Community-Focused Apologia in International Affairs: Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama's Apology

REFERENCES

• Achter , P. J. ( 2000 ). Narrative, intertexuality, and apologia in contemporary political scandals . Southern Communication Journal , 65 , 318 – 333 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• After landmark apology Murayama sends personal message to Seoul . ( 1995 , August 16 ). Deutsche Press-Agentur . Factiva Online (Accessed January 20, 2003) .
   Google Scholar
• Ashbrook , T. ( 1995 , August 16 ). Japan spoke the word quietly; Leader's apology seems not to reflect nation's sentiment . The Boston Globe , 1 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. ( 1988 ). Senator Edward M. Kennedy and the chappaquiddick tragedy . In H. R. Ryan (Ed.), Oratorical encounters: Selected studies and sources of twentieth century political accusations and apologies (pp. 187 – 199 ). New York : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. ( 1995 ). Accounts, excuses and apologies: A theory of image restoration discourse . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. & Brinson , S. ( 1994 ). AT & T: Apologies are not enough . Communication Quarterly , 42 , 75 – 88 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. ( 1990 ). Jerry Falwell and the PTL: The rhetoric of apologia . The Journal of Communication and Religion , 13 , 9 – 18 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. ( 1961 ). The rhetoric of religion . Boston , MA : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. ( 1996 ). Language as symbolic action: Essays on life, literature and method . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burress , C. ( 1995 , August 18 ). Most Japanese support apology; Nation no longer has historic amnesia about World War II . The San Francisco Chronicle , B2 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Butler , S. D. ( 1971 ). The apologia, 1971 genre . The Southern Speech Journal , 38 , 281 – 289 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Carcasson , M. & Rice , F. M. ( 1999 ). The promise and failure of Clinton's race initiative: A rhetorical perspective . Rhetoric and Public Affairs , 2 , 243 – 274 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Dodds , G. G. (2003). Public apologies and pubic discourse. In J. Rodin & S. P. Steinberg (Eds.), Public discourse in America (pp. 135–162). Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Downey , S. D. ( 1993 ). The evolution of the apologia genre . Western Journal of Communication , 57 , 12 – 34 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Doxtader , E. ( 2003 ). Reconciliation: A rhetorical concept/ion . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 89 , 267 – 292 . [CSA] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , J. A. ( 2002 ). A superpower apologizes: Clinton's 1998 address in Rwanda . Unpublished master's thesis . Mankato , MN : Minnesota State University .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J. A. ( 2003 ). Kofi Annan's mission of healing: An attempt at image repair. A paper presented at the 2003 National Communication Association Conference , Miami , FL .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J. A. ( 2004 ). Catholic apologia during the year of jubilee. A paper presented at the 2004 National Communication Conference , Chicago , IL .
   Google Scholar
• Gillis , J. R. ( 1994 ). Introduction: Memory and identity: The history of a relationship . In J. R. Gillis (Ed.), Commemorations: The politics of national identity (pp. 3 – 24 ). Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gold , E. R. ( 1978 ). Political apologia: The ritual of self-defense . Communication Monographs , 45 , 306 – 316 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , D. B. & Crenshaw , C. ( 2004 ). Racial apologies . In P. A. Sullivan & S. R. Goldzwing (Eds.), New approaches to rhetoric (pp. 245 – 266 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Glynn , P. ( 1995 ). Towards a new peace: Forgiveness as politics . Current , 371 , 17 – 20 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Harrell , J. , Ware , B. L. , & Linkugel , W. A. ( 1975 ). Failure of apology in American politics: Nixon on watergate . Speech Monographs , 42 , 245 – 261 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Harter , L. M. , Stephens , J. , & Japp , P. M. ( 2000 ). President Clinton's apology for the Tuskegee syphilis experiment: A narrative of remembrance, redefinition and reconciliation . The Howard Journal of Communication , 11 , 19 – 34 . [CSA] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Hasian , M. Jr. & Frank , R. E. ( 1999 ). Rhetoric, history, and collective memory: Decoding the Goldhagen debates . Western Journal of Communication , 63 , 95 – 114 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch , J. B. ( 2003 ). Reconciliation: Building a bridge from complicity to coherence in the rhetoric of race relations . Rhetoric and Public Affairs , 6 , 737 – 754 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Heredia , L. ( 2000 , September 9 ). Church sorry for role in ‘dirty war’. BBC News. news.bbc.co.uk/English/world/Americas/newsid_917000/917266.htm (Accessed September 9, 2000) .
   Google Scholar
• Hester , M. ( 2003 ). Ambivalent empire: Clinton's Kigali address and the development of international apologia. A paper presented at the Southern Speech Communication Association Conference , Brimingham , AL .
   Google Scholar
• Hoover , J. D. ( 1989 ). Big boys don't cry: The values constraint in apologia . The Southern Speech Communication Journal , 54 , 235 – 252 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hunsberger , W. & Finn , R. ( 1996 ). Japan's historical record . In W. Hunsberger (Ed.), Japan's quest: The search for international role, recognition and respect (pp. 15 – 34 ). New York : M.E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Japan apologizes to WWII victims (2001, September 9). BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/i/hi/world/asia-pacific/1533436.htm (Accessed July 26, 2004) .
   Google Scholar
• Japan-Constitution (1946) . www.ocfre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ja00000.html (Accessed February 19, 2003) .
   Google Scholar
• King , R. L. ( 1985 ). Transforming scandal into tragedy: A rhetoric of political apology . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 71 , 289 – 301 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koersten , J. & Rowland , R. C. ( 2004 ). The rhetoric of atonement . Communication Studies , 55 , 68 – 87 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kristof , N. D. ( 1998 , October 9 ). Japan apologizes forcefully for its occupation of Korea . New York Times , 3 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kruse , N. W. ( 1977 ). Motivational factors in non-denial apologia . Central States Speech Journal , 28 , 13 – 23 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kruse , N. W. ( 1981 ). The scope of apologetic discourse: Establishing generic parameters . The Southern Speech Communication Journal , 46 , 278 – 291 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lazare , A. ( 1995 ). Go ahead and say you're sorry. Psychology Today. www.psychologytoday.com/htdocts/prod/ptoarticle (Accessed February 12, 2002) .
   Google Scholar
• Leitch , R. D. Jr. , Kato , A. , & Weinstein , M. E. ( 1995 ). Japan's role in the post-Cold War world . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leo , J. ( 1997 , June 30 ). So who's sorry now? U.S. News & World Report , 122 , 17 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lind , J. M. ( 2004 ). Sorry states: Apologies in international politics . Unpublished dissertation . Cambridge , MA : Massachusetts Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Mukae , R. ( 1996 ). Japan's Diet resolution on World War Two: Keeping history at bay . Asian Survey , 36 , 1011 – 1030 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Murayama , T. ( 1995 , August 15 ). Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama on August 15, 1995, the fiftieth anniversary of the Asia-Pacific war. www.gainfo.org/SFPT/JapanPmMurayamaStatement15Aug1995.htm (Accessed Febrary 3, 2003) .
   Google Scholar
• Negash , G. ( 2002 ). Apologia politica: An examination of the politics and ethics of public remorse . The Journal of International Ethics and Politics , 2 , 119 – 143 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa , S. ( 2000 ). The difficulty of apology: Japan's struggle with memory and guilt . Harvard International Review , 58 , 42 – 46 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ried , T. R. ( 1995 , August 16 ). Japan war apology is clearest yet . Chicago Sun-Times , 36 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfield , L. R. ( 1968 ). A case study in speech criticism: The Nixon-Truman analog . Speech Monographs , 68 , 434 – 458 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , H. R. ( 1982 ). Kategoria and apologia: On their rhetorical criticism as a speech set . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 68 , 254 – 261 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shriver , D. W. ( 1995 ). An ethics of enemies: Forgiveness in politics . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Slouching toward accountability . ( 1995 , August 18 ). Boston Globe , 18 . [CSA] [CSA]    (Either page or author must be supplied)
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , S. P. ( 2003 ). Epilogue: The centrality of public discourse . In J. Rodin & S. P. Steinberg (Eds.), Public discourse in America (pp. 249 – 257 ). Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , D. L. ( 1998 ). Francis Schaeffer's apparent apology in Pollution and the Death of Man. Journal of Communication and Religion , 21 , 200 – 229 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki , T. ( 1999 a). A rhetorical analysis of Japanese apologetic discourse: A rhetorical genre . In N. Sugimoto (Ed.), Japanese apology across disciplines (pp. 155 – 184 ). New York : Nova Science .
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki , T. (1999b). A media analytic approach to the study of Japanese apologetic discourse: A case of the Korea Herald . In N. Sugimoto (Ed.), Japanese apology across disciplines (pp. 185–206). New York : Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka , N. ( 1998 , January 16 ). Press conference by the press secretary January 16, 1998. The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. www.mofa.go.jp/announce/press/1998/1/116.html (Accessed February 11, 2003) .
   Google Scholar
• Tavuchis , N. ( 1991 ). Mea culpa: A sociology of apology and reconciliation . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Trouillot , M. R. ( 2002 ). Abortive rituals: Historical apologies in the global era . Interventions: The International Journal of Postcolonial Studies , 2 , 171 – 186 . [CSA] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Vartebedian , R. A. ( 1985 ). Nixon's Vietnam rhetoric: A case study of apologia as generic paradox . The Southern Speech Communication Journal , 50 , 366 – 381 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ware , B. L. & Linkugel , W. A. ( 1973 ). They spoke in defense of themselves: On the generic criticism of apologia . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 59 , 273 – 283 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , P. ( 1995 , August 17 ). Japanese press welcome war apology . The Australian . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• World leaders laud Japan's war apology . ( 1995 , August 16 ). The Herald Sun , 4 . [CSA] [CSA]    (Either page or author must be supplied)
   Google Scholar
• WuDunn , S. ( 1995 , August 15 ). Premier of Japan offers apology for its war acts . The New York Times , A1 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Yamazaki , J. W. ( 2004 ). Crafting the apology: Japanese apologies to South Korea in 1990 . Asian Journal of Communication , 14 , 156 – 173 . [CSA] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Yasuaki , O. ( 2002 ). Japanese war guilt and postwar responsibilities of Japan . Berkeley Journal of International Law , 20 , 600 – 620 . [CSA] [CSA]
   Google Scholar