When Political Comedy Turns Personal: Humor Types, Audience Evaluations, and Attitudes

REFERENCES

• Baumgartner , J. C. ( 2007 ). Humor on the next frontier: Youth, online political humor, and the JibJab effect . Social Science Computer Review , 25 , 319 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner , J. C. , & Morris , J. S. ( 2008 ). One “nation” under Stephen? The effects of The Colbert Report on American youth . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 52 , 622 – 643 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner , J. C. , Morris , J. S. , & Walth , N. L. ( 2012 ). The Fey effect: Young adults, political humor, and perceptions of Sarah Palin in the 2008 presidential election campaign . Public Opinion Quarterly , 76 , 95 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , A. B. ( 2011 ). Political humor as democratic relief? The effects of exposure to comedy and straight news on trust and efficacy . Atlantic Journal of Communication , 19 , 235 – 250 . doi: 10.1080/15456870.2011.622191
   Google Scholar
• Becker , A. B. ( 2012 ). Comedy types and political campaigns: The differential influence of other-directed hostile humor and self-ridicule on candidate evaluations . Mass Communication & Society , 15 , 791 – 812 . doi: 10.1080/15205436.2011.628431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , A. B. ( 2013 ). What about those interviews? The impact of exposure to political comedy and cable news on factual recall and anticipated political expression . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 23 ( 3 ), 344 – 356 . doi: 10.1093/ijpor/edt014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , A. B. , & Waisanen , D. J. ( 2013 ). From funny features to entertaining effects: Connecting approaches to communication research on political comedy . Review of Communication , 13 ( 3 ), 161 – 183 . doi: 10.1080/15358593.2013.826816
   Google Scholar
• Becker , A. B. , Xenos , M. A. , & Waisanen , D. J. ( 2010 ). Sizing up The Daily Show: Audience perceptions of political comedy programming . Atlantic Journal of Communication , 18 ( 3 ), 144 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Bippus , A. ( 2007 ). Factors predicting the perceived effectiveness of politicians’ use of humor during a debate . Humor—International Journal of Humor Research , 20 , 105 – 121 . doi: 10.1515/humor.2007.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , X. , & Brewer , P. R. ( 2008 ). Political comedy shows and public participation in politics . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 20 ( 1 ), 90 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowen , E. L. , Underberg , R. P. , & Verrillo , R. T. ( 1958 ). The development and testing of an attitude to blindness scale . The Journal of Social Psychology , 48 , 297 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “ David A. Paterson .” ( 2011 , May 23 ). The New York Times . Retrieved from http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/p/david_a_paterson/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Esralew , S. , & Young , D. G. ( 2012 ). The influence of parodies on mental models: Exploring the Tina Fey-Sarah Palin phenomenon . Communication Quarterly , 60 , 338 – 352 . doi: 10.1080/01463373.2012.688791
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , L. , & Young , D. G. ( 2008 ). Late-night comedy as a gateway to traditional news: An analysis of time trends in news attention among late-night comedy viewers during the 2004 presidential primaries . Political Communication , 25 , 401 – 422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskell , S. ( 2008 , December 15 ). Gov's not laughing over SNL blindside . New York Daily News , p. 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. , Jones , J. P. , & Thompson , E. ( 2009 ). Satire TV: Politics and comedy in the post-network era . New York, NY : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haberman , C. ( 2009 , February 5 ). A governor's sense of humor is put to a rigorous test . The New York Times . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/nyregion/06nyc.html
   Google Scholar
• Haller , B. A. ( 2010 ). Representing disability in an ableist world: Essays on mass media . Louisville, KY : Advocado Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haller , B. A. , & Ralph , S. ( 2003 ). John Callahan's Pelswick cartoon and a new phase of disability humor . Disability Studies Quarterly , 23 ( 3/4 ). Retrieved from http://www.dsq-sds.org/article/view/431/608
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez , R. , & Zeleny , J. ( 2009 , September 19 ). Paterson says he will run, rejecting call from Obama . The New York Times . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/20/nyregion/20paterson.html
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , L. H. , & Thomson , T. L. ( 2009 ). The effect of television viewing on adolescents’ civic participation: Political efficacy as a mediating mechanism . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 53 ( 1 ), 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , L. H. , & Young , D. G. ( 2011 ). Satire, punch lines, and the nightly news: Untangling media effects on political participation . Communication Research Reports , 28 , 159 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Holbert , R. L. , Hmielowski , J. , Jain , P. , Lather , J. , & Morey , A. ( 2011 ). Adding nuance to the study of political humor effects: Experimental research on Juvenalian satire versus Horatian satire . American Behavioral Scientist , 55 , 187 – 211 . doi: 10.1177/0002764210392156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janes , L. , & Olson , J. ( 2000 ). Jeer pressure: The behavioral effects of observing ridicule of others . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 , 474 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , J. P. ( 2009 ). With all due respect: Satirizing presidents from Saturday Night Live to Lil’ Bush . In J. Gray , J. P. Jones & E. Thompson (Eds.), Satire TV: Politics and comedy in the post-network era (pp. 37 – 63 ). New York, NY : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kolbert , E. ( 2004 , April 19 ). Stooping to conquer: Why candidates need to make fun of themselves . The New Yorker . Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/04/19/040419fa_fact1?currentPage=all
   Google Scholar
• LaMarre , H. L. , Landreville , K. D. , & Beam , M. A. ( 2009 ). The irony of satire: Political ideology and the motivation to see what you want to see in The Colbert Report . International Journal of Press/Politics , 14 , 212 – 231 . doi: 10.1177/1940161208330904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefcourt , H. ( 2001 ). Humor: The psychology of living buoyantly . New York, NY : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Li , D. K. ( 2008 , December 16 ). Paterson in a blind rage over SNL skit . New York Post . Retrieved from http://www.nypost.com/p/news/politics/item_8ldpM4gvda6yjLSHBw7Y2H
   Google Scholar
• Morris , J. S. ( 2009 ). The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and audience attitude change during the 2004 party conventions . Political Behavior , 31 , 79 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moy , P. , Xenos , M. A. , & Hess , V. K. ( 2006 ). Priming effects of late-night comedy . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 18 , 198 – 210 . doi: 10.1093/ijpor/edh092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi , R. L. , Moyer-Guse , E. , & Byrne , S. ( 2007 ). All joking aside: A serious investigation into the persuasive effect of funny social issue messages . Communication Monographs , 74 , 29 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niven , D. , Lichter , S. R. , & Amundson , D. ( 2003 ). The political content of late night comedy . The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , 8 ( 3 ), 118 – 133 . doi: 10.1177/1081180 × 03008003007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , J. W. ( 2008 , December 14 ). Paterson's office is not amused by ‘Saturday Night Live.’ The New York Times . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/15/nyregion/15skit.html?_r=1
   Google Scholar
• Priest , R. F. ( 1966 ). Election jokes: The effects of reference group membership . Psychological Reports , 18 , 600 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saturday Night Live, Season 36: Episode 1 . ( 2010 ). In L. Michaels (Producer) , Saturday Night Live . New York, NY : SNL Studios .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. ( 2009 , March 1 ). Eliot's Problem Child . New York Magazine . Retrieved from http://nymag.com/news/politics/citypolitic/55006/
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. , & Voth , B. ( 2002 ). The role of humor in political argument: How “strategery” and “lockboxes” changed a political campaign . Argumentation and Advocacy , 39 ( 2 ), 110 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Weise , R. E. ( 1996 ). Partisan perceptions of political humor . Humor—International Journal of Humor Research , 9 ( 2 ), 199 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenos , M. A. , & Becker , A. B. ( 2009 ). Moments of Zen: Effects of The Daily Show on information seeking and political learning . Political Communication , 26 , 317 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenos , M. A. , Moy , P. , & Becker , A. B. ( 2011 ). Making sense of The Daily Show: Understanding the role of partisan heuristics in political comedy effects . In A. Amarasingam (Ed.), The Stewart/Colbert effect: Essays on the real impacs of fake news (pp. 47 – 62 ). Jefferson, NC : McFarland .
   Google Scholar
• Young , D. G. ( 2004 ). Late-night comedy in election 2000: Its influence on candidate trait ratings and the moderating effects of political knowledge and partisanship . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 48 ( 1 ), 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , D. G. ( 2006 ). Late-night comedy and the salience of the candidates’ caricatured traits in the 2000 election . Mass Communication & Society , 9 , 339 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , D. G. ( 2008 ). The privileged role of the late-night joke: Exploring humor's role in disrupting argument scrutiny . Media Psychology , 11 , 119 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. , Bryant , J. , & Cantor , J. R. ( 1974 ). Brutality of assault in political cartoons affecting humor appreciation . Journal of Research in Personality , 7 , 334 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. , & Cantor , J. R. ( 1972 ). Directionality of transitory dominance as a communication variable affecting humor appreciation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 24 , 191 – 198 . doi: 10.1037/h0033384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. , & Cantor , J. R. ( 1976 ). A disposition theory of humour and mirth . In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research and applications (pp. 97 – 115 ). London, UK : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar