Peracids in water treatment: A critical review

References

• Klenk, H., Götz, P.H., Siegmeier, R., and Mayr, W. (2005). Organic peroxy compounds. Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• D´Ans, J., and Frey, W. (1914). Untersuchungen Über Die Bildung Von Persäuren Aus Organischen Säuren Und Hydroperoxyd [Studies on the Formation of Peracids from Organic Acids and Peroxide]. Z. Anorg. Chem., 84, 145–164.
   Google Scholar
• Swern, D. (1949). Organic peracids. Chem. Rev., 45, 1–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freer, P.C., and Novy, F.G. (1902). On the formation, decomposition and germicidal action of benzoylacetyl and diacetyl peroxides. Am. Chem. J., 27, 6–92.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, E. (1976). Disinfection of sewage waters from rendering plants by means of peracetic acid. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol., 20, 266–273.
   Google Scholar
• Gehr, R., Chen, D., and Moreau, M. (2009). Performic acid (PFA): Tests on an advanced primary effluent show promising disinfection performance. Water Sci. Technol., 59, 89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldry, M.G.C. (1983). The bactericidal, fungicidal and sporicidal properties of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 54, 417–423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baldry, M.G.C., and Fraser, J.A.L. (1988). Disinfection with peroxides. In K.R. Payner (Ed.), Industrial biocides (pp. 91–116). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Baldry, M.G.C., and French, M.S. (1989). Disinfection of sewage effluent with peracetic acid. Water Sci. Technol., 21, 203–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldry, M.G.C., and French, M.S. (1989). Activity of peracetic acid against sewage indicator organisms. Water Sci. Technol., 21, 1747–1749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldry, M.G.C., French, M.S., and Slater, D. (1991). The activity of peracetic acid on sewage indicator bacteria and viruses. Water Sci. Technol., 24, 353–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2004). Wastewater engineering treatment and reuse (pp. 1220). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Giguere, P., and Olmos, A. (1952). Chemist loses hand in performic acid explosion. Chem. Eng. News., 30, 3041.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.W., Liao, M.S., and Shu, C.M. (2015). Thermal hazards of a green antimicrobial peracetic acid combining DSC calorimeter with thermal analysis equations. J. Therm. Anal. Calor., 119, 2257–2267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach, R.D., Ayala, P.Y., and Schlegel, H.B. (1996). A reassessment of the bond dissociation energies of peroxides an Ab initio study. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 12758–12765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luukkonen, T., Heyninck, T., Rämö, J., and Lassi, U. (2015). Comparison of organic peracids in wastewater treatment: disinfection, oxidation and corrosion. Water Res., 85, 275–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECHA (2015). Assessment report, peracetic acid, regulation (EU) no 528/2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products, evaluation of active substances. Finland: European Chemicals Agency.
   Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council) (2010). Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals (vol. 8). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cristofari-Marquand, E., Kacel, M., Milhe, F., Magnan, A., and Lehucher–Michel, M. (2007). Asthma caused by peracetic acid-hydrogen peroxide mixture. J. Occup. Health., 49, 155–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarketsandMarkets (2014). Peracetic acid market by type (disinfectant, sanitizer, sterilant, & others), by application (healthcare, food, water treatment, pulp & paper, & others), by geography (North America, Europe, Asia–Pacific, & ROW)—Global Trends & Forecasts to 2018. CH 2597.
   Google Scholar
• Orth, R. (1998). The importance of disinfection for the hygiene in the dairy and beverage production. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 41, 201–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banach, J.L., Sampers, I., Van Haute, S., and van der Fels-Klerx, H. (2015). Effect of disinfectants on preventing the cross-contamination of pathogens in fresh produce washing water. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12, 8658–8677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen-Tanski, H., and Miettinen, H. (2010). Performic acid as a potential disinfectant at low temperature. J. Food Process Eng., 33, 1159–1172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenjiao, W., Hongyan, Z., Qing, G., Xiaoqi, Z., Liying, G., and Ying, F. (2016). In-use evaluation of peracetic acid for high-level disinfection of endoscopes. Gastroenterol. Nurs., 39, 116–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce, J.M. (2016). Modern technologies for improving cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in hospitals. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control., 5, 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, N., and Kishore, D. (2014). Peroxy acids: Role in organic synthesis. Synth. Commun., 44, 721–747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripin, D.H.B., Weisenburger, G.A., am Ende, D.J., Bill, D.R., Clifford, P.J., Meltz, C.N., and Phillips, J.E. (2007). Execution of a performic acid oxidation on multikilogram scale. Org. Process Res. Dev., 11, 762–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germgård, U. (2009). Production of bleaching chemicals at the mill. In M. Ek, G. Gellerstedt, and G. Henriksson (Eds.). Pulping Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 2 ( Chapter 11, pp. 277–297). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Kiuru, J. (2011). Interactions of chemical variations and biocide performance at paper machines (pp. 46). Ph.D. Thesis. Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, J., Ekman, J., and Rintala, J. (2014). FennoClean PFA: Revolutionary microbe control. Int. Paperworld, 1–2, 28–29.
   Google Scholar
• Jakara, J., Paren, A., Hukkanen, P., and Autio, P. (2000). Effect of peracetic acid in fine paper production. 54th APPITA Annual General Conference, Melbourne, Australia (April 3–April 6, 2000).
   Google Scholar
• Kitis, M. (2004). Disinfection of wastewater with peracetic acid: A review. Environ. Int., 30, 47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leveneur, S., Thönes, M., Hébert, J., Taouk, B., and Salmi, T. (2012). From kinetic study to thermal safety assessment: Application to peroxyformic acid synthesis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51, 13999–14007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragazzo, P., Chiucchini, N., Piccolo, V., and Ostoich, M. (2013). A new disinfection system for wastewater treatment: Performic acid full–scale trial evaluations. Water Sci. Technol., 67, 2476–2487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tondera, K., Klaer, K., Koch, C., Hamza, I.A., and Pinnekamp, J. (2016). Reducing pathogens in combined sewer overflows using performic acid. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 219, 700–708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Zhang, T., Zhou, Y., and Liu, D. (2007). Preparation of peracetic acid from hydrogen peroxide: Part I: Kinetics for peracetic acid synthesis and hydrolysis. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 271, 246–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiaoying, S., Xuebing, Z., Wei, D., and Dehua, L. (2011). Kinetics of formic acid-autocatalyzed preparation of performic acid in aqueous phase. Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 19, 964–971.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio, M., Ramirez–Galicia, G., and López-Nava, L.J. (2005). Mechanism formation of peracids. J. Mol. Struct. Theochem., 726, 261–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippis, P.D., Scarsella, M., and Verdone, N. (2008). Peroxyformic acid formation: A kinetic study. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 1372–1375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leveneur, S., Salmi, T., Murzin, D.Y., Estel, L., Wärnå, J., and Musakka, N. (2008). Kinetic study and modeling of peroxypropionic acid synthesis from propionic acid and hydrogen peroxide using homogeneous catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47, 656–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dul'neva, L.V., and Moskvin, A.V. (2005). Kinetics of formation of peroxyacetic acid. Russ. J. Gen. Chem., 75, 1125–1130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic, M., and Sinadinovic–Fišer, S. (2005). Prediction of the chemical equilibrium constant for peracetic acid formation by hydrogen peroxide. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 82, 301–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattila, T., and Aksela, R. (2000). Method for the preparation of aqueous solutions containing performic acid as well as their use. U.S. Patent 6,049,002.
   Google Scholar
• Yousefzadeh, S., Nabizadeh, R., Mesdaghinia, A., Nasseri, S., Hezarkhani, P., Beikzadeh, M., and Valadi Amin, M. (2014). Evaluation of disinfection efficacy of performic acid (PFA) catalyzed by sulfuric and ascorbic acids tested on Escherichia coli (ATCC, 8739). Desalin. Water Treat., 52, 3280–3289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolhe, P.D., Bhanvase, B.A., Patil, V.S., and Sonawane, S.H. (2015). Sonochemical synthesis of peracetic acid in a continuous flow micro–structured reactor. Chem. Eng. J., 276, 91–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musante, R.L., Grau, R.J., and Baltanás, M.A. (2000). Kinetic of liquid-phase reactions catalyzed by acidic resins: The formation of peracetic acid for vegetable oil epoxidation. Appl. Catal. A Gen., 197, 165–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schirmann, J. (1982). Preparation of percarboxylic acids. U.S. Patent 4,330,485.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, B., Starcher, P.S., and Ash, B.D. (1958). Preparation of aliphatic peroxyacids. J. Org. Chem., 23, 1823–1826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter, L., Heinrich, R., and Kurt, S. (1969). Process for stabilizing solutions of aliphatic percarboxylic acids. U.S. Patent 3,442,937.
   Google Scholar
• Block, S.S. (1991). Peroxygen compounds. In S.S. Block (Ed.), Disinfection, sterilization and preservation (pp. 185–201). Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
   Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi, F., Kolehmainen, E., Laari, A., Haario, H., Semenov, D., and Turunen, I. (2012). Determination of kinetics of percarboxylic acids synthesis in a microreactor by mathematical modeling. Chem. Eng. Sci., 71, 531–538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi, F., Kolehmainen, and Turunen, I. (2012). Heterogeneously catalyzed synthesis of performic acid in a microstructured reactor. Chem. Eng. J., 179, 312–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi, F., Kolehmainen, E., Oinas, P., Hietapelto, V., and Turunen, I. (2011). Production of unstable percarboxylic acids in a microstructured reactor. Chem. Eng. J., 167, 713–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi, F. (2012). Synthesis of percarboxylic acids in microreactor (pp. 15–16). Ph.D. Thesis. Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi, F., Kolehmainen, and Turunen, I. (2009). Safety advantages of on-site microprocesses. Org. Process Res. Dev., 13, 965–969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki, M., Morita, T., and Tachibana, K. (2015). Facile carbon fixation to performic acids by water–sealed dielectric barrier discharge. Sci. Rep. 5, 14737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki, M., Nakamura, T., Morita, T., and Tachibana, K. (2016). Catalyst‐free one‐pot plasma chemical conversion of carbon dioxide to performic acid by water‐sealed dielectric barrier discharge. Plasma Process. Polym., 13, 1612–8869.
   Google Scholar
• d'Ans, J., and Frey, W. (1912). Direkte Darstellung Organischer Persäuren [Direct Representation of Organic Peracids]. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges., 45, 1845–1853.
   Google Scholar
• Greenspan, F.P., and Mackellar, D.G. (1948). Analysis of aliphatic per acids. Anal. Chem., 20, 1061–1063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sully, B.D., and Williams, P.L. (1962). The analysis of solutions of per-acids and hydrogen peroxide. Analyst, 87, 653–657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falsanisi, D., Gehr, R., Santoro, D., Dell'Erba, A., Notarnicola, M., and Liberti, L. (2006). Kinetics of PAA demand and its implications on disinfection of wastewaters. Water Qual. Res. J. Can., 41, 398–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sode, F. (2014). Simultaneous determination of peracetic acid and acetic acid by titration with NaOH. Anal. Methods, 6, 2406–2409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallini, G.S., Campos, S.X.d., Souza, J.B.d., and Vidal, M.d.S. (2013). Comparison of methodologies for determination of residual peracetic acid in wastewater disinfection. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 93, 906–918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder, W., and Menger, F. (2000). Assay of peracid in the presence of excess hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Lett., 3, 479–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, D.M., and Deary, M.E. (1988). Determination of peracids in the presence of a large excess of hydrogen peroxide using a rapid and convenient spectrophotometric method. Analyst, 113, 1477–1479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furia, F.D., Prato, M., Scorrano, G., and Stivanello, M. (1988). Gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of peracids in the presence of a large excess of hydrogen peroxide. Part 2. Determination in alkaline solutions. Analyst, 113, 793–795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furia, F.D., Prato, M., Quintily, U., Salvagno, S., and Scorrano, G. (1984). Gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of peracids in the presence of a large excess of hydrogen peroxide. Analyst, 109, 985–987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns, G., Diaz, R.R., Selby, K., and Waddington, D. (1975). Determination of organic peroxyacids and hydroperoxides by gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A., 103, 381–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, O., Damhus, T., and Christensen, M.W. (1992). Determination of peroxycarboxylic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J. Chromatogr. A., 606, 49–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkernella, U., Effkemann, S., Nitzsche, F., and Karst, U. (1996). Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of peroxyacetic acid. J. Chromatogr. A., 730, 203–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkernell, U., Karst, U., and Cammann, K. (1994). Determination of peroxyacetic acid using high-performance liquid chromatography with external calibration. Anal. Chem., 66, 2599–2602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad, M.I., and Ohsaka, T. (2003). Potentiometric analysis of peroxyacetic acid in the presence of a large excess of hydrogen peroxide. J. Electroanal. Chem., 544, 35–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad, M.I., Oritani, T., and Ohsaka, T. (2003). Simultaneous potentiometric determination of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem., 75, 2688–2693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua, M., Chen, H., Tsai, R., and Lin, Y. (2011). A novel amperometric sensor for peracetic acid based on a polybenzimidazole-modified gold electrode. Electrochim. Acta., 56, 4618–4623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniolo, R., Pizzariello, A., Susmel, S., Dossi, N., and Bontempelli, G. (2006). Simultaneous detection of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide by amperometry at Pt and Au electrodes. Electroanalysis, 18, 2079–2084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PeroxyChem (2014). Measurement of VigorOx® WWT II peracetic acid in wastewater. Wastewater Disinfection Forum, No 5, December 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Sanz, V., De Marcos, S., and Galbán, J. (2007). Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid determination in waste water using a reversible reagentless biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta., 583, 332–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, H., and Li, Y. (2007). Formation of nitroxide radicals from secondary amines and peracids: A peroxyl radical oxidation pathway derived from electron spin resonance detection and density functional theory calculation. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 271, 32–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbart, S., Ember, E.E., and Van Eldik, R. (2012). Mechanistic studies on the oxidative degradation of orange II by peracetic acid catalyzed by simple Manganese(Ii) salts. Tuning the lifetime of the catalyst. New J. Chem., 36, 732–748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokhina, E.V., Makarova, K., Golovina, E.A., Van As, H., and Virkutyte, J. (2010). Free radical reaction pathway, thermochemistry of peracetic acid homolysis, and its application for phenol degradation: Spectroscopic study and quantum chemistry calculations. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 6815–6821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchini, R., Calucci, L., Lubello, C., and Pinzino, C. (2002). Intermediate free radicals in the oxidation of wastewaters. Res. Chem. Intermediat., 28, 247–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchini, R., Calucci, L., Caretti, C., Lubello, C., Pinzino, C., and Piscicelli, M. (2002). An EPR study on wastewater disinfection by peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and UV irradiation. Ann. Chim., 92, 783–793.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heywood, D., Phillips, B., and Stansbury, H. (1961). Free radical hydroxylations with peracetic acid. J. Org. Chem., 26, 281–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, F., Lu, C., Yao, Y., Sun, L., Gong, F., Li, D., Pei, K., Lu, W., and Chen, W. (2015). Activated carbon fibers as an effective metal-free catalyst for peracetic acid activation: Implications for the removal of organic pollutants. Chem. Eng. J., 281, 953–960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, M.J., Lescano, M.R., Brandi, R.J., Cassano, A.E., and Labas, M.D. (2014). A novel approach to explain the inactivation mechanism of Escherichia coli employing a commercially available peracetic acid. Water Sci. Technol., 69, 358–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, S.S. (Ed.) (2001). Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Clapp, P.A., Davies, M.J., French, M.S., and Gilbert, B.C. (1994). The bactericidal action of peroxides; an EPR spin–trapping study. Free Radic. Res., 21, 147–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivunen, J., and Heinonen–Tanski, H. (2005). Inactivation of enteric microorganisms with chemical disinfectants, UV irradiation and combined chemical/UV treatments. Water Res., 39, 1519–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marjani, A., Golalipour, M.J., and Gharravi, A.M. (2010). The effects of subacute exposure of peracetic acid on lipid peroxidation and hepatic enzymes in wistar rats. Oman Med. J., 25, 256–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerkaert, B., Mestdagh, F., Cucu, T., Aedo, P.R., Ling, S.Y., and De Meulenaer, V (2011). Hypochlorous and peracetic acid induced oxidation of dairy proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem., 59, 907–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, J.A.L., Godfree, A.F., and Jones, F. (1984). Use of peracetic acid in operational sewage sludge disposal to pasture. Water Sci. Tech., 17, 451–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarova, V., Janex, M.L., Fiksdal, L., Oberg, C., Barcina, I., and Pommepuy, M. (1998). Advanced wastewater disinfection technologies: Short and long term efficiency. Water Sci. Technol., 38, 109–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan, F.P., and Margulis, P.H. (1950). Treatment of raw plant tissue. U.S. Patent 2,512,640.
   Google Scholar
• Antonelli, M., Rossi, S., Mezzanotte, V., and Nurizzo, C. (2006). Secondary effluent disinfection: PAA long term efficiency. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4771–4775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattle, M.J., Crouzy, B., Brennecke, M., Wigginton, K. R., Perona, P., and Kohn, T. (2011). Impact of virus aggregation on inactivation by peracetic acid and implications for other disinfectants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 7710–7717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzhauer, F.W., Johnson, D.J., and McAninch, T. (1997). Waste water treatment with peracid compositions. U.S. Patent 5,647,997.
   Google Scholar
• Zabicky, J. (2009). Analytical and safety aspects of organic peroxides and related functional groups. In Z. Rappoport (Ed.), The chemistry of peroxides (pp. 597–776), Vol. 2. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Sagripanti, J.L., and Bonifacino, A. (1996). Comparative sporicidal effects of liquid chemical agents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 545–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, M., Brumelis, D., and Gehr, R. (2002). Disinfection of wastewater by hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid: Development of procedures for measurement of residual disinfectant and application to a physicochemically treated municipal effluent. Water Environ. Res., 74, 33–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ksibi, M. (2006). Chemical oxidation with hydrogen peroxide for domestic wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. J., 119, 161–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howarth, J. (2003). Decay kinetics of peroxyacetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide (Perasan, EPA #63838–2) in a variety of water matrices. Modesto, CA: Enviro Tech Chemical Services.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez–Ruiz, C., Martinez–Royano, S., and Tejero–Monzon, I. (1995). An evaluation of the efficiency and impact of raw wastewater disinfection with peracetic acid prior to ocean discharge. Water Sci. Technol., 32, 159–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunigk, L., Gomes, D.R., Forte, F., Vidal, K.P., Gomes, L.F., and Sousa, P.F. (2001). The influence of temperature on the decomposition kinetics of peracetic acid in solutions. Brazil. J. Chem. Eng., 18, 217–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, D., Steinberg, C.E., Straus, D.L., Pedersen, L., and Meinelt, T. (2014). Salinity, dissolved organic carbon and water hardness affect peracetic acid (PAA) degradation in aqueous solutions. Aquacult. Eng., 60, 35–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, L., Meinelt, T., and Straus, D.L. (2013). Peracetic acid degradation in freshwater aquaculture systems and possible practical implications. Aquacult. Eng., 53, 65–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, Z., Ni, Y., and Van Heiningen, A. (1997). Kinetics of peracetic acid decomposition: Part I: Spontaneous decomposition at typical pulp bleaching conditions. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 75, 37–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, Z., Ni, Y., and Van Heiningen, A. (1997). Kinetics of the peracetic acid decomposition: Part II: pH effect and alkaline hydrolysis. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 75, 42–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koubek, E. (1964). The nature of the rhenide ion; the kinetics and the mechanism of the decomposition of aliphatic peroxyacids in aqueous solutions. Ph.D. Thesis. Brown University, Providence, RI.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Cheng, K., Hao, J., and Liu, D. (2008). Preparation of peracetic acid from hydrogen peroxide, Part II: kinetics for spontaneous decomposition of peracetic acid in the liquid phase. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 284, 58–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popov, E., Eloranta, J., Hietapelto, V., Vuorenpalo, V., Aksela, R., and Jäkärä, J. (2005). Mechanism of decomposition of peracetic acid by manganese ions and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Holzforschung, 59, 507–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.Z., Francis, R.C., Dutton, D.B., and Hill, R.T. (1998). Decomposition of peracetic acid catalyzed by Cobalt(II) and Vanadium(V). Can. J. Chem., 76, 1064–1069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallini, G.S., Campos, S.X.d., Souza, J.B.d and Vidal, C.M.d.S. (2013). Evaluation of the physical-chemical characteristics of wastewater after disinfection with peracetic acid. Water Air Soil Pollut., 224, 1752–1755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, S., Antonelli, M., Mezzanotte, V., and Nurizzo, C. (2007). Peracetic acid disinfection: A feasible alternative to wastewater chlorination. Water Environ. Res., 79, 341–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, L.F., Pedersen, P.B., Nielsen, J.L., and Nielsen, P.H. (2009). Peracetic acid degradation and effects on nitrification in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 296, 246–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell'Erba, A., Falsanisi, D., Liberti, L., Notarnicola, M., and Santoro, D. (2004). Disinfecting behaviour of peracetic acid for municipal wastewater reuse. Desalination, 168, 435–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luukkonen, T. (2016). New adsorption and oxidation-based approaches for water and wastewater treatment (pp. 77). Ph.D. Thesis., University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Freese, S.D., Nozaic, D.J, Bailey, I., and Trollip, D. (2002). Alternative disinfectants for wastewater effluents: Viable or prohibitively expensive? Water SA, 29, 23–32.
   Google Scholar
• Freese, S.D., and Nozaic, D.J. (2004). Chlorine: Is it really so bad and what are the alternatives? Water SA, 30, 18–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veschetti, E., Cutilli, D., Bonadonna, L., Briancesco, R., Martini, C., Cecchini, G., Anastasi, P., and Ottaviani, M. (2003). Pilot-plant comparative study of peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite wastewater disinfection. Water Res., 37, 78–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monarca, S., Zani, C., Richardson, S.D., Thruston, A.D., Moretti, M., Feretti, D., and Villarini, M. (2004). A new approach to evaluating the toxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected drinking water. Water Res., 38, 3809–3819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briancesco, R., Veschetti, E., Ottaviani, M., and Bonadonna, L. (2005). Peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite effectiveness in reducing resistant stages of microorganisms. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health, 13, 159–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verween, A., Vincx, M., and Degraer, S. (2009). Comparative toxicity of chlorine and peracetic acid in the biofouling control of Mytilopsis Leucophaeata and Dreissena Polymorpha embryos (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 63, 523–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldry, M.G.C., Cavadore, A., French, M.S., Massa, G., Rodrigues, L.M., Schirch, P.F.T., and Threadgold, T.L. (1995). Effluent disinfection in warm climates with peracetic acid. Water Sci. Technol., 31, 161–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezzanotte, V., Antonelli, M., Citterio, S., and Nurizzo, C. (2007). Wastewater disinfection alternatives: Chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid, and UV light. Water Environ. Res., 79, 2373–2379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehr, R., Wagner, M., Veerasubramanian, P., and Payment, P. (2003). Disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid, UV and ozone after enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater. Water Res., 37, 4573–4586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salgot, M., Folch, M., Huertas, E., Tapias, J., Avellaneda, D., Girós, G., Brissaud, F., Vergés, C., Molina, J., and Pigem, J. (2002). Comparison of different advanced disinfection systems for wastewater reclamation. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, 2, 213–218.
   Google Scholar
• Liberti, L., and Notarnicola, M. (1999). Advanced treatment and disinfection for municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture. Water Sci. Technol., 40, 235–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julio, F.R., Hilario, T., Mabel, V.M., Raymundo, L.C., Arturo, L., and Neftalí, R.M. (2015). Disinfection of an advanced primary effluent using peracetic acid or ultraviolet radiation for its reuse in public services. J. Water Health, 13, 118–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijnen, W.A.M., Beerendonk, E.F., and Medema, G.J. (2006). Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (Oo)cysts in water: A review. Water Res., 40, 3–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampi, S., De Luca, G., Onorato, M., Ambrogiani, E., and Zanetti, F. (2002). Peracetic acid as an alternative wastewater disinfectant to chlorine dioxide. J. Appl. Microbiol., 93, 725–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca, G., Sacchetti, R., Zanetti, F., and Leoni, E. (2008). Comparative study on the efficiency of peracetic acid and chlorine dioxide at low doses in the disinfection of urban wastewaters. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 15, 217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, C., Hsieh, Y., Hsu, S., Hu, P., and Wang, K. (2000). The formation of disinfection by-products in water treated with chlorine dioxide. J. Hazard. Mater., 79, 89–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sample, D.J., Rangarajan, S., Lee, J., Manguerra, H., and Boone, M. (2014). Urban wet-weather flows. Water Environ. Res., 86, 910–991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA (1999). Combined sewer overflow technology fact sheet: Alternative disinfection methods. EPA 832–F–99–033. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Chhetri, R.K., Bonnerup, A., and Andersen, H.R. (2016). Combined sewer overflow pretreatment with chemical coagulation and a particle settler for improved peracetic acid disinfection. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 37, 372–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhetri, R.K., Thornberg, D., Berner, J., Gramstad, R., Öjstedt, U., Sharma, A.K. and Andersen, H.R. (2014). chemical disinfection of combined sewer overflow waters using performic acid or peracetic acids. Sci. Total Environ., 490, 1065–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhetri, R.K., Flagstad, R., Munch, E.S., Hørning, C., Berner, J., Kolte–Olsen, A., Thornberg, D., and Andersen, H.R. (2015). Full scale evaluation of combined sewer overflows disinfection using performic acid in a sea-outfall pipe. Chem. Eng. J., 270, 133–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivunen, J., and Heinonen–Tanski, H. (2005). Peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection of primary, secondary and tertiary treated municipal wastewaters. Water Res., 39, 4445–4453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti, F., De Luca, G., Sacchetti, R., and Stampi, S. (2007). Disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid (PAA): Inactivation of coliphages and bacterial indicators in a municipal wastewater plant. Environ. Technol., 28, 1265–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, E., Lee, C., Bisesi, M., and Lee, J. (2014). Efficiency of peracetic acid in inactivating bacteria, viruses, and spores in water determined with ATP bioluminescence, quantitative PCR, and culture-based methods. J. Water Health, 12, 13–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpova, T., Pekonen, P., Gramstad, R., Öjstedt, U., Laborda, S., Heinonen–Tanski, H., Chávez, A., and Jiménez, B. (2013). Performic acid for advanced wastewater disinfection. Water Sci. Technol., 68, 2090–2096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan, S.K., Kauppinen, A., Martikainen, K., Pitkänen, T., Kusnetsov, J., Miettinen, I.T., Pessi, M., Poutiainen, H., and Heinonen–Tanski, H. (2013). Microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using Fe3+ and Al3+ coagulants and PAA disinfectant. J. Water Health, 11, 581–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sanctis, M., Del Moro, G., Levantesi, C., Luprano, M.L., and Di Iaconi, C. (2016). Integration of an innovative biological treatment with physical or chemical disinfection for wastewater reuse. Sci. Total Environ., 543, 206–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luprano, M.L., De Sanctis, M., Del Moro, G., Di Iaconi, C., Lopez, A., and Levantesi, C. (2016). Antibiotic resistance genes fate and removal by a technological treatment solution for water reuse in agriculture. Sci. Total Environ., 571, 809–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehr, R., and Cochrane, D. (2002). Peracetic acid (PAA) as a disinfectant for municipal wastewaters: Encouraging performance results from physicochemical as well as biological effluents. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, Disinfection (pp. 182–198). Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation.
   Google Scholar
• Collivignarelli, C., Bertanza, G., and Pedrazzani, R. (2000). A comparison among different wastewater disinfection systems: Experimental results. Environ. Technol., 21, 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampi, S., De Luca, G., and Zanetti, F. (2001). Evaluation of the efficiency of peracetic acid in the disinfection of sewage effluents. J. Appl. Microbiol., 91, 833–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro, D., Gehr, R., Bartrand, T.A., Liberti, L., Notarnicola, M., Dell'Erba, A., Falsanisi, D., and Haas, C.N. (2007). Wastewater disinfection by peracetic acid: Assessment of models for tracking residual measurements and inactivation. Water Environ. Res., 79, 775–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, R. (1993). Reduction of microbial levels in sewage effluents using chlorine and peracetic acid disinfectants. Water Sci. Technol., 27, 387–393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre, F., Audic, J.M., and Ferrand, F. (1992). Peracetic acid disinfection of secondary effluents discharged off coastal seawater. Water Sci. Technol., 25, 155–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poffe, R., de Burggrave, A., Houtmeyers, J., and Verachtert, H. (1978). Disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants with peroxy acids. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. B., 167, 337–346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luukkonen, T., Teeriniemi, J., Prokkola, H., Rämö, J., and Lassi, U. (2014). Chemical aspects of peracetic acid based wastewater disinfection. Water SA, 40, 73–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberti, L., Lopez, A., Notarnicola, M., Barnea, N., Pedahzur, R., and Fattal, B. (2000). Comparison of advanced disinfecting methods for municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture. Water Sci. Technol., 42, 215–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberti, L., Lopez, A., and Notarnicola, M. (1999). Disinfection with peracetic acid for domestic sewage re-use in agriculture. J. Chart. Inst. Water Environ. Manage., 13, 262–269.
   Google Scholar
• Gregor, C.H. (1990). Process for treatment of clarification sludge. U.S. Patent 4,966,706.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, J. (1987). Novel applications of peracetic acid in industrial disinfection. Specialty Chem. 7, 178.
   Google Scholar
• Appels, L., Assche, A.V., Willems, K., Degrève, J., Impe, J.V., and Dewil, R. (2011). Peracetic acid oxidation as an alternative pre-treatment for the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. Bioresour. Technol., 102, 4124–4130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Cao, B., Wang, D., Ma, T., Xia, H., and Yu, D. (2016). Influence of wastewater sludge treatment using combined peroxyacetic acid oxidation and inorganic coagulants re-flocculation on characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Water Res., 88, 728–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colgan, S., and Gehr, R. (2001). Disinfection. Peracetic acid gains favor as an effective, environmentally benign disinfection alternative for municipal wastewater treatment applications. Water Environ. Technol., 13, 29–33.
   Google Scholar
• Bonanni, E.A. (1998). The addition of chemicals to liquid to control odors. In: H.J. Rafson (Ed.), Odors and VOC control handbook ( Chapter 8, pp. 8.2–8.17). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Vinnerås, B., Holmqvist, A., Bagge, E., Albihn, A., and Jönsson, H. (2003). The potential for disinfection of separated faecal matter by urea and by peracetic acid for hygienic nutrient recycling. Bioresour. Technol., 89, 155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.J. Flynn (ed.) (2009). The NALCO water handbook (3rd ed., pp. 21.21). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Saby, S., Vidal, A., and Suty, H. (2005). Resistance of legionella to disinfection in hot water distribution systems. Water Sci. Technol., 52, 15–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditommaso, S., Biasin, C., Giacomuzzi, M., Zotti, C.M., Cavanna, A., and Moiraghi, A.R. (2005). Peracetic acid in the disinfection of a hospital water system contaminated with legionella species. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 26, 490–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhat, M., Trouilhé, M.C., Forêt, C., Hater, W., Moletta–Denat, M., Robine, E. and Frère, J. (2011). Chemical disinfection of legionella in hot water systems biofilm: A pilot–scale 1 study. Water Sci. Technol., 64, 708–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, F.W., Ekman, J., and Hesampour, M. (2013). New solution for controlling of organic and biofouling in high pressure membrane applications. 9659-DP1204. AMTA/AWWA Membrane Technology Conference and Exposition, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Regula, C., Carretier, E., Wyart, Y., Gésan–Guiziou, G., Vincent, A., Boudot, D., and Moulin, P. (2014). Chemical cleaning/disinfection and ageing of organic UF membranes: A review. Water Res., 56, 325–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Kooij, D., Vrouwenvelder, H.S., and Veenendaal, H.R. (1995). Kinetic aspects of biofilm formation on surfaces exposed to drinking water. Water Sci. Technol., 32, 61–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurizzo, C., Antonelli, M., Profaizer, M., and Romele, L. (2005). By-products in surface and reclaimed water disinfected with various agents. Desalination, 176, 241–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monarca, S., Richardson, S.D., Feretti, D., Grottolo, M., Thruston Jr., A.D., Zani, C., Navazio, G., Ragazzo, P., Zerbini, I., and Alberti, A. (2002). Mutagenicity and disinfection by-products in surface drinking water disinfected with peracetic acid. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 309–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veschetti, E., Maresca, D., Ferretti, E., Lucentini, L., and Ottaviani, M. (2010). Threshold flavor and odor concentrations of raw waters treated with peracetic acid or sodium hypochlorite. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 92, 537–548.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, M.M., Cooper, W.J., and Grant, S.B. (2011). In situ disinfection of sewage contaminated shallow groundwater: A feasibility study. Water Res., 45, 2011, 5641–5653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trujillo, J., Barrios, J., and Jimenez, B. (2008). Effect of peracetic acid, ultraviolet radiation, nanofiltration–chlorine in the disinfection of a non conventional source of water (Tula Valley). Water Sci. Technol., 57, 621–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, C.K., Lourenço, N.G.G.S., Lopes, T.F., Rall, V.L.M., and Lopes, C.A.M. (2008). Ballast water: A review of the impact on the world public health. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis., 14, 393–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsolaki, E., and Diamadopoulos, E. (2010). Technologies for ballast water treatment: A review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 85, 19–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhuis, M.J.W., Fuhr, F., Boon, J.P., and ten Hallers–Tjabbers, C.C. (2006). Treatment of ballast water; How to test a system with a modular concept? Environ. Technol., 27, 909–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Carbona, S., Viitasalo–Frösen, S., Masson, D., Sassi, J., Pineau, S., Lehtiniemi, M., and Corroler, D. (2010). Efficacy and environmental acceptability of two ballast water treatment chemicals and an alkylamine based–biocide. Sci. Total Environ., 409, 247–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, A.D., Liu, Z., Salhi, E., Höfer, T., and von Gunten, U. (2015). Peracetic acid oxidation of saline waters in the absence and presence of H2O2: Secondary oxidant and disinfection byproduct formation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 1698–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hom, L.W. (1972). Kinetics of chlorine disinfection in an ecosystem. J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 98, 183–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Profaizer, M. (1998). Aspetti Modellistici e Tecniche Alternative Nella Disinfezione Di Acque Potabili: L'acido Peracetico [Modeling Aspects and Alternative Technologies for the Disinfection of Drinking Water: Peracetic Acid]. Ph.D. Thesis., Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Gyürék, L.L., and Finch, G.R. (1998). Modeling water treatment chemical disinfection kinetics. J. Environ. Eng., 124, 783–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, R.J.W., Johnston, M.D., and Simons, E.A. (1999). A kinetic study of the effect of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the bioscreen disinfection method. J. Appl. Microbiol., 87, 782–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chick, H. (1908). An investigation of the laws of disinfection. J. Hyg., 8, 92–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson, H.E. (1908). A note on the variation of the rate of disinfection with change in the concentration of the disinfectant. J. Hyg., 8, 536–542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haas, C.N. and Joffe, J. (1994). Disinfection under dynamic conditions: Modification of Hom's model for decay. Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 1367–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzellino, A., Antonelli, M., Canziani, R., Malpei, F., Marinetti, M., and Nurizzo, C. (2011). Multivariate modelling of disinfection kinetics: A comparison among three different disinfectants. Desalin. Water Treat., 29, 128–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J.L., and Xu, L.J. (2012). Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: Formation of hydroxyl radical and application. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 251–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubello, C., Caretti, C., and Gori, R. (2002). Comparison between PAA/UV and H2O2/UV disinfection for wastewater reuse. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply., 2, 205–212.
   Google Scholar
• Caretti, C., and Lubello, C. (2003). Wastewater disinfection with PAA and UV combined treatment: A pilot plant study. Water Res., 37, 2365–2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajala–Mustonen, R.L., Toivola, P.S., and Heinonen–Tanski, H. (1997). Effects of peracetic acid and UV irradiation on the inactivation of coliphages in wastewater. Water Sci. Technol., 35, 237–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luna–Pabello, V.M., Ríos, M.M., Jiménez, B., and Orta De Velasquez, M.T. (2009). Effectiveness of the use of Ag, Cu and PAA to disinfect municipal wastewater. Environ. Technol., 30, 129–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal, U.J., Mara, D.D., Peasey, A., Ruiz–Palacios, G., and Stott, R. (2000). Guidelines for the microbial quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: Recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bull. World Health Organ., 78, 1104–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Velásquez, M.T.O., Yáñez–Noguez, I., Jiménez–Cisneros, B., and Luna Pabello, V.M. (2008). Adding silver and copper to hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid in the disinfection of an advanced primary treatment effluent. Environ. Technol., 29, 1209–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, R.L., and Etris, S.F. (1997). The development and functions of silver in water purification and disease control. Catal. Today, 36, 107–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egler, M., Grosse, C., Grass, G., and Nies, D.H. (2005). Role of the extracytoplasmic function protein family sigma factor RpoE in metal resistance of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol., 187, 2297–2307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurizzo, C., Bonomo, L., and Malpei, F. (2001). Some economic considerations on wastewater reclamation for irrigation, with reference to the Italian situation. Water Sci. Technol., 43, 75–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivunen, J., Juntunen, P., and Heinonen-Tanski, H. (2005). Dissolved air flotation and peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection for treatment of municipal wastewaters. Report of the FLOTE project. University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Ragazzo, P., Chiucchini, N., and Bottin, F. (2007). The use of hyproform disinfection system in wastewater treatment: Batch and full scale trials. In H.H. Hahn, E. Hoffmann, H. Odegaard (Eds.), Chemical water and wastewater treatment IX (pp. 267–278). London, UK: IWA Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Rook, J.J. (1974). Formation of Haloforms during chlorination of natural waters. Water Treat. Examin., 23, 234–244.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, S.D., Plewa, M.J., Wagner, E.D., Schoeny, R., and DeMarini, D.M. (2007). Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research. Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat., 636, 178–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell'Erba, A., Falsanisi, D., Liberti, L., Notarnicola, M., and Santoro, D. (2007). Disinfection by-products formation during wastewater disinfection with peracetic acid. Desalination, 215, 177–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (2008). Guidelines for drinking–water quality (3rd ed.), Vol. 3. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Raitanen, J.E., Sundberg, A., Konn, J., Smeds, A., and Willför, S. (2016). Reactions between peracetic acid and lipophilic extractives—Methodologies and implications in post bleaching of Kraft pulps. Holzforschung, 70, 747–754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, R., and Lester, J. (1995). The potential formation of halogenated by-products during peracetic acid treatment of final sewage effluent. Water Res., 29, 1793–1801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, A.D., Liu, Z., Salhi, E., Höfer, T., Werschkun, B., and von Gunten, U. (2015). Formation of disinfection by–products during ballast water treatment with ozone, chlorine, and peracetic acid: Influence of water quality parameters. Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., 1, 465–480.
   Google Scholar
• West, D.M., Wu, Q., Donovan, A., Shi, H., Ma, Y., Jiang, H., and Wang, J. (2016). N-nitrosamine formation by monochloramine, free chlorine, and peracetic acid disinfection with presence of amine precursors in drinking water system. Chemosphere, 153, 521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames, B.N., McCann, J., and Yamasaki, E. (1975). Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test. Mutat. Res.-Environ. Muta., 31, 347–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crebelli, R., Conti, L., Monarca, S., Feretti, D., Zerbini, I., Zani, C., Veschetti, E., Cutilli, D., and Ottaviani, M. (2005). Genotoxicity of the disinfection by–products resulting from peracetic acid- or hypochlorite-disinfected sewage wastewater. Water Res., 39, 1105–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschini, A., Carboni, P., Furlini, M., Poli, P., and Rossi, C. (2004). Sodium hypochlorite-, chlorine dioxide- and peracetic acid-induced genotoxicity detected by the comet assay and Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 tests. Mutagenesis, 19, 157–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maffei, F., Buschini, A., Rossi, C., Poli, P., Forti, G.C., and Hrelia, P. (2005). Use of the comet test and micronucleus assay on human white blood cells for in vitro assessment of genotoxicity induced by different drinking water disinfection protocols. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 46, 116–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monarca, S., Feretti, D., Collivignarelli, C., Guzzella, L., Zerbini, I., Bertanza, G., and Pedrazzani, R. (2000). The influence of different disinfectants on mutagenicity and toxicity of urban wastewater. Water Res., 34, 4261–4269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marabini, L., Frigerio, S., Chiesara, E., and Radice, S. (2006). Toxicity evaluation of surface water treated with different disinfectants in HepG2 cells. Water Res., 40, 267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzella, L., Monarca, S., Zani, C., Feretti, D., Zerbini, I., Buschini, A., Poli, P., Rossi, C., and Richardson, S.D. (2004). In vitro potential genotoxic effects of surface drinking water treated with chlorine and alternative disinfectants. Mutat. Res.-Gen. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagenesis., 564, 179–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschini, A., Martino, A., Gustavino, B., Monfrinotti, M., Poli, P., Rossi, C., Santoro, M., Dörr, A., and Rizzoni, M. (2004). Comet assay and micronucleus test in circulating erythrocytes of cyprinus carpio specimens exposed in situ to lake waters treated with disinfectants for potabilization. Mutat. Res.-Gen. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagenesis., 557, 119–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolognesi, C., Buschini, A., Branchi, E., Carboni, P., Furlini, M., Martino, A., Monteverde, M., Poli, P., and Rossi, C. (2004). Comet and micronucleus assays in zebra mussel cells for genotoxicity assessment of surface drinking water treated with three different disinfectants. Sci. Total Environ., 333, 127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canistro, D., Melega, S., Ranieri, D., Sapone, A., Gustavino, B., Monfrinotti, M., Rizzoni, M., and Paolini, M. (2012). Modulation of cytochrome P450 and induction of DNA damage in cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to surface water treated with chlorine or alternative disinfectants in different seasons. Mutat. Res.-Fund. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis., 729, 81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapone, A., Canistro, D., Vivarelli, F., and Paolini, M. (2016). Perturbation of xenobiotic metabolism in dreissena polymorpha model exposed in situ to surface water (Lake Trasimene) purified with various disinfectants. Chemosphere, 144, 548–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarini, M., Moretti, M., Dominici, L., Fatigoni, C., Dörr, A.J.M., Elia, A.C., and Monarca, S. (2011). A protocol for the evaluation of genotoxicity in bile of carp (Cyprinus Carpio) exposed to lake water treated with different disinfectants. Chemosphere, 84, 1521–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraris, M., Chiesara, E., Radice, S., Giovara, A., Frigerio, S., Fumagalli, R., and Marabini, L. (2005). Study of potential toxic effects on rainbow trout hepatocytes of surface water treated with chlorine or alternative disinfectants. Chemosphere, 60, 65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talinli, I., and Anderson, G.K. (1992). Interference of hydrogen peroxide on the standard COD test. Water Res., 26, 107–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E., Lee, H., Kim, Y.K., Sohn, K., and Lee, K. (2011). Hydrogen peroxide interference in chemical oxygen demand during ozone based advanced oxidation of anaerobically digested livestock wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 8, 381–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncharuk, V.V., Bagrii, V.A., Mel'nik, L.A., Chebotareva, R.D., and Bashtan, S.Y. (2010). The use of redox potential in water treatment processes. J. Water Chem. Technol., 32, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad, M.I., Denggerile, A., and Ohsaka, T. (2004). Electroreduction of peroxyacetic acid at gold electrode in aqueous media. J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, E358–E363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.R. Lide (ed.) (2003). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics (84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gagnon, C., Lajeunesse, A., Cejka, P., Gagne, F., and Hausler, R. (2008). Degradation of selected acidic and neutral pharmaceutical products in a primary–treated wastewater by disinfection processes. Ozone Sci. Eng., 30, 387–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hey, G., Ledin, A., Jansen, J.L.C., and Andersen, H.R. (2012). Removal of pharmaceuticals in biologically treated wastewater by chlorine dioxide or peracetic acid. Environ. Technol., 33, 1041–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez, J., Gernjak, W., Malato, S., Berenguel, M., Fuerhacker, M., and Yebra, L. (2007). Dynamic models for hydrogen peroxide control in solar photo–Fenton systems. J. Sol. Energy Eng., 129, 37–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokare, A.D., and Choi, W. (2014). Review of iron–free Fenton–like systems for activating H2O2 in advanced oxidation processes. J. Hazard. Mater., 275, 121–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagman, M., Heander, E., and Jansen, J.l.C. (2008). Advanced oxidation of refractory organics in leachate-potential methods and evaluation of biodegradability of the remaining substrate. Environ. Technol., 29, 941–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadafi, K., Mesdaghinia, A., Nabizadeh, R., Younesian, M., and Rad, M.J. (2011). The combination and optimization study on RB29 dye removal from water by peroxy acid and single-wall carbon nanotubes. Desalin. Water Treat., 27, 237–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, N.S., and Nyman, M.C. (2009). Oxidation of PAHs in a simplified system using peroxy–acid and glass beads: Identification of oxidizing species. J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng., 44, 1077–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, N.S., N'Guessan, A.L., and Nyman, M.C. (2007). Effective treatment of PAH contaminated superfund site soil with the peroxy-acid process. J. Hazard. Mater., 146, 652–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N'Guessan, A.L., Carignan, T., and Nyman, M.C. (2004). Optimization of the peroxy acid treatment of a-methylnaphthalene and Benzo[a]Pyrene in sandy and silty clay sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1554–1560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, J.S., and Nyman, M.C. (2000). Peroxy–acid treatment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lake sediments. In: J.E. Kilduff, S. Komisar, M. Nyman (Eds.), Hazardous and industrial waste proceedings, 32nd Mid–Atlantic Conference (pp. 516–526). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levitt, J.S., N'Guessan, A.L., Rapp, K.L., and Nyman, M.C. (2003). Remediation of a-methylnaphthalene-contaminated sediments using peroxy acid. Water Res., 37, 3016–3022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N'Guessan, A.L., Levitt, J.S., and Nyman, M.C. (2004). Remediation of Benzo(a)Pyrene in contaminated sediments using peroxy–acid. Chemosphere, 55, 1413–1420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach, R.D., Canepa, C., Winter, J.E., and Blanchette, P.E. (1997). Mechanism of acid-catalyzed epoxidation of alkenes with peroxy acids. J. Org. Chem., 62, 5191–5197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, R.J. (2007). Performic acid oxidation of proteins. CSH Protoc. 2007, pdb.prot4698.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., Nie, Y., Chen, W., Wu, L., Chen, P., Lu, M., Yu, F., and Ji, J. (2016). Mass transfer and reaction kinetics of soybean oil epoxidation in a formic acid‐autocatalyzed reaction system. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 94, 1576–1582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. (2010). Degradation of 4–Chlorophenol in Wastewater by Organic Oxidants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 49, 3094–3098.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daswat, D.P., and Mukhopadhyay, M. (2014). Effect of UV input on degradation of 4–chlorophenol by peroxy acetic acid. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 39, 5873–5881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virkutyte, J., and Varma, R.S. (2014). Eco–friendly magnetic iron oxide–pillared montmorillonite for advanced catalytic degradation of dichlorophenol. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2, 1545–1550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daswat, D.P., and Mukhopadhyay, M. (2012). Photochemical degradation of chlorophenol industry wastewater using peroxy acetic acid (PAA). Chem. Eng. J., 209, 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokhina, E.V., Makarova, K., Lahtinen, M., Golovina, E.A., Van As, H., and Virkutyte, J. (2013). Ultrasound–assisted MnO2 catalyzed homolysis of peracetic acid for phenol degradation: The assessment of process chemistry and kinetics. Chem. Eng. J., 221, 476–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallini, G.S., Vidal, C.M., Souza, J.B., and Campos, S.X. (2015). Fenton coagulation/oxidation using Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions and peracetic acid for the treatment of wastewater. Orbital, 7, 253–263.
   Google Scholar
• Cavallini, G.S., Vidal, C.M.d.S., Souza, J.B.d., and Campos, S.X.d. (2015). Post-treatment of anaerobic reactor effluent using coagulation/oxidation followed by double filtration. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 7, 6244–6252.
   Google Scholar
• Littlejohn, D., and Chang, S.G. (1990). Removal of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide from flue gas by peracid solutions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29, 1420–1424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lion, C., Da Conceição, L., Hecquet, G., Pralus, C., Requieme, B., and Schirmann, J.P. (2002). Destruction of toxic organophosphorus and organosulfur pollutants by perpropionic acid: The first stable, industrial liquid water-miscible peroxyacid in decontamination. New J. Chem., 26, 1515–1518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clover, A.M., and Richmond, G.F. (1903). The hydrolysis of organic peroxides and peracids. Am. Chem. J., 29, 179.
   Google Scholar
• Prescher, G., Weiberg, O., Waldmann, H., and Seifert, H. (1978). Process for the preparation of perpropionic acid solutions. U.S. Patent 4,087,454.
   Google Scholar
• Merka, V., and Dvorák, J. (1968). Antifungal properties of performic and perpropionic acids. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol., 12, 115–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merka, V., Sita, F., and Zikes, V. (1965). Performic and perpropionic acids as disinfectants in comparison with peracetic acid. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol., 59, 220–226.
   Google Scholar
• Vimont, A., Fliss, I., and Jean, J. (2014). Study of the virucidal potential of organic peroxyacids against norovirus on food–contact surfaces. Food Environ. Virol., 7, 49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschler, U., Grund, A., and Prescher, G. (1987). Process for the preparation of epoxidized organosilicon compounds. U.S. Patent 4,705,868.
   Google Scholar