References
- Al-Rawi, A. (2017). News values on social media: News organizations’ Facebook use. Journalism (London, England)), 18(7), 871–889. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916636142
- Anonymous (2010). Sole female firefighter cadet forced to resign from academy. Trial, 46(6), 12. June).
- Banks, A. J. (2014). Anger and radial politics: The emotional foundation of racial politics in America. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107279247
- Bednarek, M., & Caple, H. (2014). Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analysing news discourse in critical discourse analysis and beyond. Discourse & Society, 25(2), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926513516041
- Bender, J. R., Davenport, L. D., Drager, M. W., & Fedler, F. (2016). Reporting for the media. 9th ed. Oxford University Press.
- Benoit, W. L., & Hansen, G. J. (2001). Presidential debate questions and the public agenda. Communication Quarterly, 49(2), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00727x
- Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. Anchor Books Doubleday.
- Bird, S. E., & Dardenne, R. W. (1988). Myth, chronicle, and story: Exploring the narrative qualities of news. In J. W. Carey (Ed.), Media, myths & narratives: TV and the press (pp. 67–86). Sage.
- Black, S. E., Schanzenbach, D. W., & Breitweiser, A. (2017). The recent decline in women’s labor force participation. In D. W. Schanzenbach & R. Nunn (Eds.), The 51% driving growth through women’s economic participation. Brookings Institution.
- Boczkowski, P. J. (2009). Rethinking hard and soft news production: From common ground to divergent paths. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.0106.x
- Burnley, M., Kerkstra, P. (2015, April 14). Philadelphia police force still far whiter than city itself. Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved September 9, 2019, from https://www.phillymag.com/citified/2015/04/14/philadelphia-police-demographics/
- Carey, J. W. (1986). Why and how? The dark continent of American journalism. In R. K. Manoff & M. Schudson (Eds.), Reading the news (pp. 146–196). Pantheon Books.
- Christian, S. E. (2012). Overcoming bias: A journalist’s guide to culture and context. Holcomb Hathaway.
- Christian, S. E. (2013). Cognitive biases and errors as cause – and journalistic best practices as effect. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 28(3), 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2013.794674
- Chung, D. S. (2010). The newspaper meets the Internet. In M. Farrell & M. C. Cupito (Eds.), Newspapers: A complete guide to the industry (pp. 185–199). Peter Lang.
- Cooper, D., Gable, M., Austin, A. (2012). Americans hit hardest by job losses in state and local governments The public-sector jobs crisis: Women and African. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/bp339-public-sector-jobs-crisis/
- Crocker, J., & Clawson, D. (2012). Buying time: Gendered patterns in union contracts. Social Problems, 59, (4), 459–480. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2012.59.4.459
- Cushion, S., Lewis, J., & Callaghan, R. (2017). Data journalism, impartiality, and statistical claims: Towards more independent scrutiny in news reporting. Journalism Practice, 11(10), 1198–1215. (1198). 1215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1256789
- Dalton, H. L. (1995). Racial healing. Doubleday.
- Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York University Press.
- Deuze, M. (2003). Global journalism education. In A. S. deBeer & J. C. Merrill (Eds.), Global journalism: Survey of international communication topical issues and media systems. (pp. 145–158). Longman.
- Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism?: Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 6(4), 442–464.: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905056815
- DeVault, G. (2015). Fire call! Sounding the alarm to save our vanishing volunteers. Jump Seat Press LLC.
- DiFilippo, D., Zalot, M., Gambacorta, D., Dean, M. (2014, December 10). Firefighter dies in basement blaze, the first female to die on duty. The Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved September 10, 2019, from https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/20141210_Firefighter_dies_in_basement_blaze__the_first_female_to_die_on_duty.html
- Dill, B. T. (1979). The dialectics of Black womanhood. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 4(3), 543–555. https://doi.org/10.1086/493637
- DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
- Dowler, L., (2002). Women on the frontlines: Rethinking war narratives post 9/11. GeoJournal, 585. (2/3), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEJO.0000010835.49706.7a
- Dunwoody, S., & Griffin, R. J. (2002). Judgmental heuristics and news reporting. In R. Gowda & C. Fox (Eds.), Cambridge series on judgment and decision making: Judgments, decisions, and public policy (pp. 177–198). Cambridge University Press.
- EDITORIAL: Firefighter pays the ultimate price (2014). Pocono Record, December 11.
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
- Entman, R. M., & Gross, K. A. (2008). Race to judgment: Stereotyping media and criminal defendants. Law and Contemporary Problems, 71, 93–133. https://doi.org/10.2307/27654685
- Evarts, B., & Stein, G. P. (2020). February). U.S. fire Department profile. National Fire Prevention Association. Downloaded July 24, 2020 from shorturl.at/afBX2
- Farrell, M., & Cupito, M. C. (2010). Newspapers: A complete guide to the industry. Peter Lang.
- Fiske, S., & Taylor, S. (1984). Social cognition. Random House.
- Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news: discourse and ideology in the press. Routledge.
- Frank, R. (2003). These crowded circumstances: When pack journalists bash pack journalism. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 4(4), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849030044003
- Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. (1981). Structuring and selecting news. In S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.), The manufacture of news (pp. 62–72). Sage.
- Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104
- Gans, H. J. (1979). Deciding what's news. Pantheon.
- Gans, H. J. (2003). Democracy and the news. Oxford University Press.
- García-Perdomo, V., Salaverría, R., Kilgo, D. K., & Harlow, S. (2018). To share or not to share: The influence of news values and topics on popular social media content in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. Journalism Studies, 19(8), 1180–1201. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1265896
- Gergen, K. J. (1985). The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist, 40(3), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.40.3.266
- Giscombe, K., & Mattis, M. C. (2002). Leveling the playing field for women of color in corporate management: Is the business case enough? Journal of Business Ethics, 37(1), 103–119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014786313354
- Greene, V. (2019). Deplorable’ satire: Alt-Right memes, white genocide tweets, and redpilling normies. Studies in American Humor, 5(1), 31–69. doi: https://doi.org/10.5325/studamerhumor.5.1.0031
- Hall, S. (1978). The social production of news. In S. Hall, C. Critcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clark, & B. Roberts (Eds.), Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state, and law and order (pp. 53–77) Macmillan.
- Hall, S. (1979). Culture, the media and the 'ideological effect. In J. Curran, M. Gurevitch, & J. Woollacott (Eds.) Mass Communication & Society. (pp. 315–348). Sage.
- Hall, S. (1992). Race, culture, and communications: Looking backward and forward at cultural studies. Rethinking Marxism, 5(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/08935699208657998
- Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2001). What is news? Galtung and Ruge revisited. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 261–280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193
- Hollerbach, B. S., Heinrich, K. M., Poston, W. S. C., Haddock, C. K., Kehler, A. K., & Jahnke, S. A. (2017). Current firefighters' perceptions, attitudes, and experiences with injury. International Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management, 11, 41–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31820af362
- hooks, b. (1989). Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black. South End.
- Huffpost (2017). The 3 biggest challenges journalists face in the digital age. Downloaded September 10, 2019 from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-3-biggest-challenges-journalists-face-in-the-digital_b_5923adb8e4b0e8f558bb297e
- Jost, J. T., & Hamilton, D. L. (2005). Stereotypes in our culture. In J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 208–224). Blackwell.
- Kasperson, R. E. (1992). The social amplification of risk: Progress in developing an integrative framework. In S. Krimsky & D. Golding (Eds.). Social theories of risk (pp. 153–178). Praeger Publishers.
- Kenix, L. J. (2011). Alternative and mainstream media: The converging spectrum. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Kisselburgh, L. G., Berkelaar, B. L., & Buzzanell, P. M. (2009). Discourse, gender, and the meaning of work. Communication Yearbook, 33, 258–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2009.11679089
- Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2009). Social construction of reality. In S. W. Littlejohn & K. A. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory (pp. 892–895). Sage.
- Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. Macmillan.
- Lucaites, J. L., & Condit, C. M. (1985). Re-constructing narrative theory: a functional perspective. Journal of Communication , 35(4), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1985.tb02975.x
- Mailloux, L., Horak, H., Godin, C. ( (2002). ). Motivation at the margins: Gender issues in the Canadian voluntary sector. Voluntary Sector Initiative. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http://www.vsi-isbc.org/eng/knowledge/motivation_margins/reports_motivation_1.cfm
- McCoppin, R., Lourgos, A. L., Fabbre, A. ( (2018)., April 25). Female firefighter still fight for equality: 'We're assumed incompetent'. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 9, 2019, from https://www.scribd.com/article/377352360/Female-Firefighter-Still-Fight-For-Equality-We-re-Assumed-Incompetent.
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Sage.
- Monaghan, L. F. (2002). Hard men, shop boys and others: embodying competence in a masculinist occupation. Sociological Review, 50(3), 335–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00386
- Moore, S., & Kleiner, B. H. (2001). Steps to help prevent sexual harassment and discrimination from occurring in fire fighting organisations. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 21(8/9/10), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330110789754
- National Volunteer Fire Council. (n.d.) Retention and recruitment for the volunteer emergency services: Challenges and solutions, 2nd ed. Author.
- Newall, M., Hepp, C., Woodall, M. (2014). Amid blinding smoke of West Oak Lane blaze, firefighter cried out 'I'm trapped'. The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 10, p. A01.
- Osland, J. S., & Bird, A. (2000). Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sensemaking in context. Academy of Management Executive, 14(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2000.2909840
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods, 3rd ed. Sage.
- Pompper, D. (2017). Rhetoric of femininity: Female body image, media, and gender role stress/conflict. Lexington Books.
- Reskin, B. F. (1991). Bringing the men back in: Sex differentiation and the devaluation of women’s work. In J. Lorber & S. A. Farrell (Eds.), The social construction of gender (pp.141–161). Sage Publications.
- Schultz, V. (1998). Reconceptualizing sexual harassment. Yale Law Journal, 107(6), 1683–1805. https://doi.org/10.2307/797337
- Shields, J. ( (2011, March 23). Black firefighters, union settle lawsuit. Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved September 10, 2019, from https://www.inquirer.com/philly/blogs/heardinthehall/Black-firefighters-settle-lawsuit.html
- Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (2014). Mediating the message in the 21st century: A media sociology perspective (3e). Routledge.
- Singer, J. (2004). Strange bedfellows? The diffusion of convergence in four news organizations. Journalism Studies, 5(1), 3–18. doi.org: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670032000174701
- Sisak, M. R. (2014, December 9). Female Philadelphia firefighter dies in house fire. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/philadelphia-firefighter-killed-line-duty-27465287
- Snyder, M. (1992). Motivational foundations of behavioral confirmation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 67–114, vol. 25). Academic Press.
- Society of Professional Journalists (2014). Code of Ethics. Retrieved September 9, 2019, from https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp
- Steele, S. (1990). White guilt. The American Scholar, 59(4), 497–506.
- The Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism (2012). State of the News Media 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2019, from http://stateofthemedia.org/
- The world, the nation (2014, December 10). Chicago Daily Herald, p. 2.
- Tickner, J. A. (2002). Feminist perspectives on 9/11. International Studies Perspectives, 3(4), 333–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/1528-3577.t01-1-00098
- Tong, R. (2009). Feminist thought: A more comprehensive introduction. (5th ed.). Westview Press.
- Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news. Free Press.
- Ubiñas, H, (2014). Fire museum mourns city's first fallen female firefighter. Philadelphia Daily News, p. 4.
- van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. State University of New York Press.
- Wallis, V. (2015). Intersectionality’s binding agent. New Political Science, 37(4), 604–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2015.1089032
- Weenink, E., & Bridgman, T. (2017). Taking subjectivity and reflexivity seriously: Implications of social constructionism for researching volunteer motivation. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(1), 90–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9824-y
- Wenger, D., & Owens, L. C. (2013). An examination of job skills required by top U.S. broadcast news companies and potential impact on journalism curricula. Electronic News, 7 (1), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243113484314.
- Wigboldus, D. H. J., Sherman, J. W., Franzese, H. L., & Knippenberg, A. V. (2004). Capacity and comprehension: Spontaneous stereotyping under cognitive load. Social Cognition, 22(3), 292–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017742
- Wilson, C. I. I., & Gutierrez, F. (1995). Race, multiculturalism, and the media (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
- Woo, D. (2000). Glass ceilings and Asian Americans: The new face of workplace barriers. Altamira Press.
- Woodfield, R. (2016). Gender and the achievement of skilled status in the workplace. Work, Employment & Society, 30(2), 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017015573693
- Yoder, J. D., & Aniakudo, P. (1996). When pranks become harassment: The case of African American women firefighters. Sex Roles, 35(5/6), 253–270. doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01664768
- Yoder, J. D., & Aniakudo, P. (1997). Outsider within the firehouse: Subordination and difference in the social interactions of African American women firefighters. Gender and Society, 11(3), 324–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124397011003004
- Zelizer, B. (2007). On finding new ways of thinking about journalism. Political Communication, 24(2), 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600701312829