368
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Environmental fate and effects of styrene

Pages 383-410 | Published online: 09 Jan 2009

References

  • Abratns , E. F. , Derkics , D. , Fong , C. V. , Guinan , D. K. and Slimak , K. M. 1975 . Identification of Organic Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources , 172 Washington : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances . EPA‐56013–75–002
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . 1992 . Toxicological Profile for Styrene , Atlanta : U. S. Public Health Service .
  • Alarie , Y. 1973 . Sensory irritation of the upper airways by airborne chemicals . Toxicol. Appl Pharmacol , 24 : 279 – 297 .
  • Alexander , M. 1994 . Biodegradation and Bioremediation , San Diego : Academic Press .
  • Atkinson , R. , Aschman , S. M. , Fitz , D. R. , Winer , A. M. and Pitts , J. N. Jr. 1982 . Rate constants for the gas‐phase reactions of ozone with selected organics at 296 K . Int. J. Chem. Kinetics , 14 : 13 – 18 .
  • Atkinson , R. and Carter , W. P. L. 1984 . Gas‐phase reactions of ozone with organic compounds . Chem. Rev. , 84 : 437 – 470 .
  • Baggi , G. , Boga , M. M. , Catelani , D. , Galli , E. and Treccani , V. 1983 . Styrene catabolism by a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens . System Appl. Microbiol. , 4 : 141 – 147 .
  • Banerjee , S. and Howard , P. H. 1988 . Improved estimation of solubility and partitioning through correction of UNIFAC‐derived activity coefficients . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 22 : 839 – 841 .
  • Battermann , G. and Werner , P. 1984 . Removal of hydrocarbons through microbial degradation . GWF‐Wasser/Abwasser , 125 : 366 – 373 . (in German)
  • Bedient , P. B. , Springer , N. K. , Baca , E. , Bouvette , T. C. , Hutchins , S. R. and Tomson , M. B. 1983 . Groundwater transport from wastewater infiltration . J. Environ. Eng. (NY) , 109 : 485 – 501 .
  • Beliles , R. P. , Butala , J. H. , Stack , C. R. and Makris , S. 1985 . Chronic toxicity and three‐generation reproduction study of styrene monomer in the drinking water of rats . Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , 5 : 855 – 868 .
  • Bestetti , G. , Galli , E. , Begnini , C. , Orsini , F. and Pelizzoni , F. 1989 . Biotransformation of styrenes by a Pseudomonas putida . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 30 : 252 – 256 .
  • Bignozzi , C. A. , Maldotti , A. , Chiorboli , C. , Bartocci , C. and Carassiti , V. 1981 . Kinetics and mechanism of reactions between aromatic olefins and hydroxyl radicals . Int. J. Chem. Kinetics , 13 : 1235 – 1242 .
  • Bond , J. A. 1989 . Review of the toxicology of styrene . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 19 : 227 – 249 .
  • Bonner , R. F. and Merz , O. 1981 . St. Clair River Organics Study: Identification and Quantitation of Organic Compounds , 219 Ontario Ministry of the Environment .
  • Bos , R. , Guicherit , R. and Hoogeveen , A. 1977 . Hydrocarbons in ambient air . Sci. Total Environ. , 7 : 269 – 281 .
  • Bouwer , E. J. and McCarty , P. L. 1984 . Modeling of trace organics biotransformation in the subsurface . Ground Water , 22 : 433 – 440 .
  • Bouwer , E. J. , McCarty , P. L. , Bouwer , H. and Rice , R. C. 1984 . Organic contaminant behavior during rapid infiltration . Water Res. , 18 : 463 – 472 .
  • Bridie , A. L. , Wolff , C. J. M. and Winter , M. 1979a . The acute toxicity of some petrochemicals to goldfish . Water Res. , 13 : 623 – 626 .
  • Bridie” , A. L. , Wolff , C. J. M. and Winter , M. 1979b . BOD and COD of some petrochemicals . Water Res. , 13 : 627 – 630 .
  • Bringmann , G. and Ktthn , R. 1977 . Befunde der Schadwirkung wassergefahrender Stoffe gegen Daphnia magna . Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. , 10 : 161 – 166 .
  • Bringmann , G. and Ktihn , R. 1978 . Grenzwerte der Schadwirkung wassergefahrender Stoffe gegen Blaualgen (Microcystis aeruginosa ) und Grilnalgen (Scenedesmus quadricauda ) . Worn Wasser , 50 : 45 – 60 .
  • Bringmann , G. and Ktihn , R. 1980 . Comparison of the toxicity thresholds of water pollutants to bacteria, algae, and protozoa in the cell multiplication inhibition test . Water Res. , 14 : 231 – 241 .
  • Bringmann , G. and Kühn , R. 1982 . Ergebnisse der Schadwirkung wassergefährdender Stoffe gegen Daphnia magna in einem weiterentwickelten standardisierten Testverfahren . Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. , 15 : 1 – 6 .
  • Bringmann , G. , Kühn , R. and Winter , A. 1980 . Bestimmung der biologischen Schadwirkung wassergefahrdender Stoffe gegen Protozoen. III. Saprozoische Flagellaten . Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. , 13 : 170 – 173 .
  • Brodzinski , R. and Singh , H. B. 1983 . Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA‐600/S‐83–037a
  • Brown , K. W. and Donnelly , K. C. 1988 . An estimation of the risk associated with the organic constituents of hazardous and municipal waste landfill leachates . Hazard. Waste Hazard Materials , 5 : 1 – 30 .
  • Burback , B. L. and Perry , J. J. 1993 . Biodegradation and biotransformation of groundwater pollutant mixtures by Mycobacterium vaccae . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 1025 – 1029 .
  • Burback , B. L. , Perry , J. J. and Rudd , L. E. 1994 . Effects of environmental pollutants and their metabolites on a soil mycobacterium . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 41 : 134 – 136 .
  • Canadian Public Health Association . 1986 . Comprehensive Survey of the Status of Great Lakes Drinking Water , Ottawa : Can public Health Assoc. .
  • Cao , Y. and Ye , D. 1991 . Influence of six organic pollutants on soil microbes . Acta Pedol. Sini. , 28 : 426 – 433 . (in Chinese)
  • Chen , S. L. and Peppier , H. J. 1956 . Conversion of cinnamaldehyde to styrene by a yeast mutant . J. Biol. Chem. , 221 : 101 – 106 .
  • Chernoff , N. , Seltzer , R. W. , Miller , D. B. , Rosen , M. B. and Rogers , J. M. 1990 . Effects of chemically induced maternal toxicity on prenatal development in the rat . Teratology , 42 : 651 – 658 .
  • Churchman , J. and Grbic‐Galic , D. 1987 . Anaerobic transformation of styrene in methanogenic consortia and isolation of pure cultures . Abstr. Amu. Mtng. Am. Soc. Microbiol. . 1987 . pp. 287
  • Clifford , D. R. , Faulkner , J. K. , Walker , J. R. L. and Woodcock , D. 1969 . Metabolism of cinnamic acid by . Aspergillus niger, Phytochemistry , 8 : 549 – 552 .
  • Coleman , W. E. , Munch , J. W. , Streicher , R. P. , Ringhand , H. P. and Kopfler , F. C. 1984 . The identification and measurement of components in gasoline, kerosene and no. 2 fuel . Arch. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 13 : 171 – 181 .
  • Cox , H. H. J. , Houtman , J. H. M. , Doddema , H. J. and Harder , W. 1993a . Growth of the black yeast Exophialajeanselmei on styrene and styrene‐related compounds . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 39 : 372 – 376 .
  • Cox , H. H. J. , Houtman , J. H. M. , Doddema , H. J. and Harder , W. 1993b . Enrichment of fungi and degradation of styrene in biofilters . Biotechnol. Lett. , 15 : 737 – 742 .
  • Crawford , N. C. and Ulmer , C.S. 1994 . Hydrogeologic investigations of contaminant movement in karst aquifers in the vicinity of a train derailment nearLewisburg, Tennessee . Environ. Geol. , 23 : 41 – 52 .
  • Dogra , R. K. S. , Khanna , S. , Srivastava , S. N. , Shulka , L. J. and Shanker , R. 1989 . Styrene induced immunomodulation in mice . Int. J. Immunopharmacol , 11 : 577 – 586 .
  • Dostal , K. A. , Pierson , R. G. , Hager , D. G. and Robeck , G. G. 1965 . Carbon bed design criteria study at Nitro, W.Va. . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 57 : 663 – 674 .
  • Dow Chemical Co., Unpublished report, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI, 1989.
  • El‐Aalam , S. , Pauss , A. and Lebeault , J.‐M. 1993 . High efficiency styrene biodegradation in a biphasic‐organic water reactor . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 39 : 696 – 699 .
  • Elovaara , E. H. , Vainio , H. and Aitio , A. 1990 . Pulmonary toxicity of inhaled styrene in acetone‐, phenobarbital‐, and 3‐methylcholanthrene‐treated rats . Arch Toxicol. , 64 : 365 – 369 .
  • Environment Canada . 1992 . Canada Environmental Protection Act: Priority Substances List Supporting Document: Styrene (Draft) , Hull, Quebec : Dept. of the Environ. .
  • Fu , M. H. and Alexander , M. 1992 . Biodegradation of styrene in samples of natural environments . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 1540 – 1544 .
  • Fu , M. H. and Alexander , M. 1996 . Biodegradation of styrene in waterlogged soils and aquifer solids . Soil Sci. , 161 : 846 – 851 .
  • Fu , M. H. , Mayton , H. and Alexander , M. 1994 . Desorption and biodegradation of sorbed styrene in soil and aquifer solids . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 13 : 749 – 753 .
  • Furuhashi , K. , Shintani , M. and Takagi , M. 1986 . Effects of solvents on the production of epoxides by Nocardia corallina . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 23 : 218 – 223 .
  • Garvey , N. A. 1995 . Styrene‐Subacute Toxicity to Earthworms (Eisenia foetida) , 150 Wareham, MA : Springbom Laboratories .
  • Goodley , P. C. and Gordon , M. 1976 . Characterization of industrial organic compounds in water . Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. , 37 : 11 – 15 .
  • Grbic , D. and Munjko , I. 1977 . Growth and changes of streptomycetes in media with arylalkenes . Biologia (Bratislava) , 32 : 179 – 186 .
  • Grbic‐Galic , D. , Churchman‐Eisel , N. and Mrakovic , I. 1990 . Microbial transformation of styrene by anaerobic consortia . J. Appl. Bacterial. , 69 : 247 – 260 .
  • Grosjean , D. 1985 . Atmospheric reactions of styrenes . Sci. Total Eviron. , 46 : 41 – 59 .
  • Grosjean , D. and Fung , K. 1984 . Hydrocarbons in air . J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. , 34 : 537 – 543 .
  • Grossman , I. G. 1970 . Waterborne styrene in a crystalline bedrock aquifer in the Gales Ferry area , U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pap., 700‐B 203 – 209 . Ledyard, Southeastern Connecticut
  • Guicherit , R. and Schulting , F. L. 1985 . Organic chemicals in the atmosphere . Sci. Total Environ. , 43 : 193 – 219 .
  • Hampton , C.V. , Pierson , W. R. , Schuetzle , D. and Harvey , T. M. 1983 . Hydrocarbon gases emitted from vehicles on the road. Determination of emission rates from diesel and spark‐ignition vehicles . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 17 : 699 – 708 .
  • Harkov , R. , Gianti , S. J. , Bozzelli , J. W. and Laregina , J. E. 1985 . Volatile organic compounds at hazardous and sanitary landfills . J. Environ. Sci. Health , A20 : 491 – 501 .
  • Harkov , R. , Kebbekus , B. , Bozzelli , J. W. , Lioy , P. J. and Daisey , J. 1984 . Volatile organic compounds at urban sites . Sci. Total Environ. , 38 : 259 – 274 .
  • Hartmans , S. 1995 . Microbial degradation of styrene . Progr. Indus. Microbiol. , 32 : 227 – 238 .
  • Hartmans , S. , Smits , J. P. , van der Werf , M. J. , Volkering , F. and de Bont , J. A. M. 1989 . Metabolism of styrene oxide and 2‐phenylethanol in the styrene‐degrading Xanthobacter strain 124X . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 55 : 2850 – 2855 .
  • Hartmans , S. , van der Werf , M. J. and de Bont , J. A. M. 1990a . Bacterial degradation of styrene involving a novel flavin adenine dinucleotide‐dependent styrene monooxygenase . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 56 : 1347 – 1351 .
  • Hartmans , S. , Van der Werf , M. J. and de Bont , J. A. M. 1990b . “ Biotransformations of styrene ” . In Opportunities in Biotransformations , Edited by: Copping , L. G. 78 – 80 . London : Elsevier Applied Science .
  • Hartwell , T. D. , Pellizzari , E. D. , Perritt , R. L. , Whitmore , R. W. , Zelon , H.S. , Sheldon , L.S. and Sparacino , C. M. 1987a . Total exposure assessment methodology . Atmos. Environ. , 21 : 1995 – 2004 .
  • Hartwell , T. D. , Pellizzari , E. D. , Perritt , R. L. , Whitmore , R. W. and Zelon , H.S. 1987b . Comparison of volatile organic levels between sites and seasons . Atmos. Environ. , 21 : 2413 – 2424 .
  • Heitmuller , P. T. , Hollister , T. A. and Parrish , P. R. 1981 . Acute toxicity of 54 industrial chemicals to sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 27 : 596 – 604 .
  • Heuss , J. M. and Glasson , W. A. 1968 . Hydrocarbon reactivity and eye irritation . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 2 : 1109 – 1116 .
  • Higgins , I. J. , Hammond , R. C. , Sariaslani , F.S. , Best , D. , Davies , M. M. , Tryhom , S. E. and Taylor , F. 1979 . Biotransformation of hydrocarbons and related compounds by whole organism suspensions of methane‐grown Methylosinus trichosporium . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. , 89 : 671 – 677 .
  • Hoberg , J. R. 1995 . Styrene‐toxicity to the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricomutum , 123 Wareham, MA : Springborn Laboratories .
  • Hou , C. T. , Patel , R. , Laskin , A. I. , Barnabe , N. and Barist , I. 1983 . Epoxidation of short‐chain alkenes by resting cell suspensions of propane‐grown bacteria . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 46 : 171 – 177 .
  • Inoue , A. and Horikoshi , K. 1989 . A Pseudomonas thrives in high concentrations of toluene . Nature , 338 : 264 – 266 .
  • Ioffe , B. V. , Isidorov , V. A. and Zerkevich , I. G. 1977 . Organic compounds in an urban atmosphere . J. Chromatogr. , 142 : 787 – 795 .
  • Ioffe , B.V. , Isidorov , V. A. and Zerkevich , I. G. 1979 . Organic pollutants in the urban atmosphere . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 13 : 864 – 868 .
  • Jain , R. K. , Sayler , G. S. , Wilson , J. T. , Houston , L. and Pacia , D. 1987 . Maintenance and stability of induced genotypes in groundwater aquifer material . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 53 : 996 – 1002 .
  • Jensen , R. A. 1978 . “ A simplified bioassay using fin fish for estimating spill damage ” . In Proceedings of Control of Hazardous Materials Spills , Rockville, MD : Oil Spill Control Assoc. .
  • Juhnke , I. and Lüdemann , D. 1978 . Ergebnisse der Untersuchung von 200 chemischen Verbindungen auf akute Fischtoxizität mit dem Goldorfentest . Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsck , 11 : 161 – 164 .
  • Jüttner , F. 1986 . Analysis of organic compounds in the forest air of the southern Black Forest . Chemo‐sphere , 15 : 985 – 992 .
  • Keener , W. K. and Arp , D. J. 1994 . Transformations of aromatic compounds by Nitrosomonas europaea . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 60 : 1914 – 1920 .
  • Keith , L. H. 1974 . Chemical characterization of industrial wastewaters . Sci. Total Environ. , 3 : 87 – 102 .
  • King , L. and Sherbin , G. 1986 . Point sources of toxic organics to the upper St. Clair River . Water Pollut. Res. J. Canada , 21 : 433 – 446 .
  • Kirschner , E. M. 1995 . Production of top 50 chemicals increased substantially in 1994 . Chem. Eng. News , 73 (15) April 10 : 16 – 20 .
  • Kleopfer , R. D. and Fairless , B. J. 1972 . Organic compounds in a municipal water supply . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 6 : 1036 – 1037 .
  • Konasewich , D. , Traversy , W. and Zar , H. 1978 . Status report on organic and heavy metal contaminants in the Lakes Erie , Michigan : Huron and Superior basins, Great Lakes Water Quality Board .
  • Kopczynski , S. L. , Lonneman , W. A. , Sutterfield , F. D. and Darley , P. E. 1972 . Photochemistry of atmospheric samples in Los Angeles . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 6 : 342 – 347 .
  • Kosson , D.S. , Dienemann , E. A. and Ahlert , R. C. 1985 . Treatability studies of an industrial landfill leachate . Proc. Ind. Waste Conf. , 39 : 329 – 341 .
  • Krill , R. M. and Sonzogni , W. C. 1986 . Monitoring of Wisconsin's groundwater . J. Am. Waterworks Assoc. , 78 : 70 – 75 .
  • Kuhlmeier , P. D. . Biodegradation of styrene in soil . Proc. Ind. Waste Conf. . pp. 67 – 73 . 43rd
  • Kuhlmeier , P. D. 1989 . “ Enhanced microbial degradation of styrene in shallow soils and ground water ” . In Groundwater contamination , 189 – 197 . IAHS Publ. .
  • LaRegina , J. , Bozzelli , J. W. , Harkov , R. and Gianti , S. 1986 . Compounds at hazardous landfills . Environ. Progr. , 5 : 18 – 27 .
  • Law , R. J. , Fileman , T. W. and Matthiessen , P. 1991 . Phthalate esters and other industrial organic chemicals in the North and Irish seas . Water Sci. Technol. , 24 (10) : 127 – 134 .
  • LeBlanc , G. A. 1980 . Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea (Daphnia magna) . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 24 : 684 – 691 .
  • Lindström , M. and Lindstrbm , A. 1980 . Changes in the swimming activity of Pontoporeia affinis (Crustacea, Amphipod) after exposure to sublethal concentrations of phenol, 4‐chlorophenol and styrene . Ann. Zool. Fennici , 17 : 221 – 231 .
  • Linnainmaa , K. , Meretoja , T. , Sorsa , M. and Vainio , H. 1978 . Cytogenetic effects of styrene and styrene oxide on human lymphocytes and Allium cepa . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 4 (Suppl. 2) : 156 – 162 .
  • Ludzack , F. J. and Ettinger , M. B. 1960 . Chemical structures resistant to aerobic biochemical stabilization . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 32 : 1173 – 1200 .
  • Machado , M. W. 1995 . Styrene‐acute toxicity to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) under flow‐through conditions , 128 Wareham, MA : Springborn Laboratories .
  • Marconi , A. M. , Beltrametti , F. , Bestetti , G. , Solinas , F. , Ruzzi , M. , Galli , E. and Zennaro , E. 1996 . Cloning and characterization of styrene catabolism genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens ST . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 62 : 121 – 127 .
  • Mattson , V. R. , Arthur , J. W. and Walbridge , C. T. 1976 . “ Acute toxicity of selected organic compounds to fathead minnows ” . In Ecol. Res. Ser. , 12 Duluth, MN : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environ. Res. Lab. . EPA‐600/3–76–097
  • McCarty , P. L. , Rittmann , B. E. and Bouwer , E. J. 1984 . “ Microbial processes in groundwater ” . In Ground‐water Pollution Microbiology , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Gerba , C. P. 89 – 115 . New York : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Meijers , A. P. and Vanderleer , R. C. 1976 . Organic micropollutants in the river Rhine . Water Res. , 10 : 597 – 604 .
  • Murray , F. J. , John , J. A. , Balmer , M. F. and Schwartz , B. A. 1978 . Teratologic evaluation of styrene given to rats and rabbits by inhalation or by gavage . Toxicology , 11 : 335 – 343 .
  • National Cancer Institute . 1979 . Bioassay of Styrene for Possible Carcinogenicity , Carcinogenesis Tech. Report Ser. no. 185 Bethesda, MD : Natl. Inst. Health . Publ. 79–1741
  • O'Connor , K.O. , Buckley , C. M. , Hartmans , S. and Dobson , A. D. W. 1995 . Possible regulatory role for nonaromatic carbon sources in styrene degradation by Pseudomonas putida CA‐3 . Appl Environ. Microbiol. , 61 : 544 – 548 .
  • Ohashi , Y. , Nakai , Y. , Ikeoka , H. , Koshimo , H. , Esaki , Y. , Horiguchi , S. and Teramoto , K. 1985 . Electron microscopic study of the respiratory toxicity of styrene . Osaka City Med. J. , 31 (1) : 11 – 22 .
  • Ohashi , Y. , Nakai , Y. , Ikeoka , H. , Koshimo , H. , Nakata , J. , Esaki , Y. , Horiguchi , S. and Teramoto , K. 1986 . Degeneration and regeneration of respiratory mucosa of rats after exposure to styrene . J. Appl. Toxicol. , 6 : 405 – 412 .
  • Otson , R. 1987 . Purgeable organics in Great Lakes raw and treated water . Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. , 31 : 41 – 53 .
  • Ottengraf , S. P. P. , Meesters , J. P. P. , van den Oever , A. H. C. and Rozema , H. R. 1986 . Biological elimination of volatile xenobiotic compounds in biofilters . Bioprocess Eng. , 1 : 61 – 69 .
  • Pagano , G. , Esposito , A. , Giordano , G. G. and Hagstrom , B. E. 1978 . Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of styrene derivatives on sea urchin development . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 41 (Suppl. 2) : 136 – 141 .
  • Pahren , H. R. and Bloodgood , D. E. 1961 . Biological oxidation of several vinyl compounds . J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. , 33 : 233 – 238 .
  • Pellizzari , E. D. , Castillo , N. P. , Willis , S. , Smith , D. and Bursey , J. T. 1979 . “ Identification of Organic Components in Aqueous Effluents from Energy Related Processes ” . In Measurement of Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater , Am. Soc. for Testing and Materials Edited by: Van Hall , C. E. 256 – 274 . Philadelphia, PA
  • Pereira , W. E. , Rostad , C. E. and Chiou , C. T. 1987 . Distributions of halogenated organic compounds in estuarine water, biota, and sediments . Div. Environ. Chem., Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. Mtng. . 1987 , New Orleans. pp. 318 194th
  • Perry , D. L. , Chuang , C. C. , Jungclaus , G. A. and Warner , J. S. 1979 . Identification of Organic Compounds in Industrial Effluent Discharges , Athens, GA : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 600/4–79–016
  • Pickering , Q. H. and Henderson , C. 1966 . Acute toxicity of some important petrochemicals to fish . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 38 : 1419 – 1429 .
  • Price , K. S. , Wassy , G. T. and Conway , R. A. 1974 . Brine shrimp bioassay and sea water BOD of petrochemicals . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed , 46 : 63 – 77 .
  • Putt , A. E. 1995a . Styrene‐acute toxicity to amphipods (Hyalella azteca) under flow‐through conditions , Wareham, MA : Springborn Laboratories .
  • Putt , A. E. 1995b . Styrene‐acute toxicity to water fleas (Daphnia magna ) under flow‐through conditions , Wareham, MA : Springborn Laboratories .
  • Qureshi , A. A. , Flood , K. W. , Thompson , S. R. , Janhurst , S. M. , Innis , C. S. and Rokosh , D. A. . Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment (5th Conf.) . Comparison of a luminescent bacterial test with other bioassays for determining toxicity of pure compounds and complex effluents , Edited by: Pearson , J. G. , Foster , R. B. and Bishop , W. E. pp. 179 – 195 . Philadelphia, PA : Am. Soc. for Testing and Materials .
  • Roberts , P. V. , McCarty , P. L. , Reinhard , M. and Schreiner , J. 1980 . Organic contaminant behavior during ground water recharge . J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. , 52 : 161 – 171 .
  • Rustemov , S. A. , Golovleva , L. A. , Alieva , R. M. and Baskumov , B. P. 1992 . New pathways of styrene oxidation by Pseudomonas putida . Mikrobiologiya , 61 : 5 – 10 . (in Russian)
  • Salomaa , S. , Donner , M. and Norppa , H. 1985 . Inactivity of styrene in the mouse sperm morphology test . Toxicol. Lett. , 24 : 151 – 155 .
  • Samoiloff , M. R. , Bell , J. , Birkholz , D. A. , Webster , G. R. B. , Arnott , E. G. , Pulak , R. and Madrid , A. 1983 . Toxic chemicals in sediments . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 17 : 329 – 334 .
  • Sanjivamurthy , V. A. 1978 . Organics in Cleveland water . Water Res. , 12 : 31 – 33 .
  • Santodonato , J. , Meylan , W. M. , Davis , L. N. , Howard , P. H. , Orzel , D. M. and Bogyo , D. A. 1980 . Investigation of Selected Potential Environmental Contaminants , Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA 560/11–80–018
  • Sato , T. , Matsuoko , N. , Sugihara , H. , Akazawa , H. and Motohiro , T. 1988 . Petroleum‐like off‐flavour in seasonal herring roe . Water Sci. Technol. , 20 (8/9) : 49 – 53 .
  • Schink , B. 1985 . Degradation of unsaturated hydrocarbons by methanogenic enrichment cultures . FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , 31 : 69 – 78 .
  • Shackelford , W. M. and Keith , L. M. H. 1976 . Frequency of Organic Compounds Identified in Water , Athens, GA : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA‐600/4–76–062
  • Sheldon , L.S. and Hites , R. A. 1978 . Organic compounds in the Delaware River . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 12 : 1188 – 1194 .
  • Shimada , K. , Kimora , E. , Yasui , Y. , Tanaka , H. , Matsushita , S. , Hagihara , H. , Nagakura , M. and Kawahisa , M. 1992 . Styrene formation by the decomposition by Pichia carsonii of trans‐cinnamic acid added to a ground fish product . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 58 : 1577 – 1582 .
  • Shirai , K. and Hisatsuka , K. 1979 . Production of P‐phenethyl alcohol from styrene by Pseudomonas 305‐STR‐1–4 . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 43 : 1399 – 1406 .
  • Shugaev , B. B. 1969 . Concentrations of hydrocarbons in tissues as a measure of toxicity . Arch. Environ. Health , 18 : 878 – 882 .
  • Sielicki , M. , Focht , D. D. and Martin , J. P. 1978 . Transformations of styrene in soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 35 : 124 – 128 .
  • Spencer , H. C. , Irish , D. D. , Adams , E. M. and Rowe , V. K. 1942 . The response of laboratory animals to monomeric styrene . J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. , 24 : 295 – 301 .
  • Spinnler , H. E. , Grosjean , O. and Bouvier , I. 1992 . Effect of culture parameters on the production of styrene (vinyl benzene) and 1‐octene‐3‐ol by Penicillium caseicolum . J. Dairy Res. , 59 : 533 – 541 .
  • Srivastava , K. C. 1990 . “ Biodegradation of styrene by a thermophilic Bacillus species ” . In Opportunities in Biotransformations , Edited by: Copping , L. G. 53 – 58 . London : Elsevier Applied Science .
  • Srivastava , S. , Seth , P. K. and Srivastava , S. P. 1989 . Effect of styrene administration on rat testis . Arch. Toxicol. , 63 : 43 – 46 .
  • Suffet , I. H. , Brenner , L. and Cairo , P. R. 1980 . Trace organics in drinking water . Water Res. , 14 : 853 – 867 .
  • Toole , A. P. and Crosby , D. G. 1988 . Photochemical reactions of anthropogenic chemicals in seawater . Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Environ. Chem. , 28 : 414 – 415 .
  • Uno , I. , Wakamatzu , S. , Wadden , R. A. , Konno , S. and Koshio , H. 1985 . Hydrocarbon reactivity in urban air . Atmos. Environ. , 19 : 1283 – 1293 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1984 . Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Styrene , Cincinnati, OH : Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1987a . Occurrence of Synthetic Organic Chemicals in Drinking Water, Food, and Air , Washington, DC : Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1987b . Health Effects Assessment of Styrene , Cincinnati, OH : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . ECAO‐CIM‐H115
  • Utkin , I. B. , Yakimov , M. M. , Matveeva , L. N. , Ivlev , S. B. , Kozlyak , E. I. , Zaikina , I. V. , Rogozhin , I. S. , Solomon , Z. G. , Mamed'yarov , M. A. and Bezborodov , A. M. 1991a . Degradation of styrene by Pseudomonas sp. Y2 . Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. , 27 : 833 – 837 . (in Russian)
  • Utkin , I. B. , Yakimov , M. M. , Matveeva , L. N. , Kozlyak , E. I. , Rogozhin , I.S. , Solomon , Z. G. and Bezborodov , A. M. 1991b . Degradation of styrene and ethylbenzene by Pseudomonas species Y2 . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 77 : 237 – 242 .
  • Viau , C. , Bernard , A. , DeRussi , R. , Ouled , A. , Maldague , P. and Lauwerys , R. 1987 . Evaluation of the nephrotoxic potential of styrene in man and rat . J. Appl. Toxicol. , 7 : 313 – 316 .
  • Warhurst , A. M. , Clarke , K. F. , Hill , R. A. , Holt , R. A. and Fewson , C. A. 1994 . Metabolism of styrene by Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 13259 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 60 : 1137 – 1145 .
  • Warhurst , A. M. and Fewson , C. A. 1994 . Microbial metabolism and biotransformations of styrene . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 77 : 597 – 606 .
  • Weber , F. J. , Ooijkaas , L. P. , Schemen , R. M. W. , Hartmans , S. and de Bont , J. A. M. 1993 . Adaptation of Pseudomonas putida S12 to high concentrations of styrene and other organic solvents . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 3502 – 3504 .
  • Westrick , J. J. , Mello , J. W. and Thomas , R. F. 1984 . Groundwater supply survey . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 76 : 52 – 59 .
  • Wilson , J. T. , McNabb , J. F. , Wilson , R. H. and Noonam , M. J. 1983 . Biotransformation of pollutants in ground water . Dev. Ind. Microbiol. , 24 : 225 – 233 .
  • Wolf , M. A. , Rowe , V. K. , McCollister , D. D. , Hollingsworth , R. L. and Oyen , F. 1956 . Toxicological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene . Arch. Ind. Health , 14 : 387 – 398 .
  • Ye , D. and Cao , Y. 1988 . Degradation of styrene by soil microbes . Acta Pedol. Sin. , 25 : 75 – 80 . (in Chinese)
  • Zoeteman , B. C. J. , Degreef , E. and Brinkman , F. J. J. 1981 . Persistence of organic contaminents in ground water . Sci. Total Environ. , 21 : 187 – 202 .
  • Zoeteman , B. C. J. , Harmsen , K. , Linders , J. P. H. J. , Moffa , C. F. H. and Sloof , W. 1980 . Persistent organic pollutants in river water and ground water of the Netherlands . Chemosphere , 9 : 231 – 249 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.