
   Google Scholar
• Flanagan, J.T., Wade, K.J., Currie, A., and Curtis, D.J. (1980). The deposition of lead and zinc from traffic pollution on two roadside shrubs. Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical, 1, 71–78.
   Google Scholar
• Freer-Smith, P.H., Beckett, K.P., and Taylor, G. (2005). Deposition velocities to Sorbus aria, Acer campestre, Populus deltoides trichocarpa ‘Beaupré’, Pinus nigra and Cupressocyparis leylandii for coarse, fine and ultra-fine particles in the urban environment. Environmental Pollution, 133, 157–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foyer, C., and Halliwell, B. (1976). The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: A proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. Planta, 133, 21–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara, F., Rebagliati, R.J., Dawidowski, L., Gómez, D., Polla, G., Pereyra, V., and Smichowski, P. (2011a). Spatial and chemical patterns of size fractionated road dust collected in a megacitiy. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 1497–1505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara, F.G., Gómez, D.R., Dawidowski, L., Perelman, P., and Faggi, A. (2011b). Metals associated with airborne particulate matter in road dust and tree bark collected in a megacity (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Ecological Indicators, 11, 240–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajić, G., Mitrović, M., Pavlović, P., Stevanović, B., Djurdjević, L., and Kostić, O. (2009). An assessment of the tolerance of Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. to traffic-generated Pb using physiological and biochemical markers. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72, 1090–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautam, P., Blaha, U., and Appel, E. (2005). Magnetic susceptibility of dust-loaded leaves as a proxy of traffic-related heavy metal pollution in Kathmandu city, Nepal. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2201–2211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavali, J.G., Saha, D., and Krishnayya, N.S. (2002). Difference in sulfur accumulation in eleven tropical tree species growing in polluted environs. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 44, 88–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gill, S.S., and Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48, 909–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goddu, S.R., Appel, E., Jordanova, D., and Wehland, F. (2004). Magnetic properties of road dust from Visakhapatnam (India)-relationship to industrial pollution and road traffic. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 29, 985–995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, M.B., Gomez, M.M., and Palacios, M.A. (2003). ICP-MS determination of Pt, Pd and Rh in airborne and road dust after tellurium co-precipitation. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 18, 80–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantz, D.A., Garner, J.H., and Johnson, D.W. (2003). Ecological effects of particulate matter. Environment International, 29, 213–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greger, M., Johansson, M., Stihl, A., and Hamza, K. (1993). Foliar uptake of Cd by pea (Pisum sativum) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Physiologia Plantarum, 88, 563–570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, A.K., Karar, K., and Srivastava, A. (2007). Chemical mass balance source apportionment of PM10 and TSP in residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kolkata, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 142, 279–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Y., Wang, Q.Y., and Han, G.X. (1995). The analysis about SOD activities in leaves of plants and resistance classification of them. Journal of Liaoning University (Natural Science Edition), 22, 71–74.
   Google Scholar
• Haritash, A.K., and Kaushik, C.P. (2007). Assessment of seasonal enrichment of heavy metals in respirable suspended particulate matter of a sub-urban Indian city. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 128, 411–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, R.M., and Yin, J. (2000). Particulate matter in the atmosphere: which particle properties are important for its effects on health? Science of the Total Environment, 249, 85–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, R.L. (2008). Modification of the biochemical pathways of plants induced by ozone: What are the varied routes to change? Environmental Pollution, 155, 453–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedalen, T., and Myran, T. (1994). Vegstøvdepot in Trøndheim - particle size distribution, chemical and mineralogical composition. STF36 A94037, SINTEF Bergteknikk.
   Google Scholar
• Heinrich, J., Thiering, E., Rzehak, P., Krämer, U., Hochadel, M., Rauchfuss, K.M., Gehring, U., and Wichmann, H. E. (2013). Long-term exposure to NO2 and PM10 and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a prospective cohort of women. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 70, 179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hien, P.D., Bac, V.T., Tham, H.C., Nhan, D.D., and Vinh, L.D. (2002). Influence of meteorological conditions on PM2.5 and PM2.5−10 concentrations during the monsoon season in Hanoi, Vietnam. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 3473–3484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2013). The global burden of disease: Generating evidence, guiding policy. GBD-2010. Seattle, WA: IHME.
   Google Scholar
• Iowa Department of Natural Resources. (2012). Exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Ambient Air Monitoring Group.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, C., Norman, M., and Burman, L. (2009). Road traffic emission factors for heavy metals. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 4681–4688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor, C.S., Bamniya, B.R., and Kapoor, K. (2013). Efficient control of air pollution through plants, a cost-effective alternative: studies on Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185,7565–7580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kar, S., Maity, J., Samal, A., and Santra, S. (2010). Metallic components of traffic-induced urban aerosol, their spatial variation, and source apportionment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 168, 561–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karar, K., and Gupta, A.K. (2006). Seasonal variations and chemical characterization of ambient PM10 at residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kolkata (Calcutta), India. Atmospheric Research, 81, 36–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karar, K., and Gupta, A.K. (2007). Source apportionment of PM10 at residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kolkata, India. Atmospheric Research, 84, 30–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karar, K., Gupta, A.K., Kumar, A., and Biswas, A. (2006). Seasonal variations of PM10 and TSP in residential and industrial sites in an urban area of Kolkata, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 118, 369–381. doi: 10.1007/s10661-006-1503-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar, V., and Dubey, P.S. (2000). Growth behavior of two cultivars of maize in response to SO2 and NO2. Journal of Environmental Biology, 21, 317–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katanoda, K., Sobue, T., Satoh, H., Tajima, K., Suzuki, T., Nakatsuka, H., Takezaki, T., Nakayama, T., Nitta, H., Tanabe, K., and Tominaga, S. (2011). An association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory diseases in Japan. Journal of Epidemiology, 21, 132–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayode, J., and Otoide, J.E. (2007). Environmental pollution and leaf cuticular variations in Newbouldia laevis Seem. ex Bureau. Asian Journal of Plant Science, 6, 1024–1026.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, A.M., V., P., Yunus, M., and Ahmad, K.J. (1989). Plants as dust scavengers. A case study. Indian Forester, 115, 670–672.
   Google Scholar
• Khare, P., and Baruah, B.P. (2010). Elemental characterization and source identification of PM2.5 using multivariate analysis at the suburban site of North-East India. Atmospheric Research, 98, 148–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Oanh, N.T., Upadhyay, N., Zhuang, Y.H., Hao, Z.P., Murthy, D.V. S., Lestari, P., Villarin, J. T., Chengchua, K., Co, H. X., Dung, N. T., and Lindgren, E. S. (2006). Particulate air pollution in six Asian cities: Spatial and temporal distributions, and associated sources. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 3367–3380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocic, K., Spasić, T., Urošević, M.A. I., and Tomašević, M. (2013). Trees as natural barriers against heavy metal pollution and their role in the protection of cultural heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15, 227–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothai, P., Saradhi, I.V., Pratibha, P., Hopke, P.K., Pandit, G.G., and Puranik, V.D. (2008). Source apportionment of coarse and fine particulate matterat Navi Mumbai, India. Aerosol Air Quality Research, 8, 423–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulshreshtha, K., Rai, A., Mohanty, C.S., Roy, R.K., and Sharma, S.C. (2009). Particulate pollution mitigating ability of some plant species. International Journal of Environmental Research, 3, 137–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalitha, J., Dhanam, S., and Sankar, G.K. (2013). Air Pollution Tolerance Index of certain plants around SIPCOT industrial area Cuddalore, Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy, 5, 149–155.
   Google Scholar
• Larcher, W. (1995). Physiological plant ecology. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K.H., Kim, D.S., Cha, J.H., Ryu, S.D., Lee, H.J., Kim, H., and Hong, Y.C. (2005). Association of heavy metals in the fine particle and lung function in ambient air pollution. Epidemiology, 16, S118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenschow, P., Abraham, H.J., Kutzner, K., Lutz, M., Preuß, J.D., and Reichenbächer, W. (2001). Some ideas about the sources of PM10. Atmospheric Environment, 35, S23–S33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepeule, J., Laden, F., Dockery, D., and Schwartz, J. (2012). Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study from 1974 to 2009. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 965–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L., Guan, D., and Peart, M.R. (2012). The morphological structure of leaves and the dust-retaining capability of afforested plants in urban Guangzhou, South China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19, 3440–3449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr, V.I., and Pearson-Mims, C.H. (1996). Particulate matter accumulation on horizontal surfaces in interiors: Influence of foliage plants. Atmospheric Environment, 30, 2565–2568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar, S., Ram, S.S., Jana, N.K., Santra, S., Chakraborty, A., and Sudarshan, M. (2009). Accumulation of minor and trace elements in lichens in and around Kolkata, India: an application of X-ray fluorescence technique to air pollution monitoring. X-Ray Spectrometry, 38, 469–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal, M., and Mukherji, S. (2000). Changes in chlorophyll context, chlorophyllase activity, Hill reaction, photosynthetic CO2 uptake, sugar and starch contents in five dicotyledonous plants exposed to automobile exhaust pollution. Journal of Environmental Biology, 21, 37–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashitha, P.M., and Pise, V.I. (2001). Biomonitoring of air pollution by correcting the pollution tolerance index of some commonly ground trees of an urban area. Ppollution Research, 20, 195–197.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, A.G., Bealey, W.J., Fowler, D., Dragosits, U., Skiba, U., Smith, R.I., Donovan, R. G., Brett, H. E., Hewitt, C. N., and Nemitz, E. (2007). Quantifying the effect of urban tree planting on concentrations and depositions of PM10 in two UK conurbations. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 8455–8467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D.J., and Rowntree, R.E. (1994). Chicago's urban forest ecosystem: Results of the Chicago urban forest climate project. USDA General Technical Rep. NE-186. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Meusel, I., Neinhuis, C., Markstadter, C., and Barthlott, W. (1999). Ultrastructure, chemical composition, and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes: transverselyridged roadles. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 706–720.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, B.G. (2010). Report on estimation of mortality impacts of particulate air pollution in London. Retrieved from http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Health_Study Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Miller, G., Shulaev, V., and Mittler, R. (2008). Reactive oxygen signaling and abiotic stress. Physiologia Plantarum, 133, 481–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment. (2010). Environmental report card February 2009 – air quality (particulate matter – PM10). Wellington, New Zealand: MoE.
   Google Scholar
• Miria, A., and Khan, A.B. (2013). Air pollution tolerance index and carbon storage of select urban trees - a comparative study. International Journal of Applied Research and Studies, 2(5), 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mitra, A.P., and Sharma, C. (2002). Indian aerosols: present status. Chemosphere, 49, 1175–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan, M., and Kandya, A. (2007). An analysis of the annual and seasonal trends of air quality index of Delhi. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 131, 267–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller, I.M., Jensen, P.E., and Hansson, A. (2007). Oxidative modifications to cellular components in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 58, 459–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montillet, J.L., Chamnongpol, S., Rustérucci, C., Dat, J., van de Cotte, B., Agnel, J.P., Battesti, C., Inze, D., Van Breusegem, F., and Triantaphylides, C. (2005). Fatty acid hydroperoxides and H2O2 in the execution of hypersensitive cell death in tobacco leaves. Plant Physiology, 138, 1516–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morani, A., Nowak, D.J., Hirabayashi, S., and Calfapietra, C. (2011). How to select the best tree planting locations to enhance air pollution removal in the MillionTreesNYC initiative. Environmental Pollution, 159, 1040–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morcelli, C.P. R., Figueiredo, A.M. G., Sarkis, J.E. S., Enzweiler, J., Kakazu, M., and Sigolo, J.B. (2005). PGEs and other traffic-related elements in roadside soils from São Paulo, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 345, 81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugica, V., Maubert, M., Torres, M., Muñoz, J., and Rico, E. (2002). Temporal and spatial variations of metal content in TSP and PM10 in Mexico City during 1996–1998. Journal of Aerosol Science, 33, 91–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabulo, G., Oryem-Origa, H., and Diamond, M. (2006). Assessment of lead, cadmium, and zinc contamination of roadside soils, surface films, and vegetables in Kampala City, Uganda. Environmental Research, 101, 42–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair, R., Varghese, S.H., Nair, B.G., Maekawa, T., Yoshida, Y., and Kumar, D.S. (2010). Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants. Plant Science, 179, 154–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayek, S., Satpati, S., Gupta, S., Saha, R.N., and Datta, J.K. (2011). Assessment of air pollution stress on some commonly grown tree species in industrial zone of Durgapur, West Bengal, India. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 53, 57–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neinhuis, C., and Barthlott, W. (1998). Seasonal changes of leaf surface contamination in beech, oak, and ginkgo in relation to leaf micromorphology and wettability. New Phytologist, 138, 91–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., and Stevens, J.C. (2006). Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 4, 115–123.
   Google Scholar
• Nowak, D.J., Hirabayashi, S., Bodine, A., and Hoehn, R. (2013). Modeled PM2.5 removal by trees in ten U.S. cities and associated health effects. Environmental Pollution, 178, 395–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak, D.J., Hoehn, R.E., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., and LeBlanc, C. (2010). Assessing urban forest effects and values: Chicago's urban forest. Northern Resource Bulletin, NRS-37. Newtown Square, PA: USDA Forest Service.
   Google Scholar
• Oliva, S., and Rautio, P. (2004). Could ornamental plants serve as passive biomonitors in urban areas? Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 49, 137–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliva, S.R., and Valdés, B. (2004). Ligustrum lucidum Ait. f. Leaves as a bioindicator of the air quality in a Mediterranean city. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 96, 221–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, A., Kulshreshtha, K., Ahmad, K.J., and Behl, H.M. (2002). Do leaf surface characters play a role in plant resistance to auto-exhaust pollution? Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 197, 47–55.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, D.D., Nirala, A.K., and Gaulam, R.R. (1999). Impact of stone crusher dust pollution on maize crop. Indian Journal of Environment and Ecoplanning, 2, 43–46.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, D.D., Sinha, C.S., and Tiwari, M.G. (1991). Impact of coal dust pollution on biomass, chlorophyll and grain characteristics of rice. Journal of Biology, 3, 51–55.
   Google Scholar
• Pant, P., and Harrison, R.M. (2013). Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review. Atmospheric Environment, 77, 78–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S.S., and Kim, Y.J. (2005). Source contributions to fine particulate matter in an urban atmosphere. Chemosphere, 59, 217–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasqualini, S., Batini, P., Ederli, L., Porceddu, A., Piccioni, C., De Marchis, F., and Antonielli, M. (2001). Effects of short-term ozone fumigation on tobacco plants: response of the scavenging system and expression of the glutathione reductase. Plant, Cell and Environment, 24, 245–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pateraki, S., Asimakopoulos, D.N., Maggos, T., and Vasilakos, C. (2010). Particulate matter levels in a suburban Mediterranean area: Analysis of a 53-month long experimental campaign. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 182, 801–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak, B., Kalita, G., Bhuyan, K., Bhuyan, P.K., and Moorthy, K.K. (2010). Aerosol temporal characteristics and its impact on shortwave radiative forcing at a location in the northeast of India. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115(D19), 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popek, R., Gawrońska, H., Wrochna, M., Gawroński, S.W., and Saebø, A. (2013). Particulate matter on foliage of 13 woody species: deposition on surfaces and phytostabilisation in waxes–a 3-year study. Intermational Journal of Phytoremediation, 15, 245–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powe, N.A., and Willis, K.G. (2004). Mortality and morbidity benefits of air pollution (SO2 and PM10) absorption attributable to woodland in Britain. Journal of Environmental Management, 70, 119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prajapati, S.K., and Tripathi, B.D. (2008). Seasonal variation of leaf dust accumulation and pigment content in plant species exposed to urban particulates pollution. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37, 865–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prusty, B.A. K., Mishra, P.C., and Azeez, P.A. (2005). Dust accumulation and leaf pigment content in vegetation near the national highway at Sambalpur, Orissa, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60, 228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puckett, K.J., Nieboer, E., Flora, W.P., and Richardson, D.H. S. (1973). Sulfur dioxide: its effect on photo-synthetic 14c fixation in lichens and suggested mechanisms of phytotoxicity. New Phytologist, 72, 141–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh, T.A. M., MacKenzie, A.R., Whyatt, J.D., and Hewitt, C.N. (2012). Effectiveness of green infrastructure for improvement of air quality in urban street canyons. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 7692–7699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, Y., Guan, D., Song, W., and Huang, K. (2009). Capture of heavy metals and sulfur by foliar dust in urban Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China. Chemosphere, 75, 447–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, M.I., Abdin, M.Z., Qadir, S., and Iqbal, M. (2007). Lead-induced oxidative stress and metabolic alterations in Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Biologia Plantarum, 51, 121–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Andersen, Z.J., Hvidberg, M., Jensen, S.S., Ketzel, M., Sørensen, M., Loft, S., Overvad, K., and Tjonneland, A. (2011). Lung cancer incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution from traffic. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 860–865. . doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radhapriya, P., NavaneethaGopalakrishnan, A., Malini, P., and Ramachandran, A. (2012). Assessment of air pollution tolerance levels of selected plants around cement industry, Coimbatore, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33, 635–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai, A., Kulshreshtha, K., Srivastava, P.K., and Mohanty, C.S. (2010). Leaf surface structure alterations due to particulate pollution in some common plants. The Environmentalist, 30, 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Ram, S.S., Kumar, R.V., Chaudhuri, P., Chanda, S., Santra, S.C., Deary, M., Sudarshan, M. and. Chakraborty, A. (2014a). Nuclear microscopy for air-pollutant characterization and its advantages over traditional techniques. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, 81, 145–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram, S.S., Kumar, R.V., Chaudhuri, P., Chanda, S., Santra, S.C., Sudarshan, M., and Chakraborty, A. (2014b). Physico-chemical characterization of street dust and re-suspended dust on plant canopies: An approach for finger printing the urban environment. Ecological Indicators, 36, 334–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram, S.S., Majumdar, S., Chaudhuri, P., Chanda, S., Santra, S.C., Maiti, P.K., Sudarshan, M., and Chakraborty, A. (2012). SEMEDS: An important tool for air pollution bio-monitoring. Micron, 43, 490–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram, S.S., Majumdar, S., Chaudhuri, P., Chanda, S., Santra, S.C., Maiti, P.K., Sudarshan, M., and Chakraborty, A. (2014c). Plant canopies: bio-monitor and trap for re-suspended dust particulates contaminated with heavy metals. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19, 499–508. doi: 10.1007/s11027-012-9445-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, D.N., and Leblanc, F. (1965). Effects of SO2 on the lichens alga with special reference to chlorophyll. Bryologist, 70, 69–75.
   Google Scholar
• Ratha, D.S., and Sahu, B.K. (1993). Source and distribution of metals in urban soil of Bombay, India, using multivariate statistical techniques. Environmental Geology, 22, 276–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raupach, M.R., Woods, N., Dorr, G., Leys, J.F., and Cleugh, H.A. (2001). The entrapment of particles by windbreaks. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 3373–3383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashki, A., Eriksson, P.G., Rautenbach, C.J., Kaskaoutis, D.G., Grote, W., and Dykstra, J. (2013). Assessment of chemical and mineralogical characteristics of airborne dust in the Sistan region, Iran. Chemosphere, 90, 227–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawat, J.S., and Banerjee, S.P. (1996). Urban forestry for improvement of environment. Journal of Energy Environment Monitoring, 12, 109–116.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, A.M., Kumar, S.G., Jyothsnakumari, G., Thimmanaik, S., and Sudhakar, C. (2005). Lead induced changes in antioxidant metabolism of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and bengalgram (Cicer arietinum L.). Chemosphere, 60, 97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez, J.A., Nanos, N., Grau, J.M., Gil, L., and López-Arias, M. (2008). Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in Spanish agricultural topsoils. Chemosphere, 70, 1085–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossini Oliva, S., and Mingorance, M.D. (2006). Assessment of airborne heavy metal pollution by aboveground plant parts. Chemosphere, 65, 177–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruley, A.T., Sharma, N.C., and Sahi, S.V. (2004). Antioxidant defense in a lead accumulating plant, Sesbania drummondii. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 42, 899–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu, S.K., Pandit, G.G., and Sadasivan, S. (2004). Precipitation scavenging of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mumbai, India. Science of the Total Environment, 318, 245–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salam, A., Hossain, T., Siddique, M.N. A., and Alam, A.M. S. (2008). Characteristics of atmospheric trace gases, particulate matter, and heavy metal pollution in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 1, 101–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samal, A.C., and Santra, S.C. (2002). Air quality of Kalyani township (Nadia, Wast Bengal) and its impact on surrounding vegetation. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 44, 71–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samara, C., and Voutsa, D. (2005). Size distribution of airborne particulate matter and associated heavy metals in the roadside environment. Chemosphere, 59, 1197–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelius, A.S., NäSlund, K., Carlsson, A.S., Pleijel, H., and Selldén, G.U. N. (1995). Exposure of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) to ozone in open-top chambers. Effects on acyl lipid composition and chlorophyll content of flag leaves. New Phytologist, 131, 231–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandvik, K., Digre, M., and Malvik, T. (1999). Mineral processing of primary and secondary raw materials. Trøndheim, Norway: Tapir forlag.
   Google Scholar
• Sawidis, T., Krystallidis, P., Veros, D., and Chettri, M. (2012). A study of air pollution with heavy metals in Athens city and Attica basin using evergreen trees as biological indicators. Biological Trace Element Research, 148, 396–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena, P., and Ghosh, C. (2013). Ornamental plants as sinks and bioindicators. Environmental Technology, 34, 3059–3067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz, F., and Reck, S. (1977). Effects of acids on forest trees as measured by titration in vitro, inheritance of buffering capacity in Picea abies. Water, Air, and Soil Polluy., 8, 41–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonherr, J., and Schreiber, L. (2004). Size selectivity of aqueous pores in astomatous cuticular membranes isolated from Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. leaves. Planta, 219, 405–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreck, E., Foucault, Y., Sarret, G., Sobanska, S., Cécillon, L., Castrec-Rouelle, M., Uzu, G., and Dumat, C. (2012). Metal and metalloid foliar uptake by various plant species exposed to atmospheric industrial fallout: Mechanisms involved for lead. Science of The Total Environment, 427–428, 253–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, L. (2005). Polar paths of diffusion across plant cuticles: New evidence for an old hypothesis. Annals of Botany, 95, 1069–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutzendübel, A., and Polle, A. (2002). Plant responses to abiotic stresses: heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 1351–1365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J., Dockery, D.W., and Neas, L.M. (1996). Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 46, 927–939.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serbula, S., Kalinovic, T., Kalinovic, J., and Ilic, A. (2013). Exceedance of air quality standards resulting from pyro-metallurgical production of copper: a case study, Bor (Eastern Serbia). Environmental Earth Sciences, 68, 1989–1998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, H., Jain, V.K., and Khan, Z.H. (2007). Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Delhi. Chemosphere, 66, 302–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, A., and Tripathi, B.D. (2009). Biochemical responses in tree foliage exposed to coal-fired power plant emission in seasonally dry tropical environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 158, 197–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., and Marshall, F.M. (2008). Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi. Environmental Pollution, 154, 254–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, S.C., Srivastava, R., and Roy, R.K. (2005). Role of bougainvilleas in mitigation of environmental pollution. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 47, 131–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharmin, S.A., Alam, I., Kim, K.H., Kim, Y.G., Kim, P.J., Bahk, J.D., and Lee, B.H. (2012). Chromium-induced physiological and proteomic alterations in roots of Miscanthus sinensis. Plant Science, 187, 113–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shridhar, V., Khillare, P.S., Agarwal, T., and Ray, S. (2010). Metallic species in ambient particulate matter at rural and urban location of Delhi. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175, 600–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shun, G., Qiang, L., Chao, O.-Y., Lin, C., Sheng-hua, W., and Fang, C. (2009). Lead toxicity induced antioxidant enzyme and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities in Jatropha curcas L. radicles. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 5, 811–815.
   Google Scholar
• Siefermann-Harms, D. (1987). The light-harvesting and protective functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes. Physiologia Plantarum, 69, 561–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, R., Sharma, B., and Chalka, S. (2010). Seasonal air quality profile of inorganic ionic composition of PM10 near Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 168, 195–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S.K., Rao, D.N., Agrawal, M., Pandey, J., and Naryan, D. (1991). Air pollution tolerance index of plants. Journal of Environmental Management, 32, 45–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W., and Staskawicz, B. (1977). Removal of atmospheric particles by leaves and twigs of urban trees: Some preliminary observations and assessment of research needs. Environmental Management, 1, 317–330.
   Google Scholar
• Spurny, K.R. (1998). On the physics, chemistry and toxicology of ultrafine anthropogenic, atmospheric aerosols (UAAA): new advances. Toxicology Letters, 96–97, 253–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava, A., and Jain, V.K. (2007). Size distribution and source identification of total suspended particulate matter and associated heavy metals in the urban atmosphere of Delhi. Chemosphere, 68, 579–58910.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampoulis, D., Sinha, S.K., and White, J.C. (2009). Assay-dependent phytotoxicity of nanoparticles to plants. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 9473–9479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudarshan, M., Ram, S.S., Majumdar, S., Maity, J.P., Ray, J.G., and Chakraborty, A. (2011). Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence – A tool for interdisciplinary research. Pramana, 76, 241–247. doi: 10.1007/s12043-011-0030-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, R.A., Tack, F.M. G., and Ziegler, A.D. (2012). Road-deposited sediments in an urban environment: A first look at sequentially extracted element loads in grain size fractions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 225–226, 54–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, R.A., and Tolosa, C.A. (2000). Multi-element analysis of road-deposited sediment in an urban drainage basin, Honolulu, Hawaii. Environmental Pollution, 110, 483–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallis, M., Taylor, G., Sinnett, D., and Freer-Smith, P. (2011). Estimating the removal of atmospheric particulate pollution by the urban tree canopy of London, under current and future environments. Landscape and Urban Planning, 103, 129–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, R., Ma, K., Zhang, Y., and Mao, Q. (2013). The spatial characteristics and pollution levels of metals in urban street dust of Beijing, China. Applied Geochemistry, 35, 88–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter-Haar, G. (1970). Air as a source of lead in edible crops. Environmental Science and Technology, 4, 226–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewari, D.N. (1994). Urban forestry. Indian Forestry, 120, 647–657.
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe, A., and Harrison, R.M. (2008). Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 400, 270–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasevic, M., and Anicic, M. (2010). Trace element content in urban tree leaves and SEM-EDAX characterization of deposited particles. Physics, Chemistry and Technology, 8, 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Tomasevic, M., Rajsic, S., Dordevic, D., Tasic, M., Krstić, J., and Novaković, V. (2004). Heavy metals accumulation in tree leaves from urban areas. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2, 151–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi, A.K., and Gautam, M. (2007). Biochemical parameters of plants as indicators of air pollution. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28, 127–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk, R., and Wirth, V. (1975). The pH dependence of SO2 damage to lichens. Oecologia, 19, 285–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich, B. (1984). Effects of air pollution on forest ecosystems and waters—the principles demonstrated at a case study in Central Europe. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 18, 621–628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Analysis of particulate matter exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard during low wind winter air inversions in Sunland Park, New Mexico, El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/region9//border/success/tx-nm-chihuahua/NmedAnalysis-LowWind Winter Final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Uzu, G., Sobanska, S., Sarret, G., Muñoz, M., and Dumat, C. (2010). Foliar lead uptake by lettuce exposed to atmospheric fallouts. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 1036–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, A. (2003). Attenuation of automobile generated air pollution by higher plants. PhD thesis, University of Lucknow, India.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, K., and Passant, N. (2006). Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the United Kingdom, AEA Technology. Retrieved from http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/ cat16/0604041205_heavy_metal_issue1_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wahid, A. (2006). Productivity losses in barley attributable to ambient atmospheric pollutants in Pakistan. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 5342–5354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C.R., Wang, X.R., Tian, Y., Yu, H.X., Gu, X.Y., Du, W.C., and Zhou, H. (2008). Oxidative stress, defense response, and early biomarkers for lead-contaminated soil in Vicia faba seedlings. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 27, 970–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C.X., Zhu, W., Peng, A., and Guichreit, R. (2001). Comparative studies on the concentration of rare earth elements and heavy metals in the atmospheric particulate matter in Beijing, China, and in Delft, the Netherlands. Environment International, 26, 309–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, N.I. (1990). Lead contamination of the London Orbital (M25) Motorway (since its opening in 1986). Science of the Total Environment, 93, 277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West Bengal Pollution Control Board. (2006). Annual report (2005–2006). Kolkata, India: WBPCB.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, A.J., and Banerjee, S.K. (1995). Effect of thermal power plant emissions on themetabolic activities of Mangifera indica and Shorea robusta. Environmental Ecology, 13, 914–919.
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman, C.L., Zereini, F., and Püttmann, W. (2013). Traffic-related trace element fate and uptake by plants cultivated in roadside soils in Toronto, Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 442, 86–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, L., and Gao, Y. (2011). Characterization of trace elements in PM2.5 aerosols in the vicinity of highways in northeast New Jersey in the U.S. east coast Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2, 34–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., McBride, J., Zhou, J., and Sun, Z. (2005). The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 3, 65–78.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, J., Harrison, R.M., Chen, Q., Rutter, A., and Schauer, J.J. (2010). Source apportionment of fine particles at urban background and rural sites in the UK atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 841–851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, L., Cheng, Y., Espinasse, B., Colman, B.P., Auffan, M., Wiesner, M., Rose, J., Liu, J., and Bernhardt, E. S. (2011). More than the ions: the effects of silver nanoparticles on Lolium multiflorum. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 2360–2367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yorifuji, T., Kashima, S., Tsuda, T., Takao, S., Suzuki, E., Doi, H., Sugiyama, M., Ishikawa-Takata, K., and Ohta, T. (2010). Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and mortality in Shizuoka, Japan. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 67, 111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yorifuji, T., Kashima, S., Tsuda, T., Ishikawa-Takata, K., Ohta, T., Tsuruta, K., and Doi, H. (2013). Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the risk of death from hemorrhagic stroke and lung cancer in Shizuoka, Japan. Science of the Total Environment, 443, 397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhen, Y., Qi, J.-L., Wang, S.-S., Su, J., Xu, G.-H., Zhang, M.-S., Miao, L., Peng, X.-X., Tian, D., and Yang, Y.-H. (2007). Comparative proteome analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by Al toxicity in soybean. Physiologia Plantarum, 131, 542–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Z.L. (1996). Screening, propagating and demonstrating of pollutant-tolerant trees in Beijing. Garden Scientific Technological Information.
   Google Scholar