731
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

A critical review of environmental exposure, metabolic transformation, and the human health risks of synthetic musks

, , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 2132-2149 | Published online: 31 May 2023

References

  • Aaron, M. P., & Keri, C. H. (2004). Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Lake Michigan. Environmental Science & Technology, 38, 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034769y
  • Aguirre, J., Bizkarguenaga, E., Iparraguirre, A., Fernandez, L. A., Zuloaga, O., & Prieto, A. (2014). Development of stir-bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of musks in vegetables and amended soils. Analytica Chimica Acta, 812, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.036
  • Api, A. M., Belsito, D., Biserta, S., Botelho, D., Bruze, M., Burton, G. A., Jr., Buschmann, J., Cancellieri, M. A., Dagli, M. L., Date, M., Dekant, W., Deodhar, C., Fryer, A. D., Gadhia, S., Jones, L., Joshi, K., Kumar, M., Lapczynski, A., Lavelle, M., Lee, I., Liebler, D. C., Moustakas, H., Na, M., Penning, T. M., Ritacco, G., Romine, J., Sadekar, N., Schultz, T. W., Selechnik, D., Siddiqi, F., … Sipes, I. G., Sullivan, G., Thakkar, Y., Tokura, Y. (2021). RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4(5H)-indanone, CAS Registry Number 33704-61-9. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 149 (Suppl 1), 111929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111929
  • Api, A. M., Belsito, D., Biserta, S., Botelho, D., Bruze, M., Burton, G. A., Jr., Buschmann, J., Cancellieri, M. A., Dagli, M. L., Date, M., Dekant, W., Deodhar, C., Fryer, A. D., Gadhia, S., Jones, L., Joshi, K., Lapczynski, A., Lavelle, M., Liebler, D. C., Na, M., O’Brien, D., Patel, A., Penning, T. M., Ritacco, G., Rodriguez-Ropero, F., Romine, J., Sadekar, N., Salvito, D., Schultz, T. W., Siddiqi, F., Sipes, I. G., … Sullivan, G., Thakkar, Y., Tokura, Y., Tsang, S. (2020). RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, omega-pentadecalactone, CAS Registry Number 106-02-5. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 146 (Suppl 1), 111762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111762
  • Api, A. M., Belsito, D., Botelho, D., Browne, D., Bruze, M., Burton, G. A., Jr., Buschmann, J., Calow, P., Dagli, M. L., Date, M., Dekant, W., Deodhar, C., Fryer, A. D., Joshi, K., La Cava, S., Lapczynski, A., Liebler, D. C., O’Brien, D., Parakhia, R., Patel, A., Penning, T. M., Ritacco, G., Romine, J., Salvito, D., Schultz, T. W., Sipes, I. G., … Thakkar, Y., Tsang, S., Wahler, J. (2017). RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 5-Acetyl-3-isopropyl-1,1,2,6-tetramethylindane, CAS Registry Number 68140-48-7. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 110 (Suppl 1), S198–S209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.015
  • Api, A. M., Belsito, D., Botelho, D., Bruze, M., Burton, G. A., Jr., Buschmann, J., Calow, P., Dagli, M. L., Dekant, W., Fryer, A. D., La Cava, S., Lapczynski, A., Liebler, D. C., O’Brien, D., Parakhia, R., Patel, A., Penning, T. M., Ritacco, G., Romine, J., Salvito, D., Schultz, T. W., … Shen, J., Sipes, I. G., Wahler, J. (2017). RIFM FRAGRANCE INGREDIENT SAFETY ASSESSMENT, 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetraline, CAS Registry Number 21145-77-7. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 110 (Suppl 1), S95–S103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.019
  • Api, A. M., Belsito, D., Botelho, D., Bruze, M., Burton, G. A., Jr., Buschmann, J., Cancellieri, M. A., Dagli, M. L., Date, M., Dekant, W., Deodhar, C., Fryer, A. D., Jones, L., Joshi, K., Kumar, M., Lapczynski, A., Lavelle, M., Lee, I., Liebler, D. C., Moustakas, H., Na, M., Penning, T. M., Ritacco, G., Romine, J., Sadekar, N., Schultz, T. W., Selechnik, D., Siddiqi, F., … Sipes, I. G., Sullivan, G., Thakkar, Y., Tokura, Y. (2021). RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cyclopentadecanone, CAS Registry Number 502-72-7. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 156 (Suppl 1), 112474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112474
  • Api, A. M., Ritacco, G., & Sipes, I. G. (2013). Disposition and excretion of 14C-AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) and 14c-hhcb (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran) after intravenous administration to Sprague-Dawley rats and domestic pigs. International Journal of Toxicology, 32(4), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581813490202
  • Aschmann, S. M., Arey, J., Atkinson, R., & Simonich, S. L. (2001). Atmospheric lifetimes and fates of selected fragrance materials and volatile model compounds. Environmental Science & Technology, 35(18), 3595–3600. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010685i
  • Balci, E., Genisoglu, M., Sofuoglu, S. C., & Sofuoglu, A. (2020). Indoor air partitioning of synthetic musk compounds: Gas, particulate matter, house dust, and window film. The Science of the Total Environment, 729, 138798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138798
  • Bitsch, N., Dudas, C., Korner, W., Failing, K., Biselli, S., Rimkus, G., & Brunn, H. (2002). Estrogenic activity of musk fragrances detected by the E-screen assay using human mcf-7 cells. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43(3), 257–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-1192-5
  • Bu, Q., Li, Q., Zhang, H., Wu, D., & Yu, G. (2022). Using a fugacity model to determine the degradation rate of typical polycyclic musks in the field: A case study in the North Canal River watershed of Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 302(Pt B), 114096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114096
  • Calderon-Preciado, D., Jimenez-Cartagena, C., Matamoros, V., & Bayona, J. M. (2011). Screening of 47 organic microcontaminants in agricultural irrigation waters and their soil loading. Water Research, 45(1), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.050
  • Chen, F., Ying, G. G., Ma, Y. B., Chen, Z. F., Lai, H. J., & Peng, F. J. (2014). Field dissipation and risk assessment of typical personal care products TCC, TCS, AHTN and HHCB in biosolid-amended soils. The Science of the Total Environment, 470-471, 1078–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.080
  • Chen, T. A., Chung, W. H., Ding, E. M. C., & Ding, W. H. (2018). Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction for rapid determination of unmetabolized synthetic polycyclic and nitro-aromatic musks in human urine. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 1092, 440–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.042
  • Correia, P., Cruz, A., Santos, L., & Alves, A. (2013). Human dermal exposure to galaxolide from personal care products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 35(3), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12043
  • Cunha, S. C., Fernandes, J. O., Vallecillos, L., Cano-Sancho, G., Domingo, J. L., Pocurull, E., Borrull, F., Maulvault, A. L., Ferrari, F., Fernandez-Tejedor, M., Van den Heuvel, F., & Kotterman, M. (2015). Co-occurrence of musk fragrances and UV-filters in seafood and macroalgae collected in European hotspots. Environmental Research, 143(Pt B), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.003
  • Cunha, S. C., Gadelha, J. R., Mello, F., Marmelo, I., Marques, A., & Fernandes, J. O. (2022). Effects of green tea marinade in the bioaccessibility of tonalide and benzophenone 3 in cooked european seabass. Molecules, 27(15), 4873. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154873
  • Cunha, S. C., Trabalon, L., Jacobs, S., Castro, M., Fernandez-Tejedor, M., Granby, K., Verbeke, W., Kwadijk, C., Ferrari, F., Robbens, J., Sioen, I., Pocurull, E., Marques, A., Fernandes, J. O., & Domingo, J. L. (2018). UV-filters and musk fragrances in seafood commercialized in Europe Union: Occurrence, risk and exposure assessment. Environmental Research, 161, 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.015
  • Cunha, V., Burkhardt-Medicke, K., Wellner, P., Santos, M. M., Moradas-Ferreira, P., Luckenbach, T., & Ferreira, M. (2017). Effects of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) related efflux transporter activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 136, 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.022
  • Czub, G., & McLachlan, M. S. (2004). Bioaccumulation potential of persistent organic chemicals in humans. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(8), 2406–2412. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034871v
  • Dallongeville, A., Costet, N., Zmirou-Navier, D., Le Bot, B., Chevrier, C., Deguen, S., Annesi-Maesano, I., & Blanchard, O. (2016). Volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds of respiratory health relevance in French dwellings. Indoor Air, 26(3), 426–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12225
  • Den Hond, E., Paulussen, M., Geens, T., Bruckers, L., Baeyens, W., David, F., Dumont, E., Loots, I., Morrens, B., de Bellevaux, B. N., Nelen, V., Schoeters, G., Van Larebeke, N., & Covaci, A. (2013). Biomarkers of human exposure to personal care products: Results from the Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS 2007-2011). The Science of the Total Environment, 463-464, 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.087
  • Ding, T., Li, W., Cai, M., Jia, X., Yang, M., Yang, B., & Li, J. (2020). Algal toxicity, accumulation and metabolic pathways of galaxolide. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384, 121360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121360
  • ECHA. (2008). European Union Risk Assessment Report (1,3,4,6,7,8-HEXAHYDRO-4,6,6,7,8,8-HEXAMETHYLIN-DENO[5,6-C] PYRAN-HHCB). The Netherlands. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Eisenhardt, S., Runnebaum, B., Bauer, K., & Gerhard, I. (2001). Nitromusk Compounds in Women with Gynecological and Endocrine Dysfunction. Environmental Research, 87(3), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2001.4302
  • Fang, H., Gao, Y., Wang, H., Yin, H., Li, G., & An, T. (2017). Photo-induced oxidative damage to dissolved free amino acids by the photosensitizer polycyclic musk tonalide: Transformation kinetics and mechanisms. Water Research, 115, 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.006
  • Fernandes, D., Dimastrogiovanni, G., Blazquez, M., & Porte, C. (2013). Metabolism of the polycyclic musk galaxolide and its interference with endogenous and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 174, 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.033
  • Fussell, R. J., Garcia Lopez, M., Mortimer, D. N., Wright, S., Sehnalova, M., Sinclair, C. J., Fernandes, A., & Sharman, M. (2014). Investigation into the occurrence in food of veterinary medicines, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals used in personal care products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(17), 3651–3659. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4052418
  • Gao, Y., Ji, Y., Li, G., Mai, B., & An, T. (2016). Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity increase during indirect photochemical transformation of polycyclic musk tonalide: A modeling study. Water Research, 105, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.055
  • Gao, Y., Li, G., Ma, S., & An, T. (2017). Research progress and challenge of synthetic musks: From personal care, environment pollution to human health. Progress in Chemistry, 29, 1082–1092. https://doi.org/10.7536/PC170448
  • Gao, Y., Li, G., Qin, Y., Ji, Y., Mai, B., & An, T. (2019). New theoretical insight into indirect photochemical transformation of fragrance nitro-musks: Mechanisms, eco-toxicity and health effects. Environment International, 129, 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.020
  • Gatermann, R., Biselli, S., Hühnerfuss, H., Rimkus, G. G., Hecker, M., & Karbe, L. (2002). Synthetic musks in the environment. Part 1: Species-dependent bioaccumulation of polycyclic and nitro musk fragrances in freshwater fish and mussels. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 42(4), 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0041-2
  • Harrad, S., & Diamond, M. (2006). New directions: exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Current and future scenarios. Atmospheric Environment, 40(6), 1187–1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006
  • Homem, V., Silva, E., Alves, A., & Santos, L. (2015). Scented traces – Dermal exposure of synthetic musk fragrances in personal care products and environmental input assessment. Chemosphere, 139, 276–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.078
  • Hu, Z., Shi, Y., & Cai, Y. (2011). Concentrations, distribution, and bioaccumulation of synthetic musks in the Haihe River of China. Chemosphere, 84(11), 1630–1635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.013
  • Hu, Z., Shi, Y., Niu, H., Cai, Y., Jiang, G., & Wu, Y. (2010). Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in human blood from 11 cities in China. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29(9), 1877–1882. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.258
  • Hua, Y., Wang, L., Zheng, M., Xu, Y., Liu, J., Fang, L., Pan, X., & Liu, A. (2022). Occurrence of synthetic musks in the sediment-seawater system of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during wet and dry seasons. The Science of the Total Environment, 833, 155164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155164
  • Huang, L., Ernstoff, A., Fantke, P., Csiszar, S. A., & Jolliet, O. (2017). A review of models for near-field exposure pathways of chemicals in consumer products. The Science of the Total Environment, 574, 1182–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.118
  • Hurtado, C., Dominguez, C., Perez-Babace, L., Canameras, N., Comas, J., & Bayona, J. M. (2016). Estimate of uptake and translocation of emerging organic contaminants from irrigation water concentration in lettuce grown under controlled conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 305, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.039
  • Hutter, H. P., Wallner, P., Moshammer, H., Hartl, W., Sattelberger, R., Lorbeer, G., & Kundi, M. (2009). Synthetic musks in blood of healthy young adults: Relationship to cosmetics use. The Science of the Total Environment, 407(17), 4821–4825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.026
  • Käfferlein, H. U., Göen, T., & Angerer, J. (1998). Musk xylene: Analysis, occurrence, kinetics, and toxicology. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 28(5), 431–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408449891344245
  • Kannan, K., Reiner, J. L., Yun, S. H., Perrotta, E. E., Tao, L., Johnson-Restrepo, B., & Rodan, B. D. (2005). Polycyclic musk compounds in higher trophic level aquatic organisms and humans from the United States. Chemosphere, 61(5), 693–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.041
  • Katuri, G. P., Fan, X., Kosarac, I., Siddique, S., & Kubwabo, C. (2021). Synthetic musk compounds in human biological matrices: Analytical methods and occurrence-a review. Journal of AOAC International, 104(2), 368–383. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa154
  • Klepeis, N. E., Nelson, W. C., Ott, W. R., Robinson, J. P., Tsang, A. M., Switzer, P., Behar, J. V., Hern, S. C., & Engelmann, W. H. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 11(3), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500165
  • Kurz, B., Ivanova, I., Bäumler, W., & Berneburg, M. (2021). Turn the light on photosensitivity. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 8, 100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100071
  • Lee, S., Kim, S., Park, J., Kim, H. J., Lee, J. J., Choi, G., Choi, S., Kim, S., Kim, S. Y., Choi, K., Kim, S., & Moon, H. B. (2015). Synthetic musk compounds and benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in breast milk: Occurrence, time-course variation and infant health risk. Environmental Research, 140, 466–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.017
  • Lee, W., Shin, J., Lee, M., Choi, Y., Son, H., & Lee, Y. (2022). Elimination efficiency of synthetic musks during the treatment of drinking water with ozonation and UV-based advanced oxidation processes. The Science of the Total Environment, 844, 156915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156915
  • Lefebvre, C., Kimpe, L. E., Metcalfe, C. D., Trudeau, V. L., & Blais, J. M. (2017). Bioconcentration of polycyclic musks in fathead minnows caged in a wastewater effluent plume. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 231(Pt 2), 1593–1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.062
  • Lehman-McKeeman, L. D., Caudill, D., Vassallo, J. D., Pearce, R. E., Madan, A., & Parkinson, A. (1999). Effects of musk xylene and musk ketone on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. Toxicology Letters, 111(1-2), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00172-1
  • Li, A. J., Feldman, S. M., McNally, R. K., & Kannan, K. (2019). Distribution of organohalogen and synthetic musk compounds in breast adipose tissue of breast cancer patients in Ulster County, New York, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00621-0
  • Li, X., Chu, Z., Yang, J., Li, M., Du, M., Zhao, X., Zhu, Z. J., & Li, Y. (2018). Synthetic musks: A class of commercial fragrance additives in personal care products (PCPs) causing concern as emerging contaminants. Advances in Marine Biology, 81, 213–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.008
  • Li, X., He, W., Zhao, Y., Chen, B., Zhu, Z., Kang, Q., & Zhang, B. (2022). Dermal exposure to synthetic musks: Human health risk assessment, mechanism, and control strategy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 236, 113463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113463
  • Li, X., Zhao, Y., Chen, B., Zhu, Z., Kang, Q., Husain, T., & Zhang, B. (2022). Inhalation and ingestion of Synthetic musks in pregnant women: In silico spontaneous abortion risk evaluation and control. Environment International, 158, 106911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106911
  • Li, Y., Sun, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2018). Theoretical and kinetic properties of OH radical-initiated oxidation of galaxolide in the atmosphere. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 122(47), 9151–9159. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07456
  • Li, Z., Yin, N., Liu, Q., Wang, C., Wang, T., Wang, Y., Qu, G., Liu, J., Cai, Y., Zhou, Q., & Jiang, G. (2013). Effects of polycyclic musks HHCB and AHTN on steroidogenesis in H295R cells. Chemosphere, 90(3), 1227–1235. 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.056
  • Lignell, S., Darnerud, P. O., Aune, M., Cnattingius, S., Hajslova, J., Setkova, L., & Glynn, A. (2008). Temporal trends of synthetic musk compounds in mother’s milk and associations with personal use of perfumed products. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(17), 6743–6748. https://doi.org/10.1021/es800626n
  • Liu, J., Zhang, W., Zhou, Q., Zhou, Q., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, L. (2021). Polycyclic musks in the environment: A review of their concentrations and distribution, ecological effects and behavior, current concerns and future prospects. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 51(4), 323–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1724748
  • Liu, N., Shi, Y., Xu, L., Li, W., & Cai, Y. (2013). Occupational exposure to synthetic musks in barbershops, compared with the common exposure in the dormitories and households. Chemosphere, 93(9), 1804–1810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.027
  • Lu, Y., Yuan, T., Wang, W., & Kannan, K. (2011). Concentrations and assessment of exposure to siloxanes and synthetic musks in personal care products from China. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 159(12), 3522–3528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.015
  • Lu, Y., Yuan, T., Yun, S. H., Wang, W., & Kannan, K. (2011). Occurrence of synthetic musks in indoor dust from China and implications for human exposure. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60(1), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9595-1
  • Luckenbach, T., & Epel, D. (2005). Nitromusk and polycyclic musk compounds as long-term inhibitors of cellular xenobiotic defense systems mediated by multidrug transporters. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7301
  • Luo, N., Gao, Y., Wang, M., Niu, X., Li, G., & An, T. (2023). Bidirectional role of synthetic musk tonalide as photosensitizer and activator on amino acids: Formation of sensitizer imine at aqueous chemistry interface of skin. Eco-Environment & Health, 2(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.03.002
  • Luo, N., Gao, Y., Wang, M., Niu, X., Li, G., & An, T. (2023). A new bi-radical species formed during the photochemical degradation of synthetic musk tonalide in water: Study of in-situ laser flash photolysis and validation of synthesized standard sample. The Science of the Total Environment, 859(Pt 1), 160311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160311
  • Lyu, Y., Ren, S., Zhong, F., Han, X., He, Y., & Tang, Z. (2021). Occurrence and trophic transfer of synthetic musks in the freshwater food web of a large subtropical lake. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 213, 112074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112074
  • Macherius, A., Eggen, T., Lorenz, W. G., Reemtsma, T., Winkler, U., & Moeder, M. (2012). Uptake of galaxolide, tonalide, and triclosan by carrot, barley, and meadow fescue plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(32), 7785–7791. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf301917q
  • Marchal, M., & Beltran, J. (2016). Determination of synthetic musk fragrances. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 96(13), 1213–1246. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2016.1249479
  • McDonough, C. A., Helm, P. A., Muir, D., Puggioni, G., & Lohmann, R. (2016). Polycyclic musks in the air and water of the lower great lakes: Spatial distribution and volatilization from surface waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(21), 11575–11583. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03657
  • Melymuk, L., Robson, M., Csiszar, S. A., Helm, P. A., Kaltenecker, G., Backus, S., Bradley, L., Gilbert, B., Blanchard, P., Jantunen, L., & Diamond, M. L. (2014). From the City to the Lake: Loadings of PCBs, PBDEs, PAHs and PCMs from Toronto to Lake Ontario. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(7), 3732–3741. https://doi.org/10.1021/es403209z
  • Mersch-Sundermann, V., Schneider, H., Freywald, C., Jenter, C., Parzefall, W., & Knasmüller, S. (2001). Musk ketone enhances benzo(a)pyrene induced mutagenicity in human derived Hep G2 cells. Mutation Research, 495(1-2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(01)00202-9
  • Mitro, S. D., Dodson, R. E., Singla, V., Adamkiewicz, G., Elmi, A. F., Tilly, M. K., & Zota, A. R. (2016). Consumer product chemicals in indoor dust: A quantitative meta-analysis of U.S. studies. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(19), 10661–10672. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02023
  • Moon, H. B., Lee, D. H., Lee, Y. S., & Kannan, K. (2012). Occurrence and accumulation patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthetic musk compounds in adipose tissues of Korean females. Chemosphere, 86(5), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.008
  • Mottaleb, M. A., Moy, T. W., & Zimmerman, J. H. (2006). Biotransformation of musk xylene in trout haemoglobin: Dose–response and toxicokinetics of musk xylene metabolites haemoglobin adducts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 86(10), 743–756. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310500489528
  • Naidu, R., Biswas, B., Willett, I. R., Cribb, J., Kumar Singh, B., Paul Nathanail, C., Coulon, F., Semple, K. T., Jones, K. C., Barclay, A., & Aitken, R. J. (2021). Chemical pollution: A growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity. Environment International, 156, 106616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106616
  • Nakata, H., Hinosaka, M., & Yanagimoto, H. (2015). Macrocyclic-, polycyclic-, and nitro musks in cosmetics, household commodities and indoor dusts collected from Japan: Implications for their human exposure. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 111, 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.032
  • Ozaki, N., Nakazato, A., Nakashima, K., Kindaichi, T., & Ohashi, A. (2017). Loading and removal of PAHs, fragrance compounds, triclosan and toxicity by composting process from sewage sludge. The Science of the Total Environment, 605-606, 860–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.165
  • Peck, A., & Hornbuckle, K. (2006). Synthetic musk fragrances in urban and rural air of Iowa and the Great Lakes. Atmospheric Environment, 40(32), 6101–6111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.058
  • Ramos, S., Homem, V., & Santos, L. (2020). Analytical methodology to screen UV-filters and synthetic musk compounds in market tomatoes. Chemosphere, 238, 124605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124605
  • Ramos, S., Homem, V., & Santos, L. (2021). Modified dispersive solid-phase extraction and cleanup followed by GC-MS/MS analysis to quantify ultraviolet filters and synthetic musk compounds in soil samples. Journal of Separation Science, 44(16), 3107–3116. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202100281
  • Ramos, S., Homem, V., & Santos, L. (2021). Uptake and translocation of UV-filters and synthetic musk compounds into edible parts of tomato grown in amended soils. The Science of the Total Environment, 792, 148482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148482
  • Reiner, J. L., Wong, C. M., Arcaro, K. F., & Kannan, K. (2007). Synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from the United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(11), 3815–3820. https://doi.org/10.1021/es063088a
  • Reiner, J. L., & Kannan, K. (2006). A survey of polycyclic musks in selected household commodities from the United States. Chemosphere, 62(6), 867–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.006
  • Riedel, J., Birner, G., van Dorp, C., Neumann, H. G., & Dekant, W. (1999). Haemoglobin binding of a musk xylene metabolite in man. Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems, 29(6), 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/004982599238399
  • Roosens, L., Covaci, A., & Neels, H. (2007). Concentrations of synthetic musk compounds in personal care and sanitation products and human exposure profiles through dermal application. Chemosphere, 69(10), 1540–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.072
  • Ross, I. L., Levitt, N. S., Van der Walt, J. S., & Pillay, T. S. (2010). Monitoring of replacement therapy in patients with Addison’s disease, using salivary cortisol day curve measurements. Endocrine Journal, 57, S642–S644.
  • Sanchez-Prado, L., Llompart, M., Lamas, J. P., Garcia-Jares, C., & Lores, M. (2011). Multicomponent analytical methodology to control phthalates, synthetic musks, fragrance allergens and preservatives in perfumes. Talanta, 85(1), 370–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.079
  • Schiavone, A., Kannan, K., Horii, Y., Focardi, S., & Corsolini, S. (2010). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated naphthalenes and polycyclic musks in human fat from Italy: Comparison to polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 158(2), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.011
  • Schnell, S., Martin-Skilton, R., Fernandes, D., & Porte, C. (2009). The interference of nitro- and polycyclic musks with endogenous and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in carp: An in vitro study. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(24), 9458–9464. https://doi.org/10.1021/es902128x
  • Schreurs, R. H. M. M., Quaedackers, M. E., Seinen, W., & Van Der Burg, B. (2002). Transcriptional activation of estrogen receptor ERα and ERβ by polycyclic musks is cell type dependent. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 183(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.2002.9458
  • Sofuoglu, A., Kiymet, N., Kavcar, P., & Sofuoglu, S. C. (2010). Polycyclic and nitro musks in indoor air: A primary school classroom and a women’s sport center. Indoor Air, 20(6), 515–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00674.x
  • Tavera, B. I., Tames, F., Silva, J. A., Ramos, S., Homem, V., Ratola, N., & Carreras, H. (2018). Biomonitoring levels and trends of PAHs and synthetic musks associated with land use in urban environments. The Science of the Total Environment, 618, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.295
  • Taylor, K. M., Weisskopf, M., & Shine, J. (2014). Human exposure to nitro musks and the evaluation of their potential toxicity: An overview. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 13(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-14
  • Trabalon, L., Alves, R. N., Castro, O., Nadal, M., Borrull, F., Pocurull, E., & Marques, A. (2018). Preliminary assessment of galaxolide bioaccessibility in raw and cooked FISH. Food and Chemical Toxicology : An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 122, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.075
  • Trabalon, L., Cano-Sancho, G., Pocurull, E., Nadal, M., Domingo, J. L., & Borrull, F. (2015). Exposure of the population of Catalonia (Spain) to musk fragrances through seafood consumption: Risk assessment. Environmental Research, 143(Pt B), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.007
  • Tseng, W. J., & Tsai, S. W. (2019). Assessment of dermal exposures for synthetic musks from personal care products in Taiwan. The Science of the Total Environment, 669, 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.046
  • Tumová, J., Šauer, P., Golovko, O., Koba Ucun, O., Grabic, R., Máchová, J., & Kocour Kroupová, H. (2019). Effect of polycyclic musk compounds on aquatic organisms: A critical literature review supplemented by own data. The Science of the Total Environment, 651(Pt 2), 2235–2246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.028
  • Villa, S., Vighi, M., & Finizio, A. (2014). Theoretical and experimental evidences of medium range atmospheric transport processes of polycyclic musk fragrances. The Science of the Total Environment, 481, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.017
  • Wang, M., Peng, C., Chen, W., & Markert, B. (2013). Ecological risks of polycyclic musk in soils irrigated with reclaimed municipal wastewater. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 97, 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.032
  • Weeks, J., Guiney, P., & Johanning, K. (2020). In vitro and in vivo metabolic stability of various fragrance materials and insect repellent in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Toxicology: JAT, 40(6), 763–779. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3942
  • Weinberg, I., Dreyer, A., & Ebinghaus, R. (2011). Waste water treatment plants as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and musk fragrances to ambient air. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 159(1), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.023
  • Weschler, C. J., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2014). Dermal uptake of organic vapors commonly found in indoor air. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(2), 1230–1237. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405490a
  • Wong, F., Robson, M., Melymuk, L., Shunthirasingham, C., Alexandrou, N., Shoeib, M., Luk, E., Helm, P., Diamond, M. L., & Hung, H. (2019). Urban sources of synthetic musk compounds to the environment. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 21(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8em00341f
  • Xiang, H., Sun, Q., Wang, W., Li, S., Xiang, X., Li, Z., Liao, X., & Li, H. (2021). Study of conformational and functional changes caused by binding of environmental pollutant tonalide to human serum albumin. Chemosphere, 270, 129431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129431
  • Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R., Temme, C., Heemken, O., & Ruck, W. (2007). Air − sea exchange fluxes of synthetic polycyclic musks in the North Sea and the Arctic. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(16), 5654–5659. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0704434
  • Xu, L., & Cao, Y. (2016). Native musk and synthetic musk ketone strongly induced the growth repression and the apoptosis of cancer cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 511.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1493-2
  • Yang, Y., Chen, P., Ma, S., Lu, S., Yu, Y., & An, T. (2022). A critical review of human internal exposure and the health risks of organophosphate ester flame retardants and their metabolites. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 52(9), 1528–1560. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1859307
  • Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Shao, B. (2015). Identification of metabolites of AHTN in rat urine and feces by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical Methods, 7(11), 4443–4449. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4AY03063J
  • Yin, J., Wang, H., Li, J., Wu, Y., & Shao, B. (2016). Occurrence of synthetic musks in human breast milk samples from 12 provinces in China. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 33(7), 1219–1227. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1201219
  • Yin, J., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Zhou, N., Gao, F., Wu, Y., Xiang, J., & Shao, B. (2012). The occurrence of synthetic musks in human breast milk in Sichuan, China. Chemosphere, 87(9), 1018–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.068
  • Zeng, X., Hu, Q., He, L., Liu, Z., Gao, S., & Yu, Z. (2018). Occurrence, distribution and ecological risks of organophosphate esters and synthetic musks in sediments from the Hun River. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 160, 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.034
  • Zhang, X., Jing, Y., Ma, L., Zhou, J., Fang, X., Zhang, X., & Yu, Y. (2015). Occurrence and transport of synthetic musks in paired maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, and breast milk. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 218(1), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.08.005
  • Zhang, X., Yu, Y., Gu, Y., Li, X., Zhang, X., & Yu, Y. (2017). In vitro determination of transdermal permeation of synthetic musks and estimated dermal uptake through usage of personal care products. Chemosphere, 173, 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.001
  • Zhang, Y., Huang, L., Zhao, Y., & Hu, T. (2017). Musk xylene induces malignant transformation of human liver cell line L02 via repressing the TGF-β signaling pathway. Chemosphere, 168, 1506–1514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.001
  • Zhang, Z., Wang, S., & Li, L. (2021). Emerging investigator series: The role of chemical properties in human exposure to environmental chemicals. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 23(12), 1839–1862. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1em00252j

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.