References
- About NewsBank. (n.d.). http://www.newsbank.com/about-newsbank.
- Albanese, L. (2019, January 16). Wilmer Flores agrees to one-year, $3.75 million deal with Diamondbacks, AP source says. http://www.newsday.com/sports/baseball/mets/wilmer-flores-diamondbacks-1.26025599.
- Alexander, L. D. (2013). When baseball isn’t white, straight and male: The media and difference in the national pastime. McFarland & Company, Inc.
- Arangure, J. (2007, September 12). Who’s afraid of a little change? http://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=3015574.
- Arth, Z. W., & Billings, A. C. (2019). Touching racialized bases: Ethnicity in Major League Baseball broadcasts at the local and national levels. Howard Journal of Communications, 30(3), 230–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2018.1466746
- Baldassaro, L. (2005). Dashing dagos and walloping wops: Media portrayal of Italian American major leaguers before World War II. Nine: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture, 14(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1353/nin.2005.0033
- Battochio, R. C., Schinke, R. J., McGannon, K. R., Tenenbaum, G., Yukelson, D., & Crowder, T. (2013). Understanding immigrated professional athletes' support networks during post-relocation adaptation through media data. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.748996
- Berry, J. W. (1976). Human ecology and cognitive style: Comparative studies in cultural and psychological adaptation. Sage/Halsted.
- Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In A. Padilla (Ed.), Acculturation: Theory, models and findings (pp. 9–25). Westview.
- Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), 697–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
- Betts, J. R. (1953). Sporting journalism in nineteenth-century America. American Quarterly, 5(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/3031289
- Bieler, D. (2017, June 7). Red Sox announcer apologizes for saying Yankees’ Masahiro Tanaka should learn ‘baseball language.’ http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/06/07/red-sox-announcer-to-yankees-masahiro-tanaka-lose-translator-learn-baseball-language/.
- Billings, A. C. (2004). Depicting the quarterback in black and white: A content analysis of college and professional football broadcast commentary. Howard Journal of Communications, 15(4), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170490521158
- Bissinger, B. (2005, September 26). El hombre. http://www.espn.com/espn/magazine/archives/news/story?page=magazine-20050926-article26.
- Bohn, M. K. (2009). Heroes and ballyhoo: How the Golden Age of the 1920s transformed American sports. Potomac Books, Inc.
- Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307
- Brown, T., Jackson, J. S., Brown, K. T., Sellers, R. M., Keiper, S., & Manuel, W. J. (2003). There’s no race on the playing field. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 27(2), 162–183.
- Brown, R., & Zagefka, H. ( 2011). The dynamics of acculturation: An intergroup perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 44, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-12-385522-0.00003-2
- Bryson, L. (1987). Sport and the maintenance of masculine hegemony. Women's Studies International Forum, 10(4), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(87)90052-5
- Burgos, A. (2007). Playing America’s game: Baseball, Latinos, and the color line. University of California Press.
- Butler, A. (2019, April 18). MLB: Data shows dramatic decrease in black players, surge in Latin players. http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/MLB/2019/04/18/MLB-Data-shows-dramatic-decrease-in-black-players-surge-in-Latin-players/8761555597497/.
- Butterworth, M. L. (2007). Race in “the race”: Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa, and heroic constructions of whiteness. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24(3), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393180701520926
- Byrd, J., & Utsler, M. (2007). Is stereotypical coverage of African-American athletes as “dead as disco”? An analysis of NFL quarterbacks in the pages of Sports Illustrated. Journal of Sports Media, 2(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsm.0.0002
- Calcaterra, C. (2017, June 6). Mike Schmidt thinks Odubel Herrera can’t be a leader because of the “language barrier.” http://www.mlb.nbcsports.com/2017/06/06/mikeSchmidt-thinks-odubel-herrera-cant-be-a-leader-because-of-the-language-barrier/.
- Cranmer, G., Brann, M., & Bowman, N. D. (2014). Male athletes, female aesthetics: The continued ambivalence toward female athletes in ESPN’s The Body Issue. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7(2), 145–165. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSC.2014-0021
- Creedon, P. (1994). Women, media and sport: Challenging gender values. Sage Publications.
- Davidoff, K. (2017, June 10). Real meaning of the motto of Amed Rosario, a Mets stud born for this. http://www.nypost.com/2017/06/10/the-real-meaning-of-amed-rosarios-motto-a-mets-stud-born-for-this/.
- Dewar, A. (1993). Sexual oppression in sport: Past, present, and future alternatives. In A. G. Ingham & J.W. Loy (Eds.), Sport in social development (pp. 147–165). Human Kinetics.
- Dougherty, J. (2019, June 4). MLB, long expecting Latino players to learn English, is finally beginning to speak their language. http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/06/04/mlb-long-expecting-latin-players-learn-english-is-finally-beginning-speak-their-language/.
- Drayer, S. (2018, June 15). How Jean Segura has stepped up as a Mariners leader with Cano out. http://www.sports.mynorthwest.com/469751/how-jean-segura-has-stepped-up-as-a-mariners-leader-with-cano-out/.
- Eagleman, A. N. (2011). Stereotypes of race nationality: A qualitative analysis of sport magazine coverage of MLB players. Journal of Sport Management, 25(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.2.156
- Emerson, R. M., Frentz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. The University of Chicago Press.
- Encinas, J. (2017, March 26). How Latino players are helping Major League Baseball learn Spanish. http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/03/26/519676864/how-major-league-baseball-came-to-officially-speak-spanish.
- Engel, M. (2016, March 19). Texas Rangers’ Elvis Andrus has the right idea about immigration. http://www.star-telegram.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/mac-engel/article67095262.html.
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
- Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy. University of Chicago Press.
- Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x
- Fairclough, N. (2003). Analyzing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. Routledge.
- Ferrucci, P., Tandoc, E. C., Jr., Painter, C. E., & Wolfgang, J. D. (2016). Foul ball: Audience-held stereotypes of baseball players. Howard Journal of Communications, 27(1), 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2015.1117029
- Gandy, O. H., Kopp, K., Hands, T., Frazer, K., & Phillips, D. (1997). Race and risk: Factors affecting the framing of stories about inequality, discrimination, and just plain bad luck. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1), 158–182.
- Giglio, J. (2017, June 6). Mike Schmidt, Phillies should be embarrassed by Odubel Herrera take. http://www.nj.com/phillies/2017/06/mike_schmidt_phillies_should_be_embarrassed_by_odu.html.
- Glaser, B. G. (1965). The constant comparative method of qualitative analysis. Social Problems, 12(4), 436–445. https://doi.org/10.2307/798843
- Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
- Habib, D. G. (2003, June 30). Albert the great: Cardinals’ slugger Albert Pujols has emerged as the game’s top offensive threat and launched an early bid for the first Triple Crown in 36 years. http://www.si.com/vault/2003/06/30/345691/albert-the-great-cardinals-slugger-albert-pujols-has-emerged-as-the-games-top-offensive-threat-and-launched-an-early-bid-for-the-first-triple-crown-in-36-years.
- Hall, R. (2001). Shaking the foundation: Women of color in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 15(4), 386–400. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.4.386
- Hamad, R., & Lee, C. M. (2013). An assessment of how length of study-abroad programs influences cross-cultural adaptation. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(5), 661–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.788461
- Hardin, M., Dodd, J. E., Chance, J., & Walsdorf, K. (2004). Sporting images in black and white: Race in newspaper coverage of the 2000 Olympic Games. Howard Journal of Communications, 15(4), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170490521176
- Hartmann, D. (2000). Rethinking the relationships between sport & race in American culture: Golden ghettos and contested terrain. Sociology of Sport Journal, 17, 229–253.
- Hefland, Z. (2014, September 20). First black player in major leagues? Hint: It wasn’t Jackie Robinson. http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-fleetwood-walker-20140921-story.html.
- Joseph, A. (2019, July 21). Mariano Rivera opened up about his struggles to learn English early in his baseball career. http://www.ftw.usatoday.com/2019/07/mariano-rivera-hall-of-fame-speech-video-english-language-barrier-spanish-yankees-mlb.
- Juffer, J. (2002). Who’s the man? Sammy Sosa, Latinos, and televisual redefinitions of the “American” pastime. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 26(4), 337–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193732502238253
- Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural. Sage.
- Kontos, A. P. (2009). Multicultural sport psychology in the United States. In R. J. Schinke & S. J. Hanrahan (Eds.), Cultural sport psychology (pp. 103–116). Human Kinetics.
- Lancaster, M. (2017, June 7). Mike Schmidt: Phillies can’t build around Odubel Herrera due to ‘language barrier.’ http://www.sportingnews.com/us/mlb/news/mike-schmidt-odubel-herrera-comments-language-barrier-phillies-mlb/dby34oec0nl16vjf1qeoqlw5.
- Lapchick, R. (2017, April 18). MLB race and gender report card shows progress still needed. http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/19185242/mlb-race-gender-report-card-shows-progress-needed.
- Lapchick, R. (2018). The 2018 Associated Press Sports Editors racial and gender report card. http://www.nebula.wsimg.com/e1801a8b96d97c40f57cf3bf7cd478a3?AccessKeyId=DAC3A56D8FB782449D2A&disposition=0&alloworigin=1.
- Layberger, T. (2018, June 11). Building a baseball team: Assimilating Latin, Asian players a team effort. http://www.globalsportmatters.com/culture/2018/06/11/baseball-assimilating-latin-asian-players/.
- Lev-Ari, S., & Keysar, B. (2010). Why don’t we believe non-native speakers? The influence of accent on credibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 1093–1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.025
- Linville, P. W., & Fischer, G. W. (1993). Exemplar and abstraction models of perceived group variability and stereotypicality. Social Cognition, 11(1), 92–125. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1993.11.1.92
- McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
- McKee, A. (2003). Textual analysis: A beginner’s guide. SAGE Publications.
- McNary, K. (2003). Black baseball: A history of African-Americans and the national game. PRC Publishing Ltd.
- Mercurio, E., & Filak, V. F. (2010). Roughing the passer: The framing of black and white quarterbacks prior to the NFL draft. Howard Journal of Communications, 21(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170903501328
- Merkin, S. (2015, September 29). Abreu feels better English will help leadership. http://www.mlb.com/news/jose-abreu-to-learn-english-during-offseason/c-152297648.
- Mitchell, F. (2015, July 7). Language, culture, still a barrier for some White Sox, Cubs players. http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/ct-spanish-speaking-baseball-players-spt-00705-20150706-story.html.
- Nightengale, B. (2018, May 21). Cincinnati Reds: Learning English as a second language takes a team effort. http://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/mlb/reds/2018/05/21/reds-learning-english-second-language-takes-team-effort-spanish-eugenio-suarez-jose-peraza-votto/630097002/.
- Nomar Mazara on learning to speak English, his parents, and the true extent of Joey Gallo’s power. (2017, April 22). http://www.dallasnews.com/spots/rangers2017/04/22/nomar-mazara-on-learning-to-speak-english-his-parents-and-the-true-extent-of-joey-gallo-s-power/.
- Nowatzki, R. (2002). Foul lines and the color line: Baseball and race at the turn of the twentieth century. Nine: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture, 11(1), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1353/nin.2002.0039
- Ocker, S. (2010, March 20). Santana, Rondon optioned – Gomez and Brown also are told to report to Triple-A Columbus. https://iw-newsbank-com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&t=%3A%21World&sort=YMD_date%3AD&fld-nav-0=YMD_date&val-nav-0=03/20/2010%20-%2003/21/2010&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=20&valbase0=%22Carlos%20santana%22%20and%20%22ocker%22&docref=news/12EA25A001889FB8.
- Ortiz, J. L. (2016, April 20). MLB translators a long-awaited boon for Spanish-speaking players. http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2016/04/20/mlb-translators-carlos-beltran/83274650/.
- Osmer, L. M. (2011). Learning the hard way”: An examination of acculturative support for Latin American baseball players in the South Atlantic League [Master’s thesis]. University of Tennessee. http://www.trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1961&context=utkgradthes.
- Perrotto, J. (2016, June 24). Cuban defector Aledmys Diaz has stunning impact on Cardinals. http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2016/06/24/cuban-defector-aledmys-diaz-has-stunning-impact-cardinals/86341444/.
- Pringle, R. (2005). Masculinities, sport and power: A critical comparison of Gramscian and Foucauldian inspired theoretical tools. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 29(3), 256–278.
- Rada, J. A. (1996). Color blind-sided: Racial bias in network television’s coverage of professional football games. Howard Journal of Communications, 7(3), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646179609361727
- Rainville, R. E., & McCormick, E. (1977). Extent of covert racial prejudice in pro football announcers’ speech. Journalism Quarterly, 54(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769907705400104
- Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38(1), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330
- Regalado, S. O. (1994). “Image is everything”: Latin baseball players and the United States press. Studies in Latin American Popular Culture, 13(1), 101–113.
- Regalado, S. O. (1998). Viva baseball! Latin Major Leaguers and their special hunger. University of Illinois Press.
- Regalado, S. O. (2002). Hey chico! The Latin identity in major league baseball. NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture, 11(1), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1353/nin.2002.0043
- Schad, T. (2019, May 9). Nationals phenom Juan Soto thinks mastering English will help him become one of baseball’s best. http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/nationals/2019/05/09/juan-soto-mastering-english/3655580002/.
- Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20.
- Schilken, C. (2017, June 7). Mike Schmidt and Jerry Remy draw criticism for comments on language barrier in baseball. https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-schmidt-remy-baseball-language-barrier-20170607-story.html.
- Schinke, R. J., & McGannon, K. R. (2014). The acculturation experiences of (and with) immigrant athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(1), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.785093
- Schinke, R. J., Blodgett, A. T., McGannon, K. R., & Ge, Y. (2016). Finding one's footing on foreign soil: A composite vignette of elite athlete acculturation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 25, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.04.001
- Schinke, R. J., McGannon, K. R., Battochio, R. C., & Wells, G. D. (2013). Acculturation in elite sport: a thematic analysis of immigrant athletes and coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(15), 1676–1686. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.794949
- Schinke, R. J., Yukelson, D., Bartolacci, G., Battochio, R. C., & Johnstone, K. (2011). The challenges encountered by immigrated elite athletes. Sport Psychology in Action, 2, 1–11.
- Simons, W. (1985). Jackie Robinson and the American mind: Journalistic perceptions of the reintegration of baseball. Journal of Sport History, 12(1), 39–64.
- Stark, J. (2013, January 14). Sources: Interpreters OK on mound. http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/8844122/interpreters-able-approach-mound-help-foreign-born-pitchers-sources-say.
- Tankard, J. W. (2001). The empirical approach to the study of media framing. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 95–97). Erlbaum Associates.
- Tayler, J. (2019, March 14). The Tao of Yasiel Puig: The Reds’ new star riffs on bat flips, life and his rocky end with the Dodgers. http://www.si.com/mlb/2019/03/14/yasiel-puig-cincinnati-reds-los-angeles-dodgers.
- Tewksbury, D., & Scheufele, D. A. (2009). News framing theory and research. In J. Bryant and M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 17-33). Routledge.
- Tygiel, J. (2002). Ideals and injustices. In J. Odell (Ed.), Baseball as America: Seeing ourselves through our national game (pp. 69–75). National Geographic.
- van Sterkenburg, J., Peeters, R., & van Amsterdam, N. (2019). Everyday racism and constructions of racial/ethnic difference in and through football talk. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549418823057
- Vargas, A. (2000). The globalization of baseball: A Latin American perspective. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 8(1), 21–36.
- Voigt, D. Q. (1976). America through baseball. Nelson-Hall.
- Wagner, J. (2016, January 14). MLB is addressing a need with Spanish language interpreters. http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals-journal/wp/2016/01/14/mlb-is-addressing-a-need-with-spanish-language-interpreters/.
- Waldstein, D. (2013, January 19). Strikes can come easier than words. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/20/sports/baseball/baseball-set-to-allow-interpreters-on-pitching-mound.html.
- Walker, B. (2013, March 15). MLB pitchers lost in translation no more. https://apnews.com/8f54e81c5e3346b4907f509c91762edc.
- Yashima, T., Zenuk-Nishide, L., & Shimizu, K. (2004). The influence of attitudes and affect on willingness to communicate and second language communication. Language Learning, 54(1), 119–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00250.x