References
- Abah, A. (2021). Exploring the religious motive of the Boko Haram extremism in Nigeria [dissertation]. Walden University.
- Abba, T. S., & Musa, N. (2015). Speech act analysis of Daily Trust and the nation newspapers headline reports on Boko Haram attacks. Journal of Communication and Culture, 6(1), 63–72.
- Adedokun, O., Usang, M. A., & Oludamilola, A. (2018). Boko Haram: On the road to Algiers?. In J. Iyi & H. Strydom (Eds.), Boko Haram and international law (pp. 179–204). Springer International Publishing.
- Adigun, M. (2018). Boko Haram’s radical ideology and Islamic jurisprudence. In J. Iyi & H. Strydom (Eds.), Boko Haram and international law (pp. 205–237). Springer International Publishing.
- Agbedo, C. U., Krisagbedo, E. C., & Buluan, D. (2013). Socio-pragmatic analysis of Boko Haram’s language of insurgency in Nigeria: Implications for global peace and security. Developing Country Studies, 3(8), 45–63.
- Agbiboa, D. E. (2013). Living in fear: Religious identity, relative deprivation and the Boko Haram terrorism. African Security, 6(2), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2013.788410
- Akanji, O. (2009). The politics of combating domestic terrorism in Nigeria. In W. Okumu, & A. Botha (Eds.), Domestic terrorism in Africa: Defining, addressing and understanding its impact on human security. Institute for Security Studies.
- Apard, É. (2015). The words of Boko Haram: Understanding speeches by Mohammed Yusuf and Abubakar Shekau. Journal Afrique Contemporaine, 3(255), 41–69. https://doi.org/10.3917/afco.255.0043
- Àrendàs, Q. U. A. (2016). The Boko Haram insurgency—driving factors behind the existence of the Boko Haram group in Nigeria [Dissertation]. University of Ottawa.
- Ayoola, K. A., & Olaosun, I. E. (2014). Media representation of Boko Haram in some Nigerian newspapers. International Journal of English Linguistics, 4(3), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v4n3p49
- Brinkel, T., & Soumia, A. (2012). Boko Haram and Jihad in Nigeria. Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, 40(2).
- Burnes, S. (2011). Metaphors in press reports of elections: Obama walked on water, but Musharraf was beaten by a knockout. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(8), 2160–2175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.01.010
- Chiluwa, I. (2016). The discourse of terror threats: Assessing online written threats by Nigerian terrorist groups. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(4), 318–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1194025
- Chiluwa, I., & Adegoke, A. (2013) Twittering the Boko Haram uprising in Nigeria: Investigating pragmatic acts in the social media. Africa Today, 59(3), 83. https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.59.3.83
- Chiluwa, I., & Ajiboye, E. (2014). We are after ideals: A critical analysis of ideology in the Tweets by Boko Haram. Global Media Journal, African Edition, 8(2), 318–346.
- Chiluwa, I., & Chiluwa, I. M. (2022). ‘Deadlier than Boko Haram’: Representations of the Nigerian herder—farmer conflict in the local and foreign press. Media, War & Conflict, 15(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635220902490
- Du Bois, W. J. (2007). The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction (pp. 139–182). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.164.02eng
- Edelman, M. (1971). Politics as symbolic action: Mass arousal and quiescence. Markham.
- Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power (2nd ed.). Longman.
- Fitneva, S. (2001). Epistemic marking and reliability judgements: Evidence from Bulgarian. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(3), 401–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00010-2
- Friedmann, Y. (2003). Tolerance and coercion in Islam: Interfaith relation in the Muslim tradition. Cambridge University Press.
- Gibbs, R. W. (2017). Metaphor wars: Conceptual metaphors in human life. Cambridge University Press.
- Goatly, A. (2005). The language of metaphors. Routledge.
- Grady, J. (1997). Foundations of meaning: Primary metaphors and primary scenes. University of California.
- Gray, S., & Adeakin, I. (2019). Nigeria’s Shi’a Islamic movement and evolving Islamist threat landscape: Old, new and future generators of radicalization. African Security, 12(2), 174–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2019.1639281
- Isa, K. H., & Adam, S. Y. (2017). A history of Shia and its development in Nigeria: The case-study of Kano. Journal for Islamic Studies, 36, 226–256.
- Kövecses, Z. (2003). Metaphor and emotion: Language, culture and body in human feeling. Cambridge.
- Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford University Press.
- Lakoff, G. (1990). The invariance hypothesis: Is abstract reason based on image-schemas? Cognitive Linguistics, 1(1), 39–74. https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1990.1.1.39
- Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
- Lakoff, G., & Turner, T. (1989). More than cool reason: A field guide to poetic metaphor. University of Chicago Press.
- Lentini, P. (2013). Neojihadism: Towards a new understanding of terrorism and extremism. Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.
- MacEachern, S. (2018). Searching for Boko Haram: A history of violence in Central Africa. Oxford University Press.
- Njoku, J. U., & Nwachukwu, J. (2015). The effects of Boko Haram’s insecurity on Nigeria’s economy. AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 4(3), 26–41. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijah.v4i3.3
- Odebunmi, A., & Oloyede, F. (2016). Frames and pragmatic strategies in Nigerian newspaper reports on Boko Haram insurgency. In A. Odebunmi & K. Ayoola (Eds.), Language, context and society (pp. 265–288). OAU Press.
- Okonofua, B. A. (2013). Boko Haram: Framing an Islamist insurgency. Conflict Transformation. (Special Report, Nov. 2013).
- Onapajo, H. (2020). Children in Boko Haram conflict: The neglected facet of a decade of terror in Nigeria. African Security, 13(2), 195–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1770919
- Ononye, C. F., & Nwachukwu, N. J. (2019). Metalinguistic evaluators and pragmatic strategies in selected hate-inducing speeches in Nigeria. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v9i1.13602
- Ononye, C. F., & Osoba, G. A. (2020). “Humans or animals?” Herdsmen attack as game hunting in media reports of herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. Research in Pragmatics, 2(1), 11–36.
- Osisanwo, A. (2016a). Discursive representation of Boko Haram terrorism in selected Nigerian newspapers. Discourse & Communication, 10(4), 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481316638149
- Osisanwo, A. (2016b). Stance and engagement in e-punch newspaper readers’ comments on former president Goodluck Jonathan’s administration’s war against Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria. Journal of English Studies Association of Nigeria, 19(1), 143–160.
- Roelofs, P. (2014). Framing and blaming: Discourse analysis of the Boko Haram uprising. In M. Pérouse de Montclos (Ed.), Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria (pp. 110–131). African Studies Centre (ASC).
- Rogers, P. (2012). Nigeria: The generic context of the Boko Haram violence. Monthly Global Security Briefing. Oxford Research Group. http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/middle_east/nigeria_generic_context_boko_haram_violence
- Salkida, A. (2009). Nigeria: Sect leader vows revenge. Daily Trust, July 27, 2009.
- Serrano, R., & Zacharias, P. (2014). By the numbers: The Nigerian state’s efforts to counter Boko Haram. In M. Pérouse de Montclos, (Ed.), Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria (pp. 192–212). Ipskamp Drukkers. http://ifra-nigeria.org/IMG/pdf/boko-haram-islamism-politics-securitynigeria.pdf
- Torbjörnsson, D., & Jonsson, M. (2017). Boko Haram on the verge of defeat or a long-term threat? Swedish Lars Höstbeck FOI-R–4488—SE.
- Ugwuona, C. N. (2015). Boko Haram as a discourse topic in Nigerian print media from 2011–2012. Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 5, 53–57.
- Uzodike, U. O., & Maiangwa, B. (2012). Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria: Casual factors and central problematic. African Renaissance, 9(1), 91–118.
- Zenn, J. (2014). Boko Haram and the kidnapping of the Chibok schoolgirls. Combating Terrorism Center, 7(5).