947
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Understanding Pro-Environmental Behaviors and Intentions in Visitors to a Zoo-Based Seal Encounter

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 125-142 | Received 24 Jun 2021, Accepted 11 Jan 2023, Published online: 26 Jan 2023

References

  • Ahmad, W., Kim, W. G., Anwer, Z., & Zhuang, W. (2020). Schwartz personal values, theory of planned behavior and environmental consciousness: How tourists’ visiting intentions towards eco-friendly destinations are shaped? Journal of Business Research, 110, 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.busres.2020.01.040
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Ajzen, I., Joyce, N., Sheikh, S., & Cote, N. G. (2011). Knowledge and the prediction of behavior: The role of information accuracy in the theory of planned behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2011.568834
  • Ballantyne, R., & Packer, J. (2016). Visitors’ perceptions of the conservation education role of zoos and aquariums: Implications for the provision of learning experiences. Visitor Studies, 19(2), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10645578.2016.1220185
  • Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Falk, J. (2011). Visitors’ learning for environmental sustainability: Testing short- and long-term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modelling. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1243–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.11.003
  • Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., Hughes, K., & Dierking, L. (2007). Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: Lessons from research in zoos and aquariums. Environmental Education Research, 13(3), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/135046
  • Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., Hughes, K., & Gill, C. (2018). Post-visit reinforcement of zoo conservation messages: The design and testing of an action resource website. Visitor Studies, 21(1), 98–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10645578.2018.1503871
  • Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Sutherland, L. (2011). Visitors’ memories of wildlife tourism: Implications for the design of powerful interpretative experiences. Tourism Management, 32(4), 770–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.012
  • Barboza, L. G. A., Cozar, A., Gimenez, B. C. G., Barros, T. L., Kershaw, P. J., & Guilhermino, L. (2019). Macroplastics pollution in the marine environment. In C. Sheppard (Ed.), World seas: An environmental evaluation (pp. 305–328). Academic Press.
  • Baulch, S., & Perry, C. (2014). Evaluating the impacts of marine debris on cetaceans. Marine pollution Bulletin, 80(1-2), 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.050
  • Brace, N., Kemp, R., & Snelgar, R. (2012). SPSS for psychologists (5th ed.) Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bueddefeld, J. N., & Van Winkle, C. M. (2018). The role of post-visit action resources in facilitating meaningful free-choice learning after a zoo visit. Environmental Education Research, 24(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1198952
  • Butterworth, A. (2016). A review of the welfare impact on pinnipeds of plastic marine debris. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, article 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00149
  • Butterworth, A., Bass, C., & Clegg, I. (2012). Marine debris: A global picture of the impact on animal welfare and of animal-focused solutions. World Society for the Protection of Animals.
  • Clark, E., Mulgrew, K., Kannis-Dymand, L., Schaffer, V., & Hoberg, R. (2019). Theory of planned behavior: Predicting tourists’ pro-environmental intentions after a humpback whale encounter. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(5), 649–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1603237
  • Clayton, S., & Myers, G. (2015). Conservation psychology: Understanding and promoting human care for nature. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Collins, C., Corkery, I., McKeown, S., McSweeney, L., Flannery, K., Kennedy, D., & O’Riordan, R. (2020). Quantifying the long-term impact of zoological education: A study of learning in a zoo and an aquarium. Environmental Education Research, 26(7), 1008–1026. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2020.1771287
  • Curtis, J., Ham, S. H., & Weiler, B. (2010). Identifying beliefs underlying visitor behaviour: A comparative elicitation study based on the theory of planned behaviour. Annals of Leisure Research, 13(4), 564–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2010.9686865
  • de Leeuw, A., Valois, P., Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2015). Using the theory of planned behavior to identify key beliefs underlying pro-environmental behavior in high-school students: Implications for educational interventions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.03.005
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Gall, S. C., & Thompson, R. C. (2015). The impact of debris on marine life. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 92(1-2), 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.041
  • Hagger, M. S., Smith, S. R., Keech, J. J., Moyers, S. A., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Predicting social distancing intention and behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrated social cognition model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 54(10), 713–727. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaaa073
  • Han, H., Hwang, J., Kim, J., & Jung, H. (2015). Guests’ pro-environmental decision-making process: Broadening the norm activation framework in a lodging context. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 47, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.03.013
  • Han, H., Hwang, J., & Lee, S. (2017). Cognitive, affective, normative, and moral triggers of sustainable intentions among convention-goers. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.03.003
  • Hasan, S. N., Harun, R., & Hock, L. K. (2015). Application of the theory of planned behavior in measuring the behavior to reduce plastic consumption among students at Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 30(8), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.10.035
  • Ho, S. S., Liao, Y., & Rosenthal, S. (2015). Applying the theory of planned behavior and media dependency theory: Predictors of public pro-environmental behavioral intentions in Singapore. Environmental Communication, 9(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.932819
  • Jensen, E. A., Moss, A., & Gusset, M. (2017). Quantifying long-term impact of zoo and aquarium visits on biodiversity-related learning outcomes. Zoo biology, 36(4), 294–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21372
  • Jepsen, E. M., & de Bruyn, N. (2019). Pinniped entanglement in oceanic plastic pollution: A global review. Marine pollution Bulletin, 145(1), 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.042
  • Laist, D. W. (1997). Impacts of marine debris: Entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. Springer.
  • Lee, S. J., & Hyelin, L. K. (2018). Roles of perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy to volunteer tourists’ intended participation via theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(2), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2171
  • Maguire, P., Kannis-Dymand, L., Mulgrew, K. E., Schaffer, V., & Peake, S. (2020). Empathy and experience: Understanding tourists’ swim with whale encounters. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 25(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2019.1695024
  • Maki, A., & Rothman, A. J. (2017). Understanding proenvironmental intentions and behaviors: The importance of considering both the behavior setting and the type of behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157(5), 517–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1215968
  • Mellish, S., Pearson, E. L., Sanders, B., & Litchfield, C. A. (2016). Marine wildlife entanglement and the Seal the Loop Initiative: A comparison of two free-choice learning approaches on visitor knowledge, attitudes and conservation behavior. International Zoo Yearbook, 50(1), 129–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/izy.12132
  • Moss, A., Jensen, E., & Gusset, M. (2017). Probing the link between biodiversity‐related knowledge and self‐reported proconservation behavior in a global survey of zoo visitors. Conservation Letters, 10(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12233
  • Myers, O. E., Saunders, C. D., & Birjulin, A. A. (2004). Emotional dimensions of watching zoo animals: An experience sampling study building on insights from psychology. Curator: The Museum Journal, 47(3), 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.2004.tb00127.x
  • Odou, P., & Schill, M. (2020). How anticipated emotions shape behavioural intentions to fight climate change. Journal of Business Research, 121(1), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.047
  • Packer, J., & Ballantyne, R. (2010). The role of zoos and aquariums in education for a sustainable future. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 127(3), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.378
  • Page, B., McKenzie, J., McIntosh, R., Baylis, A., Morrissey, A., Calvert, N., Haase, T., Berris, M., Dowie, D., Shaughnessy, P. D., & Goldsworthy, S. D. (2004). Entanglement of Australian sea lions and New Zealand fur seals in lost fishing gear and other marine debris before and after government and industry attempts to reduce the problem. Marine pollution Bulletin, 49(1-2), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.01.006
  • Pearson, E. L., Dorrian, J., & Litchfield, C. A. (2013). Measuring zoo visitor learning and understanding about orangutans: Evaluation to enhance learning outcomes and to foster conservation action. Environmental Education Research, 19(6), 823–843. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2012.763112
  • Pfattheicher, S., Sassenrath, C., & Schindler, S. (2016). Feelings for the suffering of others and the environment: Compassion fosters proenvironmental tendencies. Environment and Behavior, 48(7), 929–945. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916515574549
  • Powell, D. M., & Bullock, E. V. (2014). Evaluation of factors affecting emotional responses in zoo visitors and the impact of emotion on conservation mindedness. Anthrozoös, 27(3), 389–405. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303714X13903827488042
  • Raimondo, M., Hamam, M., D'Amico, M., & Caracciolo, F. (2022). Plastic-free behavior of millennials: An application of the theory of planned behavior on drinking choices. Waste management (New York, N.Y.), 138, 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
  • Reese, G., & Junge, E. A. (2017). Keep on rockin’ in a (plastic-)free world: Collective efficacy and pro-environmental intentions as a function of task difficulty. Sustainability, 9(2), 200–213. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020200
  • Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., & Bengtsson, M. (2017). Cause I’ll feel good! An investigation into the effects of anticipated emotions and personal moral norms on consumer pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Promotion Management, 23(1), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2016.1267681
  • Sattler, S., & Bogner, F. X. (2017). Short- and long-term outreach at the zoo: Cognitive learning about marine ecological and conservational issues. Environmental Education Research, 23(2), 252–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1144173
  • Schultz, P. W., & Zelezny, L. C. (1998). Values and proenvironmental behavior: A five-country survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(4), 540–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022198294003
  • Siemer, W. F., Lauber, T. B., Kretser, H. E., Schuler, K. L., Verant, M., Herzog, C. J., & McComas, K. A. (2021). Predictors of intentions to conserve bats among New York property owners. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 26(3), 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2020.1817628
  • Smith, M., Love, D., Rochman, C., & Neff, R. (2018). Microplastics in seafood and the implications for human health. Current environmental Health Reports, 5(3), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-108-0206-z
  • Sun, Y., Wang, S., Li, J., Zhao, D., & Fan, J. (2017). Understanding consumers’ intention to use plastic bags: Using an extended theory of planned behaviour model. Natural Hazards, 89(3), 1327–1342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-3022-0
  • Tourangeau, W., Lamarque, M., Greenland-Smith, S., & Sherren, K. (2021). Beyond intrinsic: A call to combine scales on motivation and environmental values in wildlife and farmland conservation research. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 26(4), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2020.1823049
  • Wang, Y., & Wang, C. (2016). Do psychological factors affect green food and beverage behavior? An application of the theory of planned behavior. British Food Journal, 118(9), 2171–2199. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-12-2015-0469
  • Wauters, E., Bielders, C., Poesen, J., Govers, G., & Mathijs, E. (2010). Adoption of soil conservation practices in Belgium: An examination of the theory of planned behavior in the agri-environmental domain. Land Use Policy, 27(1), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.02.009
  • World Wildlife Fund. (2018). Plastic in our oceans is killing marine mammals. https://www.wwf.org.au/news/blogs/plastic-in-our-oceans-is-killing-marine-mammals#gs.6891ev
  • Xu, L., Ling, M., Lu, Y., & Shen, M. (2017). Understanding household waste separation behavior: Testing the roles of moral, past experience, and perceived policy effectiveness within the theory of planned behavior. Sustainability, 9(4), 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040625
  • Yazdanpanah, M., Hayati, D., Hochrainer-Stigler, S., & Zamani, G. H. (2014). Understanding farmers’ intention and behavior regarding water conservation in the Middle-East and North Africa: A case study in Iran. Journal of Environmental Management, 135(4), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.016