Hair as Race: Why “Good Hair” May Be Bad for Black Females

REFERENCES

• Arogundade , B. ( 2000 ). Black beauty: A history and a celebration . London , UK : Thunder's Mouth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ashe , B. ( 2010 ). Invisible dread: From “Twisted: The dreadlock chronicles.” In R. E. Spellers & K. R. Moffitt (Eds.), Blackberries and redbones: Critical articulations of Black hair/body politics in Africana communities (pp. 53 – 66 ). New York : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Azibo , D. A. ( 1989 ). African-centered theses on mental health and a nosology of Black/African personality disorder . The Journal of Black Psychology , 15 , 173 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Badillo , C. ( 2001 ). “Only my hairdresser knows for sure.” Stories of race, hair andgender . NACLA Report on the Americas , 34 , 35 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Banks , I. ( 2000 ). Hair matters: Beauty, power and Black women's consciousness . NewYork , NY : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bates , K. G. ( 1994 ). The color thing . Essence , 25 , 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Baxter , L. A. , & Babbie , E. ( 2004 ). The basics of communication research . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth/Thomson .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , B. L. ( 1998 ). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences . Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Blay , Y. A. ( 2010 ). Pretty color'n good hair: Creole woman of New Orleans and the politics ofidentity . In R. E. Spellers & K. R. Moffitt (Eds.), Blackberries and redbones: Critical articulations of Black hair/body politics in Africana communities (pp. 29 – 52 ). New Jersey : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boyd-Franklin , N. ( 1991 ). Recurrent themes in the treatment of African-American women in group psychotherapy . Women & Therapy , 11 , 25 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , K. ( 1998 ). Consequences of skin tone bias for African Americans: Resource attainment and psychological/social functioning . Perspectives , 4 , 95 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Broyard , B. ( 2007 ). One drop: My father's hidden life—A story of race and family secrets . New York , NY : Back Bay Books .
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw , K. ( 1989 ). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist Critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics . The University of Chicago Legal Forum , 1989 , 139 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Fontana , A. , & Frey , J. H. (1994). Interviewing: The art of science. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 361–376). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Gaskins , B. ( 1997 ). Good and bad hair: Photographs by bill gaskins . New Jersey : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gatewood , W. B. ( 1990 ). Aristocrats of color: The Black elite, 1880–1920 . Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gottschall , J. ( 2008 ). The “beauty myth” is no myth: Emphasis on male–female attractiveness inworld folktales . Hum Nat , 19 , 174 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , B. , White , J. D. , & Whitten , L. ( 2000 ). Hair texture, length and style as ametaphor in the African-American mother–daughter relationship: Considerations in psychodynamic psychotherapy . In L. C. Jackson & B. Greene (Eds.), Psychotherapy with African-American women: Innovations in psychodynamic perspectives and practice (pp. 166 – 193 ). New York , NY : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , M. S. , & Thomas , K. M. ( 2009 ). The hidden prejudice in selection: A research investigation on skin color bias . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 39 , 134 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herring , C. ( 2004 ). Skin deep: Race and complexion matter in the “color-blind” era . In C. Herring , V. M. Keith , & D. H. Horton (Eds.), Skin deep: How race and complexionmatter in the “color-blind” era (pp. 1 – 21 ). Chicago : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , M. E. ( 2000 ). Color differences in the socioeconomic status of African Americanmen: Results of a longitudinal study . Social Forces , 78 , 1437 – 1461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochschild , J. L. ( 2007 ). The skin color paradox and the American racial order . Social Forces , 86 , 643 – 670 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , M. , & Hertel , B. R. ( 1990 ). The significance of color remains: A study of lifechances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among Black Americans . Social Forces , 68 , 1105 – 1120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , M. ( 2004 ). Light, bright, and almost white: The advantages and disadvantages oflight skin . In C. Herring , V. M. Keith & H. D. Horton (Eds.), Skin deep: How race and complexion matter in the “color-blind” era (pp. 22 – 44 ). Chicago : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , M. ( 1998 ). Colorstruck: Skin color stratification in the lives of African American women . Sociological Inquiry , 68 , 517 – 535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr , A. E. ( 2005 ). The paper bag principle: Of the myth and the motion of colorism . Journalof American Folklore , 118 , 271 – 289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lara , A. ( 2010 ). “Cimarronas, Ciguapas, and Senoras”: Hair, beauty, race, and class in the Dominican Republic . In R. E. Spellers & K. R. Moffitt (Eds.), Blackberries and redbones: Critical articulations of Black hair/body politics in Africana communities (pp. 113 – 127 ). New Jersey : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lofland , J. , & Lofland , L. H. ( 1995 ). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Mama , A. ( 1995 ). Beyond the masks: Race, gender and subjectivity . New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• McCall , L. ( 2005 ). The complexity of intersectionality . Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society , 30 , 1771 – 1800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer , K. (1990). Black hair/style politics. In R. Ferguson , M. Gever , T. T. Minh-ha & C. West (Eds.), Out there: Marginalization and contemporary cultures (pp. 247–264). New York , NY : The New Museum of Contemporary Art and The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Montalvo , F. F. ( 2004 ). Surviving race: Skin color and the socialization and acculturation of Latinas . Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work , 13 , 25 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Morales , M. C. ( 2009 ). The ethnic niche as an economic pathway for the dark skinned: Labormarket incorporation of Latina/o workers . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 30 , 280 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison , T. ( 1970 ). The bluest eye . New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Patton , T. O. ( 2006 ). Hey girl, am I more than my hair?: African American women and their struggles with beauty, body image, and hair . NWSA , 18 , 25 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Penha-Lopes , V. ( 2004 ). Race south of the equator: Reexamining the intersection of color andclass in Brazil . In C. Herring , V. M. Keith & D. H. Horton (Eds.), Skin deep: How race and complexion matter in the “color-blind” era (pp. 197 – 223 ). Chicago : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson-Moore , C. L. ( 2008 ). Beauty standards reflect Eurocentric paradigms—so what? Skincolor, identity and Black female beauty . The Journal of Race and Policy , 4 , 66 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , K. , Wilson , M. , & Hall , R. ( 1992 ). The color complex: The politics of skin color among African Americans . New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Sloop , J. M. ( 2005 ). In a queer time and place and race: Intersectionality comes of age . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 91 , 312 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spellers , R. E. ( 2002 ). Happy to be nappy! Embracing an Afrocentric aesthetic for beauty . In J. N. Martin , T. K. Nakayama , & L. A. Flores (Eds.), Readings in intercultural communication (pp. 52 – 60 ). New York , NY : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Spellers , R. E. ( 2003 ). The kink factor: A womanist discourse analysis of African-American mother/daughter perspectives on negotiating Black hair/body politics . In R. L. Jackson II & E. B. Richardson (Eds.), Understanding African-American rhetoric: Classical origins to contemporary innovations (pp. 223 – 243 ). New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Tate , S. ( 2007 ). Black beauty: Shade, hair and anti-racist aesthetics . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 30 , 300 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , D. M. ( 2002 ). The quest for identity: From minority groups to generation Xers . Westport , CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , P. C. ( 1999 ). Malcolm's conk and Danto's colors: Or, four logical petitions concerning race, beauty and …  . Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism , 57 , 16 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. ( 1993 ). Doing critical ethnography . Qualitative Research Methods , 26 , Sage University Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , M. S. & Keith , V. M. ( 2004 ). Copper brown and blue black: Colorism and self evaluation . In C. Herring , V. M. Keith & D. H. Horton (Eds.), Skin deep: How race and complexion matter in the “color-blind” era (pp. 45 – 64 ). Chicago : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thurman , W. ( 1929 ). The blacker the berry . New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Trevino , A. J. , Harris , M. A. , & Wallace , D. ( 2008 ). What's so critical about critical race theory? Contemporary Justice Review , 11 , 7 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Weitz , R. (2004). Rapunzel's daughters: What women's hair tells us about women's lives . New York : Farar, Straus & Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• White , S. B. ( 2005 ). Releasing the pursuit of bouncin' and behavin' hair: Natural hair as an Afrocentric feminist aesthetic for beauty . International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics , 1 , 295 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• White , S. B. ( 2010 ). The big girl's chair: A rhetorical analysis of how Motions for Kidsmarkets relaxers to African American girls . In R. E. Spellers & K. R. Moffitt (Eds.), Blackberries and redbones: Critical articulations of Black hair/body politics in Africana communities (pp. 17 – 27 ). New Jersey : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , N. ( 1991 ). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women . New York : William Morrow .
   Google Scholar