Detergents: A review of the nature, chemistry, and behavior in the aquatic environment. Part I. Chemical composition and analytical techniques

References

• Bock , K. J. and Stache , H. 1982 . “ Surfactants ” . In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Anthropogenic Compounds , Edited by: Hutzinger , O. Berlin : Springer‐Verlag . 3(Part B)
   Google Scholar
• Aboul‐Kassim , T. A. 1992 . Impact of sewage disposal on the distribution and flux of detergents in Alexandria coastal water . Egypt, Water Sci. Technol. , 25 : 93
   Google Scholar
• Barden , L. and Issac , P. C. G. 1957 . The effect of synthetic detergents on the biological stabilization of sewage . Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. (London) , 6 : 371
   Google Scholar
• Barnhart , E. L. 1963 . Defining the degradability of synthetic detergents . Waste Eng. , 34 : 646
   Google Scholar
• Benarde , M. A. , Koft , B. W. , Horvath , R. and Shaulis , L. 1965 . Microbial degradation of the sulfonate of dodecylbenzene . Appl. Microbiol. , 13 : 103
   Google Scholar
• Bird , J. A. 1972 . Biodegradation of Alkylbenzenesulfonates and Related Compounds , University of Newcastle upon Tyne . Ph.D. thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Bird , J. A. and Cain , R. B. 1972 . Metabolism of alkylbenzenesulfonate by a Vibrio sp. . Proc. Biochem. Soc. Biochem., J. , 127 (2) : 46P
   Google Scholar
• Bird , J. A. and Cain , R. B. 1974 . Microbial degradation of alkylbenzenesulfonates, metabolism of homologs of short alkyl chain length . Biochem. J. , 140 : 121
   Google Scholar
• Baleux , B. and Caumette , P. 1977 . Biodegradation of some cationic surfactants . Water Res. , 11 : 833
   Google Scholar
• Barth , E. F. and Bunch , R. L. 1979 . Biodegradation and Treatability of Specific Pollutants , U.S. EPA Report EPA‐600/9–79–034 Cincinnati
   Google Scholar
• Cain , R. B. 1981 . “ Microbial degradation of surfactants and builder components ” . In Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds , Edited by: Leisinger , T. , Cook , A.M. , Hüter , R. and Nuesch , J. 325 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Birch , R. R. 1982 . The biodegradability of alcohol ethoxylates . XIII J. Com. Espanol Deterg. , : 33
   Google Scholar
• Birch , R. R. 1984 . Biodegradation of nonionic surfactants . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 61 : 340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eganhouse , R. P. 1987 . “ Long chain alkylbenzenes: their analytical chemistry, environmental occurrence and fate ” . In Analysis and Fate of Pollutants, Part IV: Detergents , Edited by: Tarradellas , J. , Albáiges , J. and Frei , R. W. 337 New York : Breach Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Quiroga , J. M. and Sales , D. 1990 . Experimental variables in biodegradation of surfactants in marine environment . Bull. Environ. Contant. Toxicol. , 44 : 851
   Google Scholar
• Anon , K. L. 1977 . “ Human Safety and Environmental Aspects of Major Surfactants ” . In a Report to the Soap and Detergent Association , NTIS, Springfield, VA, Report PB‐301193 Cambridge : Arthur D. Little .
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez , P. , Vails , M. , Bayona , J. M. and Albaiges , J. 1991 . Occurrence of cationic surfactants and related products in urban coastal environments . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 25 : 547
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boethling , R. S. 1984 . Environmental fate and toxicity in wastewater treatment of quaternary ammonium surfactants . Water Res. , 18 : 1061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , M. 1985 . Biodegradation of organic chemicals . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 18 : 106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sueishi , T. , Morioka , T. , Kaneko , H. , Kusaka , M. , Yagi , S. and Chikami , S. 1988 . Environmental risk assessment of surfactants: fate and environmental effects in Lake Biwa Basin . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 8 (1) : 4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , B. N. , Mathur , A. K. , Agarwal , C. and Singh , A. 1989 . In vitro effect of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on some enzymes in liver and gills of the teleost Channa punctatus . Bull. Environ. Contant. Toxicol. , 42 (3) : 375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivian , C. M. G. 1986 . Tracers of sewage sludge in the marine environment: a review . Sci. Total Environ. , 53 (1–2) : 5
   Google Scholar
• Brownawell , B. J. , Chen , H. , Collier , J. M. and Westall , J. C. 1990 . Adsorption of organic cations to natural materials . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 24 (8) : 1284
   Google Scholar
• Zutic , V. , Ćosović , B. , Marcenko , E. , Bihari , N. and Krsinic , F. 1981 . Surfactant production by marine phytoplankton . Mar. Chem. , 10 (6) : 505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafvert , C. T. 1991 . Sediment‐and saturated‐soil‐associated reactions involving an anionic surfactant (dodecylsulfate). H. Partition of PAH compounds among phases . Environ. Sci. Tech‐nol. , 25 (6) : 1039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafvert , C. T. and Heath , J. K. 1991 . Sediment‐and saturated‐soil‐associated reactions involving an anionic surfactant (dodecylsulfate). I. Precipitation and micelle formation . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 25 (6) : 1031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , J. G. and Howes , D. 1980 . “ Absorption, metabolism and excretion of anionic surfactants ” . In Anionic Surfactants: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Dermatology , Edited by: Gloxhuber , C. 51 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Karsa , D. R. . Industrial applications of surfactants: an overview . Proc. Symp. Organized by the North West Region of the Industrial Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry . 15–17th April , University of Salford . (special publication #59), 1987
   Google Scholar
• Takada , H. and Ogura , N. 1992 . Removal of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) in the Tam‐agawa Estuary . Mar. Chem. , 37 : 257
   Google Scholar
• Klotz , H. 1987 . Determination of cationic surfactants in the environment . Tenside , 24 : 370
   Google Scholar
• Vails , M. , Bayona , J. M. and Albäiges , J. 1989 . Use of trialkylamines as an indicator of urban sewage in sludges, coastal waters and sediments . Nature , 337 (6209) : 722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross , J. T. 1970 . “ A critical review of techniques for the identification and determination of cationic surfactants ” . In Cationic Surfactants , Edited by: Jungermann , E. Vol. 4 , 419 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , J. M. , ed. 1990 . Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Vol. 34 , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Visek , K. E. 1990 . “ Fatty acid amide surfactants ” . In Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Richmond , J. M. Vol. 34 , New York : Marcel Dekker . chap. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Friedli , F. E. 1990 . “ Amidoamine surfactants ” . In Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Richmond , J. M. Vol. 34 , 51 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Earl , G. W. 1990 . “ Imidazoline surfactants ” . In Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Richmond , J. M. Vol. 34 , 102 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , K. R. “ Cationic surfactants derived from petroleum feedstock ” . In Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Richmond , J. M. Vol. 34 , 145 New York : Marcel Dekker . 1990
   Google Scholar
• Reck , R. A. 1990 . “ Cationic surfactants derived from nitriles ” . In Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Richmond , J. M. Vol. 34 , 163 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , B. R. 1990 . “ Aromatic and cycling cationic surfactants ” . In Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Richmond , J. M. Vol. 34 , 187 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Gadberry , J. F. 1990 . “ Miscellaneous non‐nitrogen containing cationic surfactants ” . In Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Richmond , J. M. Vol. 34 , 221 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Berger , D. R. 1990 . “ Polymeric cationic surfactants ” . In Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Richmond , J. M. Vol. 34 , 243 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Saver , J. D. 1990 . “ Amine oxides ” . In Cationic Surfactants, Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Richmond , J. M. Vol. 34 , 275 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Moody , G. J. and Thomas , J. D. R. 1987 . “ Potentiometry of oxyalkylates ” . In Non‐Ionic Surfactants: Chemical Analysis , Edited by: Cross , J. New York : Marcel Dekker . chap. 4.
   Google Scholar
• Cross , J. T. 1990 . Non‐Ionic Surfactants: Chemical Analysis , Vol. 18 , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Takano , S. and Tsuji , K. 1983 . Analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants. II. Structural analysis of imidazolinium cationic surfactants . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 60 : 870
   Google Scholar
• Bluestein , B. R. and Hilton , C. L. 1982 . Amphoteric Surfactants , Vol. 12 , 343 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , M. J. , Zhao , F. and Murphy , D. S. 1987 . Two‐phase mixed indicator method for the determination of zwitterionic surfactants . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 64 : 439
   Google Scholar
• Perry , R. 1981 . Detergent builders and water quality — a changing scene . Effluent Water Treatment J. , 21 (10) : 446
   Google Scholar
• Davidsohn , A. and Milwidsky , B. M. 1978 . “ Synthetic detergents ” . In Organic Components of Detergents, Builders and Other Additives , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• American Public Health Association . 1989 . Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Waste Water , American Public Health Association (APHA) .
   Google Scholar
• Swisher , R. D. 1987 . Surfactant Biodegradation , Vol. 18 , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , J. C. Jr. and Morris , J. C. 1964 . Equilibrium and capacities for adsorption on carbons . J. Sanit. Eng. Div. , 90 (SA3) : 79
   Google Scholar
• Fairing , J. D. and Short , F. R. 1956 . Spectrophotometric determination of ABS detergents in surface water and sewage . Anal. Chem. , 28 : 1827
   Google Scholar
• Marcomini , A. , Capri , S. and Giger , W. 1987 . Determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkylphenol polyethoxylates and nonylphenol in waste water by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after enrichment on octadecylsilica . J. Chromatogr. , 403 : 243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loehr , R. C. and Bergeron , B. 1967 . Preservation of waste water samples prior to analysis . Water Res. , 1 : 577
   Google Scholar
• Benedek , A. and Najak , A. 1975 . Procedures for sample preservation . Water Pollut. Control , 113 (9) : 20
   Google Scholar
• Maienthal , E. J. and Becker , D. A. 1976 . A Survey of Current Literature on Sampling, Sample Handling and Long Term Storage for Environmental Materials , Tech. Note 929 National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) .
   Google Scholar
• Moser , J. H. and Huibregtse , K. R. 1976 . Handbook of Sampling and Sample Preservation of Water and Waste Water , Milwaukee : Envirex Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , R. 1976 . Sampling and sample preparation . Z. Anal. Chem. , 282 : 315
   Google Scholar
• Jolley , R. L. 1981 . Concentrating organics in water for biological testing . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 15 : 874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasek , F. W. , Clement , R. E. and Sweetman , A. J. 1981 . Preconcentration for trace analysis or organic compounds . Anal. Chem. , 53 ( 1050A )
   Google Scholar
• Abram , F. S. H. , Brown , V. M. , Painter , H. A. and Turner , A. H. 1977 . The biodegradability of two primary alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactants under practical conditions, and the toxicity of the biodegradation products to rainbow trout . 4th Yugoslav Symp. on Surface Active Substances, Section D . 1977 , Dubrovnik.
   Google Scholar
• Clanet , F. and Viller , J.‐F. 1976 . Determination of trace quantities of detergents in freshwaters, saltwaters and waste waters. Method of extraction and concentration of surfactants by adsorption at the liquid‐liquid interface . Water Res. , 10 : 829
   Google Scholar
• Osburn , Q. W. 1982 . Analytical methodology for a cationic fabric softener in waters and wastes . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 59 : 453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder , D. E. and Allen , M. C. 1982 . HPLC analysis of intact and partially degraded LAS . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 59 : 152
   Google Scholar
• Matthijs , E. and De Henau , H. 1987 . Determination of LAS . Tenside , 24 : 193
   Google Scholar
• Thurman , E. M. , Willoughby , T. and Barber , L. B. 1987 . Determination of alkylbenzene‐sulfonate surfactants in groundwater using macroreticular resins and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 1798
   Google Scholar
• Di Corcia , A. , Marchetti , M. , Samperi , R. and Marcomini , A. 1991 . Liquid Chromatographic determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in aqueous environmental samples . Anal. Chem. , 63 : 1179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tswett , M. 1906 . Physical chemistry studies on chlorophyll adsorption . Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. , 24 : 316
   Google Scholar
• Tswett , M. 1906 . Adsorption analysis and Chromatographie methods, application to the chemistry of chlorophyll . Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. , 24 : 384
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel , D. M. and Mulley , K. 1977 . “ Identification by adsorption spectroscopy technique ” . In Anionic Surfactants — Chemical Analysis , Edited by: Cross , J. 91 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Castles , M. A. , Moore , B. L. and Ward , S. R. 1989 . Measurement of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in aqueous environmental matrices by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection . Anal. Chem. , 61 : 2534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trehye , M. L. , Gledhill , W. E. and Orth , R. G. 1990 . Determination of linear alkylbenzene‐sulfonates and dialkyltetralinsulfonates in water and sediment by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 62 : 2581
   Google Scholar
• Alexandrou , N. , Lawrence , M. J. and Pawliszyn , J. 1992 . Cleanup of complex organic mixtures using supercritical fluids and selective adsorbents . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , S. B. , Miller , D. J. , Nivens , D. E. and White , D. C. 1992 . Supercritical fluid extraction of polar analytes using in situ chemical derivatization . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , J. A. , Barber , L. B. II , Thurman , E. M. , More , B. L. , Lawrence , D. L. and Peake , D. A. 1992 . Fate of alkylbenzenesulfonates and dialkyltetralinsulfonate in sewage‐contaminated ground water . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 (6) : 1140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pipkin , W. 1992 . Sample preparation perspective: fundamental consideration for SEE method development . LC‐GC , 10 (1) : 14
   Google Scholar
• Randall , L. G. 1984 . “ Carbon dioxide based supercritical fluid chromatography: column efficiencies and mobile phase solvent power ” . In Ultra Resolution Chromatography , ACS Symposium Series 250 Edited by: Ahuja , S. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , E. , Levsen , K. , Boerboom , A. J. H. , Kistemaker , P. , McLuckey , S. A. and Przybylski , M. 1984 . Identification of cationic and anionic surfactants in surface water by combined field desorption‐collisionally activated composition mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 1987
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , E. and Levsen , K. 1986 . “ Identification of surfactants and study of their degradation in water and sediments by spectrometry ” . In Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment , 512 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• McHugh , M. A. and Krukonis , V. 1986 . Supercritical Fluid Extraction Principles and Practice , Boston, MA : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• Li , S. F. Y. 1989 . Experimental studies on supercritical fluid separation processes . J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. , 46 (1) : 183
   Google Scholar
• Hewlett‐Packard Manuals (HPM) . 1990 . Preparing samples by supercritical fluid extraction , Manual Part No. 07680–90330
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , S. B. 1990 . Analytical‐scale supercritical fluid extraction . Anal. Chem. , 62 : 633A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , S. B. , Miller , D. J. , Walker , D. D. , Whittington , D. E. and Moore , B. L. 1991 . Quantitative extraction of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates using supercritical carbon dioxide and a simple device for adding modifiers . J. Chromatogr. , 541 : 185
   Google Scholar
• Richards , M. and Campbell , R. M. 1991 . Comparison of supercritical fluid extraction, Soxhlet and sonication methods for the determination of priority pollutants in soil . LC‐GC , 9 (5) : 358
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , M. J. and Goldsmith , H. A. 1972 . Systematic Analysis of Surface‐Active Agents, , 2nd ed. , New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Wickbold , R. 1972 . On the determination of nonionic surfactants in river and waste waters . Tenside , 9 : 173
   Google Scholar
• Longman , G. F. 1976 . The Analysis of Detergents and Detergent Products , London : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Longman , G. F. 1975 . The analysis of detergents . Talanta , 22 : 621
   Google Scholar
• Miyajima , K. 1975 . Analysis of surfactants. I. Determination of surfactants based on the properties of hydrophilic groups . Yukagaku , 24 : 54
   Google Scholar
• Kuo , M. S. and Mottola , H. A. 1980 . A comparative and critical review of analytical methods for separation and determination of aliphatic and aromatic sulfonates . CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 9 : 297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llenado , R. A. and Jamieson , R. A. 1981 . Surfactants (1975–1980) . Anal. Chem. , 53 : 174R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsubouchi , M. , Yamasaki , N. and Yanagisawa , K. 1985 . Two‐phase titration of poly(oxyethylene) nonionic surfactants with tetrakis(4‐fluorophenyl)borate . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 783
   Google Scholar
• O'Connell , A. W. 1986 . Titration of nonionic surfactants with potassium tetrakis(4‐chloro‐phenyl)borate . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 669
   Google Scholar
• Baleux , B. 1972 . Colorimetric determination of ethoxylate nonionic surfactants using iodine‐iodide solution . C.R. Acad. Sci. , 274C : 1617
   Google Scholar
• Baleux , B. , Caumette , P. , Coite , J.‐R and Lebecq , J.‐C . 1974 . Quantitative determination of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants by photocolorimetric determination of an alizarin complex . J. Fran. Hydrol. , 13 : 41
   Google Scholar
• Waters , J. and Taylor , C. G. 1977 . “ The colorimetric estimation of anionic surfactants ” . In Anionic Surfactants — Chemical Analysis , Edited by: Ross , J. New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , J. , Garrigan , J. T. and Paulson , A. M. 1986 . Investigations into the scope and limitations of the bismuth active substances procedure (Wickbold) for the determination of nonionic surfactants in environmental samples . Water Res. , 20 : 247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnish Standards Association (FSA) . 1977 . Determination of anionic active agents in water and sediments , Helsinki : Finnish Standards Association (FSA) . 3012(G),
   Google Scholar
• Crabb , N. T. and Persinger , H. E. 1968 . A determination of apparent molar absorption coefficients of the cobalt thiocyanate complexes of nonphenol EO adducts . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 45 : 611
   Google Scholar
• Petts , K. W. and Sliney , I. 1981 . An automated method for the determination of nonionic surfactants in water . Water Res. , 15 : 129
   Google Scholar
• Zoller , U. and Romano , R. 1984 . Non‐ionic surfactants in municipal sewage in Israel . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 61 : 971
   Google Scholar
• McPherson , B. P. and Omelczenko , N. 1983 . The determination of hydrotropes in detergent products by reverse‐phase and ion‐pair high performance liquid chromatography . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 60 : 1552
   Google Scholar
• Aserin , A. , Frenkel , M. and Garti , N. 1984 . HPLC analysis of nonionic surfactants. Polyox‐yethylene fatty alcohols . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 61 : 805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudoh , M. , Kusuyama , T. and Yamaguchi , S. 1984 . High performance liquid Chromatographie determination of sodium sulfate in anionic surfactants . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 61 : 108
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura , K. and Morikawa , Y. 1984 . Determination of surfactant mixtures in shampoos and detergents by HPLC . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 61 : 1130
   Google Scholar
• Ahel , M. and Giger , W. 1985 . Determination of nonionic surfactants of the alkylphenol poly‐ethoxylate type by high‐performance liquid chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 2584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahel , M. , Conrad , T. and Giger , W. 1987 . Persistent organic chemicals in sewage effluents, determinations of nonylphenoxy carboxylic acids by high‐resolution gas chromatography/ mass spectroscopy and high‐performance liquid chromatography . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 21 : 697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiani , J. A. 1987 . Spectator ion indirect photometric detection of aliphatic anionic surfactants separated by re versed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 2583
   Google Scholar
• Kanesato , M. , Nakamura , K. and Nakata , O. 1987 . Analysis of ionogenic surfactants by HPLC with ion‐pair extraction detector . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 64 : 434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt , T. M. , Allen , M. C. , Brain , D. K. , Guin , K. F. , Lemel , D. E. and Osburn , Q. W. 1990 . HPLC determination of ethoxylated alcohol surfactants in wastewater . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 67 : 103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakae , A. , Tsuji , J. and Yamanaka , M. 1980 . Determination of trace amounts of alkylbenzene sulfonates by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection . Anal. Chem. , 52 : 2275
   Google Scholar
• Nakae , A. , Tsuji , K. and Yamanaka , M. 1981 . Determination of alkyl chain distribution of ABS by liquid chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 53 : 1818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcomini , A. and Giger , W. 1987 . Simultaneous determination of linear alkylbenzenesulfon‐ates, alkylphenol polyethoxylates, and nonylphenol by high‐performance liquid chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 1709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Henau , H. , Mathijs , E. and Hopping , W. D. 1987 . “ Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sewage sludges, soils and sediments: analytical determination and environmental safety considerations ” . In Analysis and Fate of Pollutants, Part TV: Detergents , Edited by: Tarradellas , J. , Albaiges , J. and Frei , R. W. 321 New York : Gordon and Breach Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Kikuchi , M. , Tokai , A. and Yoshida , T. 1986 . Determination of trace levels of linear alkyl‐benzenesulfonates in the marine environment by high‐performance liquid chromatography . Water Res. , 20 : 643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , W.‐Y. , Tang , M. and Stranahan , J. J. 1983 . Coadsorption of mixed anionic and cationic surfactants in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 1872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst , J. M. 1984 . Separation of phenol ethoxylate homologues by liquid chromatography with an ion exchange column . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgerding , M. F. , Hinze , W. L. and Stafford , L. D. 1989 . Investigation of stationary phase modification by the mobile phase surfactant in micellar liquid chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 61 : 1353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert , C. R. , Kaley , R. G. and Gledhill , W. E. . Application of a laboratory fresh water lake model in the study of LAS biodegradation . Proc. Workshop: Microbial Degradation of Pollutants in Marine Environments . Edited by: Bourquin , A. W. and Pritchard , P. H. pp. 451 U.S. EPA Report NO. 600/9–79–012
   Google Scholar
• Borecky , J. March 1966 . “ Use of paper chromatography in the analysis of surfactants. III ” . In Intl. Vortragstagung über grenzflächenaktive Stoffe March , Berlin FSA, 68, 572–573;
   Google Scholar
• 1966 . Tenside , 3 (6) (Engl. Suppl.),
   Google Scholar
• Zweig , G. and Sherma , J. 1978 . Handbook of Chromatography , Vols. I and II , Cleveland : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brüschweiler , H. 1975 . Properties and biodegradation characteristics of surfactants . Chimia , 29 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Brüschweiler , H. and Gämperle , H. 1982 . Primary and ultimate biodegradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates . XIII J. Comp. Español Deterg. , : 55
   Google Scholar
• Brüschweiler , H. , Gämperle , H. and Schwager , F. 1983 . Primary biodegradation, ultimate biodegradation, and biodegradation intermediates of alkylphenol ethoxylates . Tenside , 20 : 317
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , S. J. , Hunt , E. L. and Tucker , K. B. E. 1986 . The determination of commonly used non‐ionic detergents in sewage effluents and river sediments by a thin layer Chromatographic method . J. Proc. Inst. Sewage Purif. , 2 : 190
   Google Scholar
• Brüschweiler , H. , Sieber , V. and Weishaupt , H. 1980 . TLC analysis of anionic and nonionic surfactants . Tenside , 17 : 126
   Google Scholar
• Funasaki , N. , Hada , S. and Neya , S. 1988 . Monomer concentrations of nonionic surfactants as deduced with gel filtration chromatography . J. Phys. Chem. , 92 : 7112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averill , W. 1972 . Support‐coated open tubular columns‐present state of the art . Chromatogr. Newsl. , 1 : 27
   Google Scholar
• Bocola , W. , Goretti , G. and Petronio , B. M. 1974 . Use of GC analysis in determination of biodegradation of surfactants . Riv. Ital. Sost. Grasse , 51 : 421
   Google Scholar
• Uno , I. and Nakagowa , T. 1977 . “ Gas chromatography for analysis of anionic surfactants ” . In Anionic Surfactants — Chemical Analysis , Edited by: Cross , J. 109 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Hon‐nami , H. and Hanya , T. 1978 . Gas‐liquid chromatographic‐mass spectrometric determination of alkylbenzenesulphonates in river water . J. Chromatogr. , 161 : 205
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy , J. and Giger , W. 1986 . Determination of LAS in sewage sludge by high‐resolution GC/MS . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 20 : 376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , C. F. and Schuette , S. A. 1986 . Contemporary Practice of Chromatography , New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein , R. M. , Bassler , G. C. and Morrill , T. C. 1991 . Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Nakagowa , K. and Matsumota , I. 1975 . Analysis of nonionic surfactants. I. Ethylene oxide adducts by HPLC . Nippon Kaguku , 17 : 1342
   Google Scholar
• Knight , J. O. and House , R. 1959 . Analysis of surfactant mixtures . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 36 : 195
   Google Scholar
• Setzkorn , E. A. and Carel , A. B. 1963 . The analysis of aklylaryl sulfonates by microdesulfon‐ation and gas chromatography . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 40 : 57
   Google Scholar
• Waters , J. and Garrigan , J. T. 1983 . An improved microdesulfonation/gas liquid chromatography procedure for the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in U.K. rivers . Water Res. , 17 : 1549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi , M. 1985 . Biodegradation of some surfactants in river water with relation to chemical structure and water temperature . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish , 51 (11) : 1859
   Google Scholar
• Bodenmiller , J. R. and Latz , H. W. 1971 . Electrophoretic separation of AS, ABS and AES homologs using aqueous dioxin agarose gels . Anal. Chem. , 43 : 1354
   Google Scholar
• Sugiyama , T. , Sakurai , K. and Nagai , T. 1979 . Determination of mono‐and disulfonates in LAS by capillary tube isotachophoresis . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 56 (2) : 196A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM . 1976 . “ Qualitative classification of surfactants by IR absorption ” . In 1976 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Vol. 30 , 333 – 337 . Philadelphia : ASTM . (D2357)
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein , R. M. and Bassler , G. C. 1967 . Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Willard , H. H. , Merritt , L. L. and Dean , J. A. 1958 . Instrumental Methods of Analysis , Princeton, NJ : Van Nostrand . 1980
   Google Scholar
• Pouchart , C. J. 1981 . The Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra, , 3rd ed. , Milwaukee : Aldrich Chemical Company .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , R. G. J. and Stace , B. C. 1982 . Laboratory Methods in Infrared Spectroscopy, , 2nd ed. , London : Heyden .
   Google Scholar
• Hummel , D. 1962 . Identification and Analysis of Surface‐active Agents by Infrared and Chemical Methods , New York : Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Nadeau , H. G. and Siggia , S. 1966 . Nonionic Surfactants , Edited by: Schick , M. New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Hellmann , H. 1982 . Application of IR‐Spectroscopy at the decomposition of organic substances. I. Anionic and non‐ionic tensides . Z. Wasser. Abwasser. Forsch. , 15 (1) : 15
   Google Scholar
• Rauscher , G. 1987 . “ Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry of non‐ionic surfactants ” . In Non‐Ionic Surfactants Chemical Analysis , Edited by: Cross , J. Vol. 19 , New York : Marcel Dekker . chap. 40.
   Google Scholar
• Sadtler & Co. 1982 . The Infrared Spectra Atlas of Surface Active Agents , Philadelphia : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , R. J. 1975 . Introductory Fourier Transform Spectroscopy , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , P. R. 1975 . Chemical Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy , New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Hellmann , H. 1986 . Function and use of infrared spectroscopy in surfactant analysis for waste waters and surface waters . Vom Wasser , 66 : 111
   Google Scholar
• Hummel , R. A. and Kaufman , D. C. 1976 . Ultraviolet spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 48 ( 268R )
   Google Scholar
• Howell , J. A. and Hargis , L. G. 1978 . Ultraviolet and light absorption spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 50 ( 234R )
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe , H. H. and Orchin , M. 1962 . Theory and Applications of Ultraviolet Spectroscopy , New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 12.
   Google Scholar
• Weber , W. J. Jr. , Morris , J. C. and Stumm , W. 1962 . Determination of ABS by UV spec‐trophotometiy . Anal. Chem. , 34 : 1844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasson , J. R. and Corval , P. J. 1978 . Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 50 : 121R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinoski , H. T. and Jensen , A. 1989 . Characterization of nonionic surfactants using supercritical fluid chromatography and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 66 : 1171
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , D. B. , Sayer , B. G. and Bain , A. D. 1992 . Detection and determination of dilute molecular weight organic compounds in water by 500‐MHZ proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 349
   Google Scholar
• Auf der Heyde , W. 1981 . 13C NMR structural studies on oxo alcohol ethoxylates . Tenside , 18 : 265
   Google Scholar
• Carminati , G. , Cavalli , L. and Buosi , F. 1988 . Application of 13C NMR to the identification of surfactants in mixtures . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 65 : 669
   Google Scholar
• Lifshin , E. and Williams , E. A. 1978 . “ Analytical methods ” . In Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , 3rd ed. , Vol. 2 , 586 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• König , J. 1977 . “ NMR spectrometry of anionic surfactants ” . In Anionic Surfactants — Chemical Analysis , Edited by: Cross , J. 141 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Nadeau , H. G. and Siggia , S. 1967 . “ Instrumental methods of analysis ” . In Nonionic Surfactants , Edited by: Schick , M. J. 860 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• El‐Emary , M. and Morgan , L. O. 1978 . Structural features of LAS as observed in 13C magnetic resonance spectra . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 55 : 593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsutani , S. , Shige , T. and Nagai , T. 1980 . Studies of analysis for ingredients in household detergents. Vu. Separation and determination of a mixture of LAS and SAS . Yukagaku , 29 : 189
   Google Scholar
• Courtot‐Coupez , J. and Le Bihan , A. 1969 . Determination of anionic detergents in sea water. Generalization of the method to fresh waters and to cationic detergents . Anal. Lett. , 2 : 211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtot‐Coupez , J. and Le Bihan , A. 1969 . Determination of traces of dissolved nonionic detergents by atomic absorption spectrophotometry . Anal. Lett. , 2 : 567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Bihan , A. and Courtot‐Coupez , J. 1974 . Determination of traces of anionic detergents in fresh water using atomic absorption spectrometry . Analusis , 2 : 695
   Google Scholar
• Le Bihan , A. and Courtot‐Coupez , J. 1976 . Determination of traces of cationic surfactants using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry . Analusis , 4 : 58
   Google Scholar
• Crisp , P. T. , Eckert , J. M. , Gibson , N. A. , Kirkbright , G. F. and West , T. S. 1976 . Determination of anionic detergents at ppb levels by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 87 : 97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon , M. J. 1979 . Note on a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of anionic detergents natural waters at the ppb level . Water Res. , 13 : 53
   Google Scholar
• Chlebicki , J. and Garncarz , W. 1980 . Quantitative determination of non‐ionic surfactants in water and effluent by atomic absorption spectroscopy . Tenside , 17 : 13
   Google Scholar
• Gallego , M. , Silva , M. and Valcarcel , M. 1986 . Indirect atomic absorption determination of anionic surfactants in waste waters by flow injection continuous liquid‐liquid extraction . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 2265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlberg , B. and Thelander , S. 1978 . Flow injection analysis, principles and applications . Anal. Chim. Acta , 98 (1) : 79
   Google Scholar
• Martinez Gonzales , P. , Camara Rica , C. and Polo Diez , L. 1987 . Indirect determination of cationic surfactants in frozen squid by flame and electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 2 : 809
   Google Scholar
• Pressouyre , B. 1989 . Determination of anionic detergents by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry . Analysis , 17 (6) : 346
   Google Scholar
• Infante , R. and Torres , A. 1992 . Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry capillary column for environmental applications . LC‐GC , 10 (2) : 120
   Google Scholar
• Rudewicz , P. and Munson , B. 1986 . Analysis of complex mixtures of ethoxylated alcohols by probe distillation/chemical ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , S. L. , Behr , F. E. and Winter , L. D. 1987 . Fast atom bombardment combined with tandem mass spectrometry for structural studies of substituted cyclic perfluoroalkanesulfon‐ates . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 2653
   Google Scholar
• Simms , J. R. , Keough , T. and Ward , S. R. 1988 . Quantitative determination of trace levels of cationic surfactants in environmental matrices using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 60 : 2613
   Google Scholar
• Ventura , F. , Caixach , J. , Figueras , A. , Espadaler , I. , Fraise , D. and Rivera , J. 1989 . Identification of surfactants in water by FAB mass spectrometry . Water Res. , 23 : 1191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , M. M. , Rushung , T. and Oppenheimer , S. 1990 . Nonionic surfactants used as exact mass internal standards for the 700–2100 dalton mass range in fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 62 : 322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catelani , D. and Vandoni , M. 1974 . Application of GC to the identification and determination of LAS and ABS in soil . Riv. Ital. Sost. Grasse , 51 : 13
   Google Scholar
• Message , G. M. 1984 . Practical Aspects of Gas ChromatographylMass Spectrometry , New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. T. and Mazurak , M. A. 1981 . Air pollution: the organic components . CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control , 11 (3) : 219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julia‐Danes , E. and Casanovos , E. 1979 . Application of mass spectrometry to the analysis of non‐ionic surfactants . Tenside , 16 : 317
   Google Scholar
• Lyon , P. A. , Crow , F. W. and Tomer , K. B. 1984 . Analysis of cationic surfactants by mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry with fast atom bombardment . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 2278
   Google Scholar
• Weber , R. , Levson , K. , Louter , G. J. , Boerboom , A. J. T. and Haverkamp , J. 1982 . Direct mixture analysis of surfactants by combined field desorption/collisionally activated disso‐cation mass spectrometry with simultaneous ion detection . Anal. Chem. , 54 : 1458
   Google Scholar
• Eganhouse , R. P. , Blumfield , D. L. and Kaplan , I. R. 1983 . Long chain alkylbenzenes as molecular tracers of domestic wastes in the marine environment . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 17 : 523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eganhouse , R. P. , Ruth , E. C. and Kaplan , I. R. 1983 . Determination of long chain alkylbenzenes in environmental samples by argentation TLC/HRGC and by GC/MS . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 2120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eganhouse , R. P. and Kaplan , I. R. 1982 . Extractable organic matter in municipal waste waters. II. Hydrocarbon: molecular characterization . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 16 : 541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestal , M. L. 1978 . Techniques for combined liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry . Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Mongr. , 519 : 647 654
   Google Scholar
• Vashon , R. D. and Schwab , B. S. 1982 . Mineralization of linear alcohol ethoxylates and linear alcohol ethoxy sulfates at trace concentrations in estuarine water . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 16 (7) : 433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLafferty , F. W. 1983 . Tandem Mass Spectrometry , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lyon , P. A. , Stebbings , W. L. and Crow , F. W. 1984 . Analysis of anionic surfactants by mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry with fast atom bombardment . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 8
   Google Scholar
• Hertz , H. S. , Hites , R. A. and Biemann , K. 1971 . Identification of mass spectra by computer‐searching a file of known spectra . Anal. Chem. , 43 : 681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grônneberg , T. O. , Gray , N. A. B. and Eglinton , G. 1976 . Computer based search and retrieval system for rapid mass spectral screening of samples . Anal. Chem. , 47 : 415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. T. , Smith , D. H. and Eglinton , G. 1976 . Application of real‐time mass spectrometric techniques to environmental organic geochemistry. I. Computerized high resolution mass spectrometry . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 3 : 385
   Google Scholar
• Ward , S. D. 1973 . “ Computerized data acquisition and handling ” . In Mass Spectrometry , Edited by: Williams , D. H. Sr. Vol. 2 , 264 London : Reporter, Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Linhart , K. 1972 . Polarographic determination of surfactants in water and sewage as well as of their biodegradability . Tenside , 9 : 241
   Google Scholar
• Ćosović , B. , Žutić , V. and Kožarac , Z. 1977 . Surface active substances in the sea surface microlayer by electrochemical methods . Croat. Chem. Acta , 50 : 229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ćosović , B. and Hršak , D. 1979 . The electroanalytical determination of the biodegradation of alkylbenzene sulfonate . Tenside , 16 : 262
   Google Scholar
• Pihlar , B. , Gorenc , B. and Petric , D. 1986 . Indirect determination of surfactants by adsorptive stripping voltametry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 189 : 229
   Google Scholar
• Birch , B. J. and Clarke , D. E. 1972 . An electrode selective to the dodecyl sulfate anion. Comments on the application of direct potentiometry to c.m.c. measurements . Anal. Chim. Acta , 61 : 159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , B. J. and Clarke , D. E. 1973 . Surfactant‐selective electrodes. I. An improved liquid ion exchanger . Anal. Chim. Acta , 67 : 387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , B. J. , Clarke , D. E. , Lee , R. S. and Oakes , J. 1974 . Surfactant‐selective electrodes. III. Evaluation of a dodecyl sulfate electrode in surfactant solutions containing polymers and a protein . Anal. Chim. Acta , 70 : 417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , B. J. and Cockcroft , R. N. 1981 . Analysis of ionic surfactants in the detergent industry using ion‐selective electrodes . Ion‐Selective Electrode Rev. , 3 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Kresheck , G. C. and Constantinidis , I. 1984 . Ion‐selective electrodes for octyl and decyl sulfate surfactants . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , D. L. , Moody , G. J. , Thomas , J. D. R. and Birch , B. J. 1981 . Barium‐polyethoxylate complexes as potentiometric sensors and their application to the determination of nonionic surfactants . Analyst , 106 : 974
   Google Scholar
• Gross , D. J. and Murry , R. W. 1965 . “ Electroanalytical methods ” . In Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , Vol. 7 , 726 New York : Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Kožarac , Z. , Hršak , D. , Ćosović , B. and Vrzlna , J. 1983 . Electro‐analytical determination of the biodegradation of nonionic surfactants . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 17 : 268
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , K. A. and Liss , P. S. 1981 . Polarographic measurement of surface active material in natural waters . Water Res. , 15 : 203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ćosović , B. , Vojvodic , V. and Plese , T. 1985 . Electrochemical determination and characterization of surface active substances in freshwaters . Water Res. , 19 (2) : 175
   Google Scholar
• Reinn , C. E. , Kline , W. A. and Orgel , G. 1964 . Destruction of linear alkylate sulfonate in biological waste treatment by field test . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 36 : 864
   Google Scholar
• Howe , L. H. and Holley , C. W. 1969 . Comparison of mercury (II) chloride and sulfuric acid as preservatives for nitrogen forms in water samples . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 3 : 478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , J. L. and Barry , W. F. 1975 . Effects of shock temperature on biological systems . J. Env. Eng. Div. ACSE , 101 (EE2) : 229
   Google Scholar
• Carter , M. J. and Huston , M. T. 1976 . Preservation of phenolic compounds in waste and surface waters, American Chemical Society . Div. Environ. Chem. Preprints , : 179
   Google Scholar
• Allred , R. C. and Huddleston , R. L. Manufacture of Microbiologically Resistant Alkylaryl Sulfonates from Sulfonate Mixtures by Microbiological Oxidation . U.S. Patent 3 138 . 1964 .
   Google Scholar
• Gameson , A. L. H. and Lewin , V. H. 1962 . The determination of anionic surface‐active materials . J. Ind. Sewage Pollut. , 3 : 288
   Google Scholar
• Urban , P. J. , Stander , G. J. , Osborn , D. W. , Theron , P. F. and Walker , S. M. 1965 . Experiments to Establish the Degradability of a New Biologically Soft Detergent , CSIR Research Report 231 Pretoria : South Africa Council for Scientific and Industrial Research .
   Google Scholar
• Eden , G. E. 1962 . Preservation of samples. Discussion of Bolton . J. Ind. Sewage Pollut. , 3 : 306
   Google Scholar
• Klein , S. A. and McGauhey , P. H. 1965 . Travel of Synthetic Detergents with Percolating Water , 4th Annu. Rep. Berkeley : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , S. A. and McGauhey , P. H. 1965 . Biodegradation of biologically soft detergents in waste water treatment processes . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , : 857
   Google Scholar
• Hellwig , D. H. R. 1967 . Preservation of waste water samples . Water Res. , 1 : 79
   Google Scholar
• Hellwig , D. H. R. 1964 . Preservation of water samples . Int. J. Air Water Pollut. , 8 : 215
   Google Scholar
• House , R. and Fries , B. A. 1956 . Radioactive ABS in activated sludge sewage treatment . Sewage Ind. Wastes , 28 : 492
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney , W. A. and Foote , J. K. 1964 . A rapid, accurate test for surfactant aerobic biodegrad‐ability . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 36 : 14
   Google Scholar
• Bunch , R. L. and Chambers , C. W. 1967 . A biodegradability test for organic compounds . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 39 : 181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knauf , W. 1973 . Determination of toxicity of surfactants to aquatic organisms . Tenside , 10 : 251
   Google Scholar
• Shebs , W. T. and Smith , L. S. 1981 . Synthesis of double‐labeled non‐ionic surfactants and their application to biodegradation studies . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 58 : 592A
   Google Scholar
• Shebs , W. T. and Smith , L. S. 1983 . A novel separation of tritiated water formed by biodegradation of surfactant samples and its application to a sample preservation study . Water Res. , 17 : 1691
   Google Scholar
• Osburn , Q. W. 1986 . Analytical methodology for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in waters and wastes . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 63 : 257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , P. W. and Nickless , G. 1979 . Paired‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography of partially biodegraded linear alkylbenzenesulphonate . J. Chromatogr. , 178 : 259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt , M. S. , Matthijs , E. and Water , J. 1989 . Concentrations and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate in sludge amended soils . Water Res. , 23 : 749
   Google Scholar
• Garcia Ramon , M. T. , Ribosa , I. , Sanchez Leal , J. and Comelles , F. 1990 . Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) monitoring in the Tajo River Basin . Tenside , 27 : 118
   Google Scholar
• Inaba , K. and Amano , K. 1988 . HPLC determination of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) in aquatic environment. Seasonal changes in LAS concentration in polluted lake water and sediment . Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. , 34 : 203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcomini , A. and Giger , W. 1988 . Behavior of LAS in sewage treatment . Tenside , 25 : 226
   Google Scholar
• Shiraishi , H. , Otsuki , A. and Fuwa , K. 1985 . Identification of extractable organic chemicals in sewage effluent by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry . Biomed. Mass Spectrom. , 12 (2) : 86
   Google Scholar
• Kubeck , E. and Naylor , C. G. 1990 . Trace analysis of alkylphenol ethoxylates . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 67 : 400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuki , A. and Shiraishi , H. 1979 . Determination of poly(oxyethylene)alkylphenyl ether non‐ionic surfactants in water at trace levels by reversed phase adsorption liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 51 : 2329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , V. M. , Abram , F. S. H. and Collins , L. J. 1987 . The acute lethal toxicity to rainbow trout of an LAS surfactant and of its residues and degradation products . Tenside , 15 : 57
   Google Scholar
• Holt , M. S. , McKerrell , E. H. , Perry , J. and Watkinson , R. J. 1986 . Determination of alkylphenol ethoxylates in environmental samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection . J. Chromatogr. , 362 : 419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takada , H. and Ishiwatari , R. 1987 . Linear akylbenzenes in urban riverine environments in Tokyo: distribution, source, and behavior . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 21 : 875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishiwatari , R. , Takada , H. , Yun , S.‐J. and Matsumoto , E. 1983 . Alkylbenzene pollution of Tokyo Bay sediments . Nature , 301 : 599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubecker , T. A. 1985 . Determination of alkylethoxylated sulfates in wastewaters and surface waters . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 19 : 1232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giger , W. , Brunner , P. H. and Schaffner , C. 1984 . 4‐Nonylphenol in sewage sludge: accumulation of toxic metabolites from nonionic surfactants . Science , 225 : 623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephanou , E. and Giger , W. 1982 . Persistent organic chemicals in sewage effluents. II. Quantitative determinations of nonylphenols and nonylphenol ethoxylates by glass capillary gas chromatography . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 16 : 800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmann , H. and Zehle , H. 1977 . Determination of anionic surfactants in the presence of other methylène blue active materials (in German), Fresenius’ . Z. Anal. Chem. , 283 : 289
   Google Scholar
• Hellmann , H. 1980 . Trace analysis of nonionic surfactants in activated and other sludges . Fre‐zenius’ Z. Anal. Chem. , 300 : 44
   Google Scholar
• Kunkel , E. , Peitscher , G. and Espeter , K. 1977 . Recent developments in the trace analysis and microanalysis of surfactants . Tenside , 14 : 199
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla Simon , M. M. , Elvira Cozar de , A. and Polo Diez , L. M. 1990 . Spectrophotometric determination of cationic surfactants in frozen and fresh squid by ion‐pair formation with methyl orange . Analyst , 115 (3) : 337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura , F. , Figueras , A. , Caixach , J. , Espadaler , I. , Romero , J. , Guardiola , J. and Rivera , J. 1988 . Characterization of polyethoxylated surfactants and their brominated derivatives formed at the water treatment plant of Barcelona by GC/MS and FAB mass spectrometry . Water Res. , 22 : 1211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhard , M. , Goodman , N. and Mortelmans , K. E. 1982 . Occurrence of brominated alkyl‐phenol polyethoxy carboxylates in mutagenic waste water concentrates . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 16 : 351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuhara , A. , Shiraishi , H. , Tsuji , M. and Okuno , T. 1981 . Analysis of organic substances in highly polluted river water by mass spectrometry . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 15 : 570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon , L. S. and Hites , R. A. 1979 . Environmental occurrence and MS identification of ethylene glycol derivatives. . Sci. Total Environ. , 11 : 279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crathorne , B. , Fielding , M. , Steel , C. P. and Watts , C. D. 1984 . Organic compounds in water: analysis using coupled‐column high‐performance liquid chromatography and soft‐ionization mass spectrometry . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 18 : 797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar